J.J. Berzelius, a Swedish scientist, advocated in 1813 that chemical symbols be based on the Latin names of the elements; by the middle of the 19th century, this idea had gained widespread acceptance.
How did the symbols come to be?Symbols for chemical elements are abbreviated notations that are derived from their scientific names, such as S for sulfur and Si for silicon. Sometimes the sign comes from the Latin term; for example, Au stands for aurum, or gold, and Na stands for natrium, or sodium.
What year did symbols begin?Ancient beings first began scratching lines and hashtag patterns onto red rocks in a South African cave over 100,000 years ago. Such craftsmanship has been claimed as the first indication that our species was capable of producing symbols—clear signs that stand for a particular meaning—and as such, proof of a developed mind.
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what was one conclusion j.j. thomson reached as a result of his experiments with cathode rays?
The cathode ray experiment was conducted by J.J.Thomson. The main conclusions of his experiment was that the rays were negatively charged and moves around the positively charged rays.
The characteristics of these rays does not depends upon the nature of the gas filled tube used for the experiment and aslo it does not depends upon nature of the electrode material used. In his experiment also, the stram of rays came out and the cathode rays are attracted to anode rays.
This cathode ray experiment and this theory also helped in understanding the structure of an atom and the moment of atoms in a molecule.
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Identify all of the chirality centers in the structure. The chirality centers are: DA DB DC DE F NH OH H Н O DI Он OK OL 8 ON OM 00 00 UP OR
A, B, C, G, I, J, K, M, N, P, and R are the chirality centers.There should be four distinct functional groups affixed to chiral centres. Since D and E have a double bond that prevents them from having four separate functional groups, they are not chiral centers.
What is chirality ?When a molecule is chiral, it means that its mirror image—it must have one—is not the same as itself. Chirality is basically defined as "mirror-image, non-superimposable molecules."
The molecule is referred to as chiral if no combination of translations or rotations can superimpose the molecule's image on its mirror counterpart. Chiral compounds are defined as those that contain the Chiral Centre.
F doesn't qualify as a chiral centre since it has two methyl groups attached, which defeats the requirement that a centre have four "distinct" functional groups.
Due to the two connected Hydrogens, the chiral centres H, O, and Q are not.
Due to a double certificate of indebtedness with oxygen, L does not have a chiral centre.
Thus, A, B, C, G, I, J, K, M, N, P, and R are the chirality centers.
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using ethylene (h2c=ch2) as your only source of carbon atoms, outline a synthesis for 3-hexanone.
Using ethylene (h2c=ch2) as only source of carbon atoms, the outline for synthesis for 3-hexanone is:
1. Hydrohalogenation
2. Nucleophilic attack
3. Halogenation
4. Elimination
5. Removal of acidic proton and nucleophilic substitution
6.Removal of acidic proton and nucleophilic substitution
7. Hydration
A nucleophilic substitution is a type of chemical reaction in which an electron-rich chemical species replaces an electron-deficient molecule's functional group. The substrate is the molecule that includes the electrophile and the leaving functional group.
An electron-rich nucleophile engages a positively charged electrophile to replace a leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution process. The C6 carboxylate group is the most reactive nucleophile in alginate reactions. Nucleophilic substitutions include a nucleophile replacing a leaving group in SN1 reactions (just like SN2). SN1 reactions, on the other hand, are unimolecular: the rate of this reaction is determined only by the concentration of one ingredient.
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A chemist wants to build a model of an element using a box. What should the box be filled with to show the relationship between atoms and elements?.
To show the relationship between atoms and elements, the chemist should fill the model with: A. All red marbles because an element is made up of the same atoms.
What is the relationship between atom and element?An atom is the smallest unit of matter whereas an element is the simplest form of a substance composed of only one type of atom. For example, a chemist wants to build a model of a hydrogen element with marbles in a box. So, they should fill the box with only one type of marble (for example, all red marbles) to represent that hydrogen elements are composed of only hydrogen atoms.
This question is incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
“A chemist wants to model an element using a box filled with marbles. What should the box be filled with to show the relationship between atoms and elements?
A. All red marbles because an element is made up of the same atoms.B. An equal number of red and blue marbles because an element is made up of an equal ratio of atoms.C. An equal number of red and blue marbles because bonds form between atoms that have different properties.”Learn more about atoms and elements here https://brainly.com/question/28424113
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Determine the isotope symbol that fits each description. a. 68 neutrons, 47 electrons b. mass number = 197, 79 electrons c. atomic number = 86, 136 neutrons d. atomic number = 76, mass number = 192
The isotope symbol that fits each description is as follows: 68 neutrons, 47 electrons is Ag b. mass number = 197, 79 electrons is Au c. atomic number = 86, 136 neutrons is Rn d. atomic number = 76, mass number = 192 is Os.
Isotopes are two or more atom types that share the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei), location in the periodic table, and chemical element but have distinct nucleon numbers (mass numbers) as a result of having a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Although the chemical properties of each isotope of a given element are nearly identical, they differ in their atomic weights and physical characteristics.
The name "isotope" refers to the fact that different isotopes of the same element occupy the same location on the periodic table. The word "isotope" is derived from Greek origins that mean "the same place".
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2 Calculate the volume occupied, at rtp, 12.5 moles of sulfur dioxide gas. (One mole of any gas occupies a
volume of 24 dm³ at rtp.)
Answer:
300 dm³
Explanation:
According to the information given in this problem, SO₂ is 24 dm³/mol at rtp.
We are trying to find the volume of 12.5 moles of SO₂, so we can do the following math to solve:
12.5 mol SO₂ × 24 dm³/mol ⇒ mol cancels out, leaving us with dm³
300 dm³
Therefore, the volume occupied is 300 dm³
How many atoms are in 1 mole of g?
One mole of a substance will contain [tex]6.022*10^{23}[/tex] atoms or molecules of that substance (or even ions).
The mole is a common unit of measurement in chemistry for the amounts of reactants and products in chemical processes. Previously, "mole of molecules" and "mole of atoms" were denoted by the terms gram-molecule and gram-atom, respectively. The quantity of dissolved material per unit volume of solution is known as a solution's molar concentration, and the unit generally used to describe this quantity is moles per litre (mol/L).
The ratio of a sample's mass to the substance's total mass is known as the molar mass of a material. The number of moles in the sample serves as a measure of the substance's quantity.
The proportionality factor that connects the quantity of material in a sample with the number of constituent particles in that sample is called the Avogadro constant, often known as NA or L. It has a precise value of [tex]6.02214076*10^{23}[/tex] reciprocal moles and serves as a SI defining constant.
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What is the end result of the Krebs cycle?
According to question, oxaloacetic acid is the end result of the Krebs cycle .
The cycle transforms the chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide's reducing force (NADH). The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the main source of energy for cells and a crucial stage in aerobic respiration.
The Krebs cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the citric acid cycle, is the central component of cellular metabolism and is crucial for the production of both energy and biomolecules. It helps the synthesis of ATP while completing the sugar cleavage work that was started during glycolysis.
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how many grams of water react to form 6.21 moles of ca(oh)2? cao(s) + h2o(l) → ca(oh)2(s)
Mole measure the number of elementary entities of a given substance that are present in a given sample. Therefore, 111.78g of water react to form 6.21 moles of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex].
What is mole?The SI unit of amount of substance in chemistry is mole. The mole is used to measure the quantity or amount of substance. We know one mole of any element contains 6.022×10²³ atoms which is also called Avogadro number.
Mathematically,
mole =given mass ÷ molar mass
CaO(s) + H[tex]_2[/tex]O(l) → Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex]
moles of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex] =6.21 moles
To produce 1 mole of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex], 1 mole of H[tex]_2[/tex]O(l) is required.
mole of water =6.21 moles
mass of water=6.21 moles ×18
=111.78g
Therefore, 111.78g of water react to form 6.21 moles of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex].
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Which orbitals on carbon are used for pi bonding?
The sp2 hybridized orbital in the carbon atom is made up of a 2s electron, a 2px electron, and a 2py orbital. It can form a total of three sigma bonds. The 2pz electrons of the carbon atoms now form a pi bond with each other.
What is pi bonding ?Perpendicular to any sigma bonds between the identical atoms, this bond is created by the overlap of the p orbitals on the two adjacent atoms.
Pi bonds are covalent interactions between two atoms and a pair of electrons that are situated in orbitals that are roughly parallel to the line formed by the two atoms.
Since it only has two carbon atoms two of which are doubly linked to one another and four hydrogen atoms, ethene is frequently regarded as the most basic alkene. Carbon has an electrical arrangement of 1s^2 2s^2 2p^2. An electron is promoted from the 2s orbital to the 2p orbital in its excited state, though.
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2. why did the beaker for the naoh solution need to be dry before filling with the naoh titrant? of the beaker still contained water, would your final estimate of the mass % acetic acid in vinegar be too high or too low?
The titration of the standardized sodium hydroxide solution with an acid will result in a delayed endpoint or a positive bias if we use a beaker with leftover water.
Why is it necessary to standardize NaOH before titration?To determine the precise concentration of a solution whose concentration is uncertain, a NaOH N an O H solution must be standardized. To get an equivalency point and determine the unknown concentration, we titrate a known volume of NaOH N an O H with an acid in a flask during standardization.
What is the maximum permissible level of acetic acid in vinegar?Acetic acid, also known as ethanol, is a weak organic acid (carboxylic acid). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates vinegar, which needs to have a minimum acidity of 5% in order to be considered legal.
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Why RMS value is divided by root 2?
The RMS voltage of a sinusoidal is always the peak voltage divided by the square root of 2. The RMS or root mean square current/voltage of an AC current/voltage represents a DC current, a current/voltage that outputs the same average power as an AC current/voltage outputs.
What is RMS value?
In mathematics and its applications, the root mean square of a set of numbers is defined as the square root of the mean square (arithmetic mean of squares) of that set. RMS, also called root mean square, is a special case of generalized mean. The RMS value of a continuously varying function can be defined as the integral of the square of the instantaneous value over one cycle.
For AC current, RMS equals the value of constant DC current that produces the same power consumption with a resistive load. In estimation theory, the root mean square error of an estimator is a measure of the imperfection of the estimator's fit to the data.
The RMS voltage of a sinusoidal is always the peak voltage divided by the square root of 2. The RMS or root mean square current/voltage of an AC current/voltage represents a DC current, a current/voltage that outputs the same average power as an AC current/voltage outputs.
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The idea stating that matter is made up of small particles that are in constant motion is.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory, which can help explain the behavior of motion in gases, liquids, and solids.
IF I have 84.107 grams of Hydrogen
and 4.672 grams.
of water
can
of oxygen how many grams.
be formed
IF I have 84.107 grams of Hydrogen and 4.672 grams of water can of oxygen 4.153 gms be formed.
What is hydrogen?Methane, often known as natural gas, may be replaced with hydrogen, a clean fuel. It is the most prevalent chemical element and is thought to make about 75% of the universe's mass. Numerous hydrogen atoms may be found in water, plants, animals, and, of course, people here on earth.
Water is a liquid that facilitates the chemistry of life. Additionally, because it is a polar molecule, most other molecules may dissolve in it. As a result, we refer to water as a "solvent".
The decomposition of water is given as:
2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂
36 gm 4 gm 32 gm
4.672 gm 84.107 gm
Thus, from 36 gm of water oxygen produced 32 gm.
So, from 4.672 gm of water oxygen produced 4.153 gm.
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Is oxygen the deadliest gas?
Answer: Nitrogen is the deadliest gas
Explanation:
It is the most prevalent gas in the atmosphere. Nitrogen comprises more than 75% of the air we breathe. Therefore, N2 is the most lethal of all destructive, dangerous, and toxic gases. Since it is the gas that we breathe in the most, it is found abundantly in the atmosphere.
Draw the mechanism for the following reaction: Draw step 1 of the mechanism (include lone pairs in your answer and don't explicitly draw hydrogen atoms in the products for this step of mechanism):
The first step of the given reaction is the protonation of the -OH group as shown in the attached diagram.
What is protonation?In chemistry, protonation can be described as the adding of a proton or hydrogen cation to an atom, or molecule forming a conjugate acid.
Protonation can be described as a fundamental reaction and is a step in many stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Some ions and molecules undergo more than one protonation and are referred to as polybasic, which is true of many macromolecules. Protonation and deprotonation occur in most acid-base reactions which are the core of most acid-base reaction theories.
Protonating or deprotonating a molecule change many other properties, not only the charge and mass, for example, solubility, reduction potential, hydrophilicity, and optical properties can change.
In the given reaction the addition of conc. H₂SO₄ will provide the proton to the lone pairs of the oxygen of the hydroxyl group.
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Discard The Beaker And Mix Solutions To Prepare A Calcium Salt With PH > 7.
One must first discard the beaker that they are using in order to make a calcium salt with a pH higher than 7. This is because the pH of the solution can be affected by the material of the beaker, and we want to make sure that the pH is not influenced by any contaminants.
Next, we will need to mix together the appropriate solutions to create the calcium salt. The specific solutions that we will need to use will depend on the type of calcium salt that you want to prepare. For example, we may need to use a solution of calcium chloride and a solution of sodium hydroxide to create calcium hydroxide salt.
Once we have mixed the solutions together, we should test the pH of the resulting solution to ensure that it is greater than 7. If the pH is not at the desired level, we may need to adjust the concentrations of the solutions or add additional chemicals to bring the pH to the desired level.
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Why does oxygen have a 2 next to it?
Answer: In the above reaction oxygen is written as O2 because it is diatomic.
Explanation:
What is CO2 used for in industry?
As an example of how CO2 is utilized in industry, it is employed as an inert gas in welders and flame extinguishers, as just a pressurizing gas for air cannons and oil recovery, as a supercritical solvent in coffee decaffeination and supercritical drying.
What is the purpose of CO2?Chemical intermediaries, such as methanol, syngas, & formic acid, can be produced from CO2 using a variety of catalysts. These molecules subsequently act as feedstocks in those other industrial processes.Additionally, CO2 can be converted by catalysts to polymers, which serve as building blocks for plastics, adhesives, & medications.
What is the industrial usage of carbon?The creation of ethanol, fertilizer, natural gas processing, hydrogen synthesis in refineries, and, most recently, coal-fired power generation are among the industrial processes where large-scale carbon capture has been shown and is currently in use.
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What type of bond are found between potassium and chlorine?
Answer: Ionic bond
Explanation:
Therefore, the type of chemical bond found in Potassium chloride is an Ionic bond.
Answer:4,3,2,and 1 bond
Explanation:carbon nitrogen and oxygen and chlorine added together have 10 bonds
which of the following is the most stable radical
When dichlorocarbene is generated in the presence of an atkene. a dichlorocyclopropane is formed. Write the complete stepwise mechanism for the formation of dichlorocarbene, CCl2. Show all intermediate structures and show all electron flow with arrows. Draw the complete Lewis electron dot structure for dichlorocarbene, CCl2.
Dichlorocarbene is an intermediate species which is formed from the reaction of trichloromethane with a base. The intermediate CCl₃ further loss a Cl formes CCl₂.
What is dichlorocarbene?The reactive intermediate with the chemical formula CCl₂ is called dichlorocarbene. Despite not having been isolated, this chemical species is a typical intermediate in organic chemistry since it is produced from chloroform. This twisted diamagnetic molecule enters other bonds quickly.
Carbenes contains two electrons in their valence shell and they are highly reactive and therefore used in many synthetic reactions.
CHCl₃ on reaction with a strong base such as NaOH produce the intermediate anion CCl₃⁻ by the elimination of water molecule. This trichlorocarban further eliminates one Cl forms dichlorocarbene.
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What are the products of the following reactions?
1) cyclopentanone + cyclohexylamine
2) 3-pentanone + butylamine
3) 3-pentanone + cyclohexylamine
Imines are the nitrogen analogues of aldehydes and ketones, containing a C=N bond instead of a C=O bond.
They are formed through the addition of a primary amine to an aldehyde or ketone, kicking out a molecule of water (H2O) in the process.
In this post we show some examples of the synthesis of imines, walk through the mechanism for their formation, provide a few of their reactions and compare their properties to those of aldehydes and ketones.
A primary amine is added nucleophilically to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone to begin the reversible process of amine production. After that, a proton transfer creates a carbinolamine, a neutral amino alcohol. The carbinolamine oxygen is acid protonated to create a better leaving group, which is then removed as water to create an iminium ion. The ultimate imine product is produced when nitrogen is deprotonated.
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What is the osmotic pressure of 2.00 g of sucrose dissolved in 100 ml water at 30 C?
Osmotic pressure of that sucrose solution at 30°C is 1.42 atm.
What is osmotic pressure?
The minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution in order to halt the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane (osmosis) is known as osmotic pressure.
According to the given question:
The first step is convert the grams of sucrose into moles.
Moles sucrose = 2.00 g/ 342.3 g/mol = 5.84 x 10⁻³ moles
Molarity of sucrose solution = 5.84 x 10⁻³/ 0.1 L = 0.0584 M
The next step is to use the equation for osmotic pressure (Π):
Π = MRT
where
M = molarity of solution = 0.0584 mol
R = ideal gas constant = 0.0802 L atm/mol K
T = temperature (in Kelvin)
= 30°C + 273.15 K = 303.15 K
Π = (0.0584 mol/L)(0.0802 L atm/ mol K)(303.15 K)
Π = 1.42 atm
The final answer is that osmotic pressure of that sucrose solution at 30°C is 1.42 atm.
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20.0 grams of a silvery metal is heated to 100 c. the metal is placed in calorimeter filled with 100.0 g of water at 25.2 c. the water temperature raises to 28.3 c. what is the specific heat of the metal? remember the water and metal will have the same final temperature.
The specific heat of the metal is 4.52 J/g°C.
What is specific heat?
Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise a substance's temperature by one degree Celsius per gramme. Typically, the units of specific heat are calories or joules per gramme per degree Celsius. The specific heat of water, for instance, is 1 calorie (or 4.186 joules) per gramme per degree Celsius.
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that substance by 1 degree Celsius.
To calculate the specific heat of the metal, we can use the following equation:
Specific heat = (mass of metal × change in temperature of metal) ÷ (mass of water × change in temperature of water)
In this case, the mass of metal is 20.0 g, the change in temperature of metal is 100°C - 28.3°C = 71.7°C, the mass of water is 100.0 g, and the change in temperature of water is 28.3°C - 25.2°C = 3.1°C.
Using these values in the equation gives us:
Specific heat = (20.0 g × 71.7°C) ÷ (100.0 g × 3.1°C)
Specific heat = 4.52 J/g°C
Therefore, the specific heat of the metal is 4.52 J/g°C.
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In one to two sentences, describe an experiment that would show that intramolecular forces (attractions between atoms within molecules) are stronger than intermolecular forces (attractions between molecules)
In order to demonstrate that intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular forces, a block of ice will be heated in a sealed container until it turns into steam.
Why do intramolecular forces outweigh intermolecular forces?
Because the forces holding together compounds are stronger than the forces holding together molecules, intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular forces.
Intermolecular forces exist between molecules, but intramolecular forces exist between atoms within a molecule. This is the primary distinction between intermolecular and intramolecular forces.
Look for the molecule with the most polarity, the most electronegative atoms, or the most hydrogen bonding groups if the molecules have identical molar weights and similar intermolecular forces. That one will have the overall stronger IMFs.
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In an ionic or covalent substance, electrons are shared or transferred between no more than two atoms at a time. however, in a metallic substance, electrons are shared among all of the metal atoms in the sample. how does this explain why metals are more malleable and ductile than ionic and covalent compounds?
Metals are more malleable and ductile than ionic and covalent compounds because the electrons are shared among all of the metal atoms in the sample, forming a "sea" of electrons that surrounds the metal ions.
All of the metal atoms in a metallic composition share electrons, creating a "sea" of electrons that envelops the metal ions. Many of the distinctive characteristics of metals, such as their high conductivity, malleability, and ductility, can be attributed to this electron sea.
A metallic substance's electron sea makes it simple for metal ions to move past one another and distort the metal without breaking it. Ionic and covalent compounds, on the other hand, are held together by powerful chemical bonds, making it more challenging to distort these substances without rupturing the connections. Since ionic and covalent compounds are less malleable and ductile than metals, this explains why.
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choose all eclipsed conformers that result from rotation about the c-2−c-3 bond of pentane.
Options 1, 4, and 6 are eclipsed conformations.
An eclipsed conformation is one in which 2 substituents Y and X on adjacent atoms A and B are closest together, implying that torsion angle X-A-B-Y is 0°. In other words, one‘s axes of rotation bonds are aligned. This arrangement is also referred to as a conformation.
A conformation of this type can exist in just about any open chain, a single chemical bond connect the two sp3-hybridized atoms, and it has normally a conformational power maximum. This maximum is frequently explained by steric hindrance, but its origins can also be found in hyperconjugation .
To gain a better understanding of eclipsed conformations throughout organic chemistry, it is necessary to first understand how organic molecules are organized around bonds, in addition to how they move and rotate.
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What temp kills E coli in water?
At temperatures above 149°F (65°C), according to a trusted source from the World Health Organization (WHO), bacteria are quickly destroyed. This temperature is lower than either simmering water or even boiling water.
What is the main purpose of world health organization?WHO works internationally to advance health, ensure global security, and assist the weak. Our objective is to ensure that a further billion people have access to universal health coverage, that another billion are shielded from medical emergencies, and that a third billion enjoy better health and wellbeing.
What is the full meaning of health?Well-being is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not simply the absence of illness or disability.
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I need help with this question I can’t find the answer to it