The S1 subunit of spike protein in the SARS-CoV-2 anchors the virus to the ace-2 protein binding site.
A virus named SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the recently discovered disease known as Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Four structural proteins, known as the S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins, are present in this virus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is made up of two subunits, S1 and S2, and is essential for receptor identification and cell membrane fusion. The host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is recognized and bound by the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit, while the two-heptad repeat domain of the S2 subunit facilitates the fusing of the viral cell membrane. The S1 subunit associates with ACE2 to encourage the creation of endosomes, which triggers viral fusion activity in the host cell.
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the cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in _____.
a. diversity of multicellular organisms
b. geological activity
c. none choice
d. diversity of algae
Over 541 million years ago, there was a Cambrian boom. The variety of multicellular organisms increased as a result of this occurrence.
An entity with more than one cell is referred to be multicellular organisms as opposed to unicellular. With the exception of slime molds and social amoebae like those in the genus Cambrian, which are both partially unicellular and partially multicellular organisms , all animals, land plants, and the majority of fungi as well as many algae are multicellular. Cell division and Cambrian the aggregation of several single cells are two of the many processes that can lead to the formation of multicellular organisms . When several identical individuals get together to form a colony, a colonial organism is created. However, it can frequently be challenging to tell true multicellular organisms from from Cambrian protists.
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fsh in females circulates to the ____________ where it induces folliculogenesis.
FSH in females circulates to the ovaries where it induces folliculogenesis.
FSH refers to follicle stimulating hormone. It is a female hormone secreted by pituitary gland which plays crucial role in maintaining the menstrual cycle in women. When the eggs are to be released from the ovary, its level of secretion rises, which helps in normal ovulation process. Follicles are the fluid filled sac like structures present inside the ovaries which contains immature/ developing eggs. Folliculogenesis is the process of production of follicle which later develops to form fertilizable egg. It is an important part of fertilization cycle. FSH and LH play crucial role in controlling the process of folliculogenesis. It simply signifies cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
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what category describes a species that, while not presently at risk of extinction, could likely be at risk of extinction in the near future? group of answer choices
A endangered species is one that, while not now in danger of becoming extinct, may do so in the not too distant future.
tiny populations in narrow geographic regions, migratory species, those requiring expansive or unique habitats, and species that are subject to human exploitation. Species that are in imminent risk of becoming extinct are referred to as endangered species. An ecosystem's keystone species contributes to its definition. Without its species diversity, the ecosystem would either no longer exist or would change significantly. A species that is in risk of going extinct is said to be endangered. This may result from human activity or natural factors like competition or predation (Introduced species, habitat loss and degradation, climate change, etc.). A species is considered to be "endangered" if it faces extinction in all or a substantial portion of its range. A species is considered "threatened" if it is likely to become extinct in the near future.
(What category describes a species that, while not presently at risk of extinction, could likely be at risk of extinction in the near future?
A species of concern
A threatened species
An endemic species
An endangered species)
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In what control panel can the feature Electron Denity and Partial Charge be found?
Electron Density can be found in the "Surface" control panel to the right of the molecule. You can find Partial Charge on the control panel to the right of the molecule, namely "View." To the right of the molecule, the electronic structure can be found in the "Surface" control panel.
The control panel to the right of the molecule includes a number of visualization and analysis tools for the molecule. The electron density is a measure of the quantity of electron density at each place in the molecule. This is accessible through the "Surface" control panel. A second characteristic is the partial charge, which quantifies the amount of charge on each atom. This is accessible through the "View" control panel. In the "Surface" control panel, you can view the electrical structure of a molecule. All of these elements allow users to obtain a deeper comprehension of the chemical they are researching and can be used to examine the molecule's qualities.
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how do vertebrates differ from other chordates
you collect an aquatic organism with jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton, and antennae. what other features would this organism have?
Other features possessed by this organism are the cephalothorax, a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, a pair of mandibles, pereiopod, keliped, and pleopod.
Crustaceae is a group of anthropods that live in fresh water and sea water. But there are several groups of crustaceans that are able to adapt to life on land. Crustaceans live as carnivores and herbivores or parasites that have an exoskeleton in the form of hard body skin or cuticles. Examples of crustaceans are shrimp and crab.
The characteristics of crustaceans are as follows: The body of a crustacean consists of a cephalothorax or two parts, a fused thoracic head and abdomen or hind abdomen. On the head and thorax protected by the carapace, there are a pair of antennae, a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae and a pair of mandibles. The cephalothorax is protected by an exoskeleton. Crustaceans have four pairs of walking legs/pereiopods and one pair of capid or keliped legs. On each segment of the abdomen there are also pleopod pants or swimming legs.
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what is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction? group of answer choices it stores ca2 ions for release during contraction. it surrounds and protects the muscle filaments. it provides sites of atp synthesis. it depolarizes when stimulated by an impulse. it synthesizes actin and myosin filaments.
Answer:
I believe it's a.it stores Ca++ ions for release during contraction
the mosquito population increases as rain and heat become more prevalent, and as a result tends to spread disease more during this time. mosquitos are an example of
As rain and heat are becoming more common, the mosquito population rises and as a result, illness tends to spread more during this period. An illustration of a vector organism is the mosquito.
Children who struggled to concentrate in class back when Celie was in college were disciplined. As a teacher with 23 years of experience, she now sees the same conduct being handled as a medical condition that can be identified and treated with prescription medications rather than as a disciplinary matter. As rain and heat are becoming more common, the mosquito population rises and as a result, illness tends to spread more during this period. An illustration of a vector organism is the mosquito.Poor areas are less likely to have access to wholesome meals and fresh vegetables as a result, which encourages residents to buy more canned and fast food. Robert Straus distinguished between two methods of doing medical sociology: the sociology "of" medicine and the sociology "in" medicine. This distinction is the foundation for the difference between empirical research and health ethics as well as empirical data of medical ethics.
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Joann repeatedly overfed the fish in the pond behind her house. The nitrates from the excess food contributed to an overgrowth of algae. To correct the problem, Joann added more plants to the pond. How will adding more plants help?
By adding more plants to the pond, Joann increased the rate of consumption of the excess nitrates. It would also replenish the dissolved oxygen in the water.
Fish food is rich in nitrates and phosphates. So by overfeeding, Joann increased the concentration of the nitrates and phosphates in the pond water, making it ideal for algal overgrowth.
Algae uses these nitrates and phosphates to break down the organic substances in the pond water consuming more and more dissolved oxygen. The amount of oxygen that is dissolved in the water, or the amount of oxygen that is available to living aquatic organisms, is measured by the term "dissolved oxygen" (DO).
This might suffocate the fish by creating oxygen scarcity, which would lead to their death.
Hence by adding more plants, Joann can ensure the excess nitrates added would be consumed by the new plant, limiting the nutritional supply of the algae.
Also, the potential threat of dissolved oxygen scarcity would be eliminated as the new plants would add to the dissolved oxygen content of the pond.
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Why would it be important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis?
In order for genetic information to be transferred into daughter cells.
In order for the DNA to be contained in the nucleus.
In order for the cell to be able to increase in size.
In order for the cell to re-order the DNA sequencing in the new cells.
Other:
Answer:
It is important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis in order for genetic information to be accurately transmitted into daughter cells.
Explanation:
PLEASE HELP!
Write a testable question that could be used to further investigate the topic of stimulus-response time.
Topic: Response to Stimuli
A testable question that could be used to further investigate the topic of stimulus-response time might be if skin touch may produce activation of a given cell receptor located on the epidermis.
What is raising a question in the scientific method?Raising a question in the scientific method is a fundamental issue before formulating a particularly plausible explanation or hypothesis in order to try to answer this question.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that raising a question in the scientific method is a key step before hypothesis testing.
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pyruvate enzyme that slows down the kreb cycle how does this affect the production of nadph in glycolysis and the kreb cycle ap biology
Pyruvate is an enzyme that plays a major role in both glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle. It helps to break down glucose into its component molecules, and is also involved in the production of NADPH, an important energy carrier.
Pyruvate is responsible for the oxidation of glucose and the production of pyruvate, which is then used to generate ATP and NADPH.
The role of pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle is to slow down the cycle. This is important because it allows for the metabolism of multiple molecules of glucose, which makes it possible for the body to create more ATP and NADPH. The slowing down of the Krebs Cycle also helps to prevent the buildup of metabolic byproducts, which could lead to disease.
In glycolysis, pyruvate is responsible for the conversion of glucose into pyruvate. This reaction is important for the production of NADPH. Since NADPH is required for the synthesis of fatty acids, the availability of NADPH is essential for cell growth and maintenance. Without the slow down of the Krebs Cycle, there would not be enough NADPH produced, and cells would suffer from an energy shortage.
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which pathophysiological abnormality is present in cystic fibrosis dysfunction of sweat glands inactivity of respiratory tract cilia
The transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which serves as a transmembrane cAMP-activated chloride channel, is encoded by a gene on chromosome 7 and is the hereditary cause of CF.
Cystic fibrosis: What is it?Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disease In order to have CF, a person needs a mutation in both the copies of the CFTR gene. A person is a CF carrier rather than a person with CF if they have a mutation in just one copy of the CFTR gene and the other copy is normal.
A genetic disorder, cystic fibrosis. It is brought on by a gene defect that interferes with how salt and water enter and exit cells.
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Which of the following represents a similarity between RNA and DNA?
One of the most significant similarities between DNA and RNA is that both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. Thus the correct answer is option (A).
Because the two DNA strands are made up of simpler monomeric units termed nucleotides, they are referred to as polynucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and one of the four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A], or thymine [T]). An alternating sugar-phosphate backbone is created when the nucleotides are linked together in a chain by covalent connections between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. The nitrogenous bases of the two distinct polynucleotide strands form hydrogen bonds with one another in accordance with the base pairing principles to create double-stranded DNA (A with T and C with G).
The complete question is:
Which of the following represents a similarity between RNA and DNA? A) nucleotides consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
B) the presence of uracil
C) Both are found exclusively in the nucleus.
D) Paths are double-stranded.
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If the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen, which pathways would be interrupted first (check all that apply)?
a. release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary
b. release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
c. release of luteinizing hormone from the hypothalamus
d. release of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary
the anterior pituitary releases luteinizing hormone. If the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen
D is the ideal choice.
Which of the following doesn't fall within the category of level of organization?Cellular, organism, and ecosystem levels of organization range from the most basic to the most sophisticated. Chemical does not represent a level of organization.
What characteristic of heart muscle enables the cells to plan their contraction as a single unit?In cardiac muscle, this joining is known as electric coupling, which enables the rapid transmission of action potentials and the synchronized contraction of the entire heart. A functional unit of contraction known as a syncytium is produced by this network of electrically coupled heart muscle cells.
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Henry has a mutation in the gene that codes for a certain blood protein. however, these proteins function normally. what best explains how this is possible?
Silent mutations happen when a single DNA nucleotide change inside a gene's protein-coding region occurs without changing the order of amino acids that make up the gene's protein.
For instance As an illustration, AAA (which codes for the amino acid lysine, Lys) can change to AAG (which also codes for Lys). Gene variations, sometimes referred to as mutations, can occasionally prohibit one or more proteins from functioning correctly. A variation can make a protein malfunction or not be created at all by altering the gene's instructions for producing it.
Mutations are long-lasting alterations to a gene's DNA sequence. The form of the protein that is generated can be impacted by mutations. A protein's function is impacted by its shape, which may also have an impact on the observed attribute. DNA regulates how amino acids combine to form a particular protein in a call. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the order of BASES in a particular segment of DNA.
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explain why a mating between a normal male and a female homozygous for a loss-of-function bicoid mutation produces misshapen embryos, but the reciproc
Because bicoid is a maternal effect, it means that the mother's genotype controls the phenotype of her offspring.
What is a Bicoid?
A bicoid is a protein in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that is involved in early embryonic development. It is a transcription factor that plays a key role in establishing the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. Bicoid acts as a morphogen, meaning it is involved in the production of specific patterns of gene expression.
Offspring of a bicoid mutant homozygote father are predicted to have normal patterning if the mother carries at least one wild-type allele of the bicoid gene, in contrast to offspring of a bicoid mutant homozygote mother who is expected to have patterning defects.
What is an Offspring ?
Offspring is the term used to refer to the progeny, or children, of a particular animal or plant. It is also used to refer to the descendants of a particular individual or group of individuals.
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a scientist discovered a creature that consumes other organisms for energy. this would be classified as what type of organism?
which part of the brain is associated with physical movement and automatic reflexes: a. the corpus callosum b. the cerebellum c. the brain stem d. the broca s area
Cerebellum is the part of the brain is associated with physical movement and automatic reflexes.
The cerebellum is a component of the brain that controls most bodily movements. This portion of the brain aids with driving, throwing a ball, and walking across the room. The cerebellum also aids with eye movement and vision.
Cerebellar problems are uncommon and usually cause issues with movement and coordination. The cerebellum is one of the three major parts of the brain. It is located in the bottom back of the brain, beneath the posterior cerebrum and below the brain stem.
It merely makes up around 10% of the brain's weight but includes up to 80% of all neurons in the organ. The cerebellum is largely in charge of muscular control, which includes balance and movement. It also helps with other cognitive activities including language processing and memory.
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Pathogens of the skin often enter via hair follicles and ducts of the sweat glands.T/F
Answer: True
Explanation:
which division of the peripheral nervous system (pns) detects stimuli and carries them to the central nervous system (cns)? question 23 options: sensory motor autonomic sympathetic
The somatic sensory division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) carries stimuli from both general and special senses to the central nervous system (CNS).
The somatosensory system has two main components: a subsystem for detecting mechanical stimuli (light touch, vibration, pressure, skin tension, etc.) and a subsystem for detecting painful stimuli and temperature. It has been constructed.
Somatosensory (“soma” meaning body) senses contact, pain, pressure, temperature and tension on the skin and internal organs. The somatosensory cortex is the area of the brain that receives and processes sensory information from around the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.
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the hypothalamus secretes ____________ , resulting in secretion of fsh and lh from the pituitary gland.
Answer:
gonadotropin releasing hormone
5. peter and rosemary grant studied beak size in finches during drought and post drought in the galapagos island. what was their finding about the selection of beak size?
The Grants found that the birds who survived the 1977 drought tended to have larger offspring with larger beaks. The subsequent generation saw an increase in larger-beaked finches as a result of this ecological adaptation.
The Grant research team discovered that although the number of finch had increased during the drought, the average size of their beaks had increased. The main reason for this was that during the drought, large seeds with thick husks were still readily accessible, but small seeds were exceedingly scarce. The Grants returned to Daphne Major in 1978 to investigate the effects of the drought on the offspring of the medium ground finches. They looked at the young and compared the size of their mandibles to that of the ancestors (before to the drought). It was found that the beaks of the offspring were 3-4% larger than those of the grandparents.
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classify the phrases as pertaining to fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid oxidation.
fatty acid oxidation: acetyl CoA is a product, takes place in the mitochondria, intermediates linked to coenzyme A, uses FAD and NAD+.
The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by membrane-bound cell organelles called mitochondria (plural: mitochondrion). Adenosine triphosphate is a little molecule that stores the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP). Sugar is thought to be bad for our teeth and our waistlines, but it's also the enemy of our mitochondria and a major factor in many metabolic health problems. Extra sugar consumption stresses the mitochondria, forcing them to release free radicals. Oxidative damage is what this is.
classify the phrases as pertaining to fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid oxidation?
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How would these adaptations for sunlight also enable a plant to compete for space
The adaptation to sunlight also enables a plant to compete for space because light stimulates the rapid growth of plants to reach it and often shades other plants with their leaves.
What is Adaptation?Adaptation may be defined as a type of process that involves an instance of modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence or survival in the ecosystem.
It is assumed that when an old tree in a forest dies and falls to the ground, there is a race to fill in the gap in the canopy. This demonstrates a competition of the plants for space. Light is a vital resource for plants, which compete for it, particularly in dense communities.
Therefore, the adaptation to sunlight also enables a plant to compete for space because light stimulates the rapid growth of plants to reach it and often shades other plants with their leaves.
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of each of the following in ATP synthesis
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation (Step 1 of Cellular Respiration)
Oxidation of intermediates in the Kreb cycle (Step 2 of Cellular Respiration)
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain
The ATP synthesis is involved in reactions such as glycolysis, the oxidation of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle, the formation of the proton gradient by the electron transport chain, etc.
What is the role of cellular respiration?Cellular respiration involves several steps, the first of which is glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down and then pyruvate breaks down acetyl CoA. The second step, the Krebs cycle, is where the acetyl CoA enters and produces many intermediates. The NADH and FADH₂ then enter the electron transport chain, forming a proton gradient and producing ATP.
Hence, ATP synthesis is involved in reactions such as glycolysis, the oxidation of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle, and the formation of the proton gradient.
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Which process occurs in the chloroplast?
A. Photosynthesis
B. DNA replication
C. Digestion
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast .
What is chloroplast?
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that performs photosynthesis primarily in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll absorbs sunlight energy, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while liberating oxygen from water in the cells.
The ATP and NADPH are then used to create organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts also perform a variety of other functions in plants, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and immune response. A chloroplast is distinguished by two membranes and a high concentration of chlorophyll.
Hence, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast
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after the effector cell has been stimulated by acetylcholine (ach), what enzyme stops this stimulation and allows the effector membrane to repolarize?
The effector membrane is able to repolarize because the acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibits this stimulation.
What is an easy way to define enzyme?A natural catalyst called called enzyme is usually always a protein. It stimulates one certain chemical process in the cell. The enzyme is continuously employed during process while not being destroyed.
What materials make up enzymes?Proteins called enzymes are made up of amino acids connected by one or maybe more polypeptide chains. The underlying basis of a polypeptide chain refers to this organization of amino acids. This in turn dictates the enzyme's three-dimensional structure, including the active site's shape.
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The complete question is-
After the effector cell has been stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh), what enzyme stops this stimulation and allows the effector membrane to repolarize?
A) Decarboxylase
B) Norepinephrine
C) Acetylcholinesterase
D) Catecholamine
the ingestion of a large number of vibrio cholerae cells is necessary for infection. why is such a large concentration of bacteria needed?
Ingestion of large numbers of Vibrio cholerae cells is necessary for infection, due to the low gastric pH.
Vibrio cholerae is pathogenic to humans. These bacteria are very sensitive to acids because these bacteria cannot stand acids and heat. If someone eats food that contains bacteria as much as 102-104 cells/gram in food then someone with normal stomach acid will be infected by Vibrio. Normally, the stomach produces stomach acid making the degree of acidity (pH) of the stomach boil between 1.0-2.0
To kill bacteria or germs in food. Because generally, bacteria are very rare that can live at the pH that is owned by the stomach, which is a pH of around 0.8 - 1.5.
So, when someone is infected with Vibrio cholera, the stomach acid pH is low.
This question has multiple choice
a. because of the enzymes in our mouth
b. because of the low pH in the stomach
c. because they must compete with bacteria in our intestines
d. because of the specificity of our immune system
The true choice is B
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the following are true regarding dna bases: a)a pairs with t via 2 hydrogen bonds b)adenine and guanine are purines c)thymine is a pyrimidine d)all of the above e)none of the above
The correct option is B ; Adenine and guanine are purines , The purines in DNA are the same as those in RNA: adenine and guanine. Cytosine and thymine are the pyrimidines in DNA;
cytosine and uracil are the pyrimidines in RNA. Purines are larger than pyrimidines because they have two rings, whereas pyrimidines only have one.
Purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G), while pyrimidines are cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). These are the most important components of nucleic acid, and the sequence of these molecules contains genetic information.
A DNA molecule's nucleic acid strands are antiparallel to one other. Nucleic acids are produced via phosphodiester linkages that connect complementary nucleobases.
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