The transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which serves as a transmembrane cAMP-activated chloride channel, is encoded by a gene on chromosome 7 and is the hereditary cause of CF.
Cystic fibrosis: What is it?Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disease In order to have CF, a person needs a mutation in both the copies of the CFTR gene. A person is a CF carrier rather than a person with CF if they have a mutation in just one copy of the CFTR gene and the other copy is normal.
A genetic disorder, cystic fibrosis. It is brought on by a gene defect that interferes with how salt and water enter and exit cells.
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__________ is the evolutionary history and relationships amongst a species or a group of species.
a. Phylogeny
b. Taxonomy
c. Ordering
d. Genetics
Answer: Phylogeny
Explanation: Phylogeny is the science/study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.
What is Motor Nervous System?
The motor nervous system is a system present in the brain to help animals to speak, move and breathe.
Motor neurons are cells in the brain and spinal cord that enable locomotion, speech, swallowing and breathing by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that perform these functions. Nerve fibers are the longest in the body, with single axons extending from the base of the spinal cord to the toes.
For motor functions, there are the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal mandibular nerve (V3), abducens nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, spinal nerve accessory muscle and N. hypoglossus muscle. These are the working of the motor nervous system.
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how is the location of a receptor crucial to understanding the function of a chemical messenger? g
The cytoplasm of the cell contains intracellular receptors that communicate with the plasma membrane. An extracellular signal is changed into an intracellular signal when cell-surface receptors attach to an external ligand molecule.
Although there are many different kinds of receptors, they can be categorized into two groups: cell surface receptors, which are found in the plasma membrane, and intracellular receptors, which are found inside the cell (in the cytoplasm or nucleus).
protein receptors: A significant distinction between water-soluble and fat-soluble hormones is that the former bind to receptors on the target cell's surface while the latter does not. Hormones that are soluble in fat bind to receptors in the target cell.
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Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood and its concentration is regulated by the
A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) liver.
D) kidneys.
E) pancreas.
Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood and its concentration is regulated by the kidneys.
The bicarbonate buffer system is indeed an acid-base homeostatic mechanism that involves the balance of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbon dioxide to support proper metabolic function in the blood as well as duodenum, among other tissues.
The most important buffer for maintaining blood pH homeostasis is indeed the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate buffer system. Carbonic acid is formed in this system when gaseous metabolic end carbon dioxide reacts to water to produce carbonic acid, that also rapidly dissociates into the a hydrogen ion as well as bicarbonate.
This same bicarbonate buffer system inside the human duodenum and the stomach serves to neutralize gastric acid while also stabilizing the intracellular ionic strength of epithelial cells through the secretion of carbonic acid into the gastric mucosa.
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explain why lactic acid was produced by the cytoplasm fraction incubated with glucose, but not the mitochondrial fraction.
Lactic acid is produced during the process of anaerobic respiration, which occurs when oxygen levels are low or absent. In this process, glucose is converted into lactic acid as a way for cells to generate energy without oxygen.
The cytoplasm of a cell is the semi-fluid substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. The mitochondria, on the other hand, are organelles found within the cytoplasm that are responsible for generating energy through aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen.
During aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into water and carbon dioxide, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. In the absence of oxygen, however, the mitochondria are unable to carry out aerobic respiration, and the cell must rely on anaerobic respiration to generate energy. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into lactic acid instead of water and carbon dioxide.
Therefore, the cytoplasm fraction incubated with glucose was able to produce lactic acid because it was in an anaerobic environment, while the mitochondrial fraction was not able to produce lactic acid because it requires oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration.
A mutation that occurs in the gametes of an organism will most likely be transferred to which of the following?
A. the siblings of the organism
B. the offspring of an organism
C. the other organisms living nearby
D. the mating partner of an organism
A mutation that develops in an organism's gametes would most likely be passed on to the organism's offspring.
What exactly is a mutation?A deviation from the typical Genomic dna at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (particularly polymorphisms) can affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral. The words "variant" and "mutation" are occasionally used interchangeably.
What triggers mutagenesis?Errors in Dna throughout cell division, interaction to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations. Somatic mutations (which happen in body cells) cannot be transmitted on to offspring, whereas germline mutations (which happen in the sperm and eggs can.
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postpartum breast engorgement occurs 48 to 72 hours after giving birth. what physiologic change influences breast engorgement?
Postpartum breast engorgement occurs 48 to 72 hours after giving birth, The physiologic change that influences breast engorgement is the increase in blood and lymph supply to the breasts.
Engorgement is the swelling of the breast tissue triggered by a rise in blood and lymph supply to generate milk for the newborn. Estrogen and progesterone levels fall, allowing prolactin to induce the glands to secrete milk. Their levels are restored numerous weeks or months later, depending entirely on the mother's lactation status. Colostrum is a lemon-colored viscous liquid naturally produced by both breasts immediately after birth, and it gradually transitions to transitional milk and, by 2 weeks, mature milk. Colostrum development reduces within days after childbirth as transitional and mature milk, thus not making a contribution to breast engorgement.
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Complete question :
Postpartum breast engorgement occurs 48 to 72 hours after giving birth. What physiologic change influences breast engorgement?
An increase in blood and lymph supply to the breasts
An increase in estrogen and progesterone levels
Colostrum production increases dramatically.
Fluid retention in the breasts due to the intravenous fluids given during labor
the right subclavian artery is a: question 33 options: a. visceral branch of the aorta b. parietal branch of the aorta c. not a branch of the aorta d. terminal branch of the aorta
The right subclavian artery is a parietal branch of the aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to the right arm and shoulder. It is not a terminal branch of the aorta, as the aorta continues down the body, branching off into several other arteries.
The right subclavian artery is a parietal branch of the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is divided into four sections. The parietal branches are the two arteries that come off the aorta and supply blood to the chest wall and the upper extremities. The right subclavian artery is one of the parietal branches of the aorta and its main function is to provide oxygenated blood to the right arm and shoulder.
The right subclavian artery originates from the right side of the aortic arch, just above the right clavicle. It then runs along the underside of the right clavicle before it divides into two branches, the axillary artery and the brachial artery. The axillary artery supplies oxygenated blood to the shoulder, while the brachial artery supplies oxygenated blood to the arm.
The right subclavian artery is not a terminal branch of the aorta, as it is not the last branch off the aorta. The aorta continues down the body, branching off into several other arteries, including the iliac artery, which branches off the aorta at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are __________ cells.
The lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are Cytotoxic T cells.
Lymphocytes are in charge of the remarkable specificity of adaptive immune responses. They are abundant in the blood and lymph (the colourless fluid in the lymphatic vessels that connect the body's lymph nodes to each other and to the bloodstream) as well as lymphoid organs such as the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, but also appendix. Lymphocytes react to antigen in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen. T lymphocytes strike antigens directly and aid in immune response control. They also produce chemicals called cytokines, which regulate the a whole immune response.
The T and the B cells are the two main types of lymphocytes. B cells generate antibody molecules that bind to and kill invading viruses or bacteria. T cells fight foreign invaders directly and also produce cytokines, that are biological substances that assist activate both these parts of the immune system.
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a hormone is released by diffusion, travels through the blood bound to carrier proteins, and binds to cytosolic receptors. this hormone must be .
A hormone is released by diffusion, travels through the blood bound to carrier proteins, and binds to cytosolic receptors a steroid hormone.
What is the function of hormone?Estrogen, the body's chemical messengers, connect with organs and the circulatory. Hormones have an impact on a number of bodily processes, including birth, mood, sexual function, metabolism (the mechanism within which your body turns food into energy), learning & success, and metabolism.
How do hormones function?Hormone-producing endocrine glands release their substances straight into the bloodstream. You should think of hormonal as chemical messengers. The proteins enter the stream and travel to the neurons, where proteins interact with only a few cells to change or impact them in a specific way.
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compare protein 2 to protein 1. does the amino acid sequence of protein 2 differ from the sequence of protein 1? if yes, which amino acid(s) differ?
A protein is made up of an amino acid that is connected by peptide bonds to form a string. The order and amount of amino acids in each form of protein vary.
A protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids that's also connected by peptide bonds to form a string. The primary distinction between an amino acid and a protein is that an amino acid is a protein's building block, but a protein serves as both a functional and structural component for the body. The R groups on the side chains of amino acids are what separate them from one another. A polypeptide core with connected side chains makes up a protein. It is the pattern of the chemically distinct side chains since each kind of protein varies in the quantity of amino acids and amino acid sequence it contains.
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rotation of parts of the atp synthase depends upon protonation of an aspartate residue located in which subunit?
ATP is formed in the F 1 sector of the enzyme, synthesis is driven by rotation of the γ subunit between three alternating catalytic sites.
The rotational catalytic process used by F1F0 ATP synthases to produce ATP involves the coupling of H+ transport and rotation of an oligomeric ring of c subunits that extends through the membrane. At the membrane's core, protons bind to and subsequently are released from the aspartyl-61 residue of subunit c. It is believed that subunit an of the F0 sector offers proton access routes to and from aspartyl-61. Here, we provide a summary of recent findings regarding the second, fourth, and fifth transmembrane helices' aqueous accessibility and the structural layout of Escherichia coli subunit a. (TMHs). These helices have aqueous-accessible areas that reach the cytoplasmic and periplasmic surfaces. We suggest that during the proton transport cycle, aTMH4 rotates to alternatively expose the periplasmic or cytoplasmic half-channels to aspartyl-61 of subunit c. According to a mechanism resembling mesh gears, it is proposed that the mechanical force driving rotation of the c-rotor is the coordinated rotation of interacting helices in subunits a and c.
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The medication ______ is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart.
Nitroglycerin (NTG) is used for the treatment and prevention of angina pectoris, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and hypertension. Mononitrate of isosorbide
For angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, nitroglycerin continues to be the first line of treatment. By producing nitric oxide, which induces vasodilation and boosts blood flow to the myocardium, nitroglycerin benefits the body. The most popular one is nitroglycerin, which reduces pain by enlarging blood vessels. This increases blood flow to the cardiac muscle and lessens the strain on the heart. To prevent angina, nitroglycerin can be taken daily in a long-acting version. Arrhythmia medications that are frequently prescribed include amiodarone, flecainide, and sotalol (a beta blocker as well). They can stop an arrhythmia and are typically administered to stop the irregular rhythm from happening or lessen its frequency.
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During splicing, which molecular component of the spliceosome catalyzes the excision reaction?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Lipid
E. Carbohydrate
The elimination reaction is triggered by the RNA molecule component of a spliceosome during splicing.
What is RNA and why is it important?Most biological cells contain ribonucleic acid (RNA), a crucial biological macromolecule. It plays a major role in the production of proteins by acting as a messenger to DNA, which in turn carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth and maintenance of life.
What is difference between RNA and DNA?The double molecule with a lengthy chain of nucleotides is called DNA. The single-stranded molecule called RNA has a shorter nucleotide chain than other molecules. DNA is self-replicating; it reproduces itself. RNA cannot duplicate itself.
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a conservation biologist is studying the variation that occurs in the species composition of ponds in a region. this scientist is studying which level of biodiversity?
A conservation biologist is studying the variation that occurs in the species composition of ponds in a region of genetic diversity.
Conservation Biology. To speedy recap: a conservation biologist researches ecosystems, habitats, and animal lifestyles with the purpose to broaden potential answers and advocacy.
Turning into a wildlife biologist isn't as easy as many different professions. you will need lots of schooling and enjoy in just the proper areas with a purpose to prevail. plenty of your success will rely upon your place of know-how and connections.
The Earth's natural resources are vital now extra than ever as human populations continue to grow and have an effect on animals and their ecosystems. career fields within conservation biology are predicted to grow by way of up to nine% in the next decade, with hundreds of jobs projected to be delivered over that time.
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According to the ______ species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring. The seperation between species is maintained by ___________ isolation, which prevents gene flow between species. But in some cases, distinct species can occasionally interbreed producing _______ offspring.
A species, according to the idea of biological species, is a collection of populations whose individuals can interbreed in nature & produce viable, fertile children. Reproductive isolation, which restricts gene transfer between species, maintains species separation. However, separate species can occasionally interbreed, resulting in Hybrid offspring.
The biological species idea. Mayr (1942), a biologist, was the first to describe species as "groupings of actually or theoretically interbreeding wild communities that are reproductively segregated from other similar groups" in the 19th century.
The process through which new species develop is known as speciation. When an ancestor species separates into two or even more descendant forms that are genetically different from each other and cannot interbreed, this is referred to as speciation.
The biological species concept (BSC) was created to help people comprehend biological variety, especially the commonly observed fact that sexually reproduced organisms live in more or less discrete morphological and genetic clusters instead of a continuum of forms.
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Blue flying fish live in the upper layers of the ocean. Blue flying fish have enlarged pectoral fins that enable them to glide for 4C
meters above the ocean surface and appear to fly.
Which statement best describes how natural selection led to enlarged pectoral fins in blue flying fish?
Oish changed their DNA to express enlarged pectoral fins, changing the allele frequency of the population
Fish were able to live both on land and in the water as a result of their larger pectoral fins
Fish with enlarged pectoral fins were able to glide out of the ocean to escape predators, increasing their fitness
O Fish were able to glide out of the ocean and into other bodies of water to mate with other species
Question 10
Fish with larger pectoral fins were more fit because they could glide out of the water to avoid predators.
what are pectoral fins?In close proximity to the gills, pectoral fins are seen on each side of the fish. In addition to doing everything pelvic fins do, these fins also aid in steering and depth control. Trout have horizontally attached pelvis and pectoral fins that are widely spaced apart on their bodies.
Where are flying fish typically found?Off the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the United States, flying fish are tropical and temperate sea animals. The Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Indian oceans all contain them. The majority of flying fish reside in open oceans, although some can inhabit the edges of coral reefs.
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In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be true?
Answer:
The hypothesis must be testable
Explanation:
which innate and adaptive immune cells, respectively, were most helpful in protecting the chinese patients from influenza mortality?
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells are the cells that are most helpful in protecting the chinese patients from influenza mortality.
Neutrophils are phagocytic cells having a distinct role outside of preventing viral infections.Although B cells will eventually create antiviral antibodies, they are not the best cells for fending off viral infections.Dendritic cells are crucial for T cell activation, but cytotoxic T cells, not helper T cells, are the ones that fight viral infections.Both mast cells and eosinophils are innate immune cells.Both innate and adaptive cells—natural killer and cytotoxic T cells—play a critical role in eliminating virus-infected cells.To know more about Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells refer here:
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Which of these combinations of values would help you determine if your patient was suffering from metabolic acidosis?Increased PC02 levels in the blood and decreased pHDecreased blood HCO3- levels and decreased pHDecreased PC02 levels in the blood and increased pH levelsIncreased blood HCO3- levels and decreased pH
Reduced blood pH and blood HCO3- levels are mentioned in the statement.
What does your body's metabolic process do?The process through which the body converts food and liquids into energy is termed metabolism. To create the power the body requires, calories from food and beverages combine with oxygen throughout this process. A body necessitates energy for all its functions, even while at rest.
How can I determine my metabolic type?Your BMR, or basal body's metabolism, is calculated via a metabolic test. The test, which is really elementary and straightforward, often implies having the client inhale it in to a tube for a maximum of ten minutes. This is meant to make it simpler to compute how much oxygen was inhaled and how much carbon dioxide was expelled.
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A scientists test the blood cholesterol concentration in a sample of men between 25 and 34 years old.
i) The frequency polygon is given by the image shown at the end of the answer.
ii) The modal class is the class with cholesterol concentration of 160 to 199 mg per cm³. (option C).
iii) The percentage of men in the sample with a higher risk of heart disease is given as follows: 15.28%.
How to do the frequency polygon, and obtain model class and percentage?The frequency polygon is constructed graphing the absolute frequencies of each range, as given in the table at the beginning of the problem. The polygon is presented by the image given at the end of the answer.
The modal class is the class with the highest number of observations, which is the class with cholesterol concentration of 160 to 199 mg per cm³, with 442 observations.
A percentage is calculated as the number of desired outcomes divided by the number of total outcomes, and multiplied by 100%.
The total number of men in the sample is of:
13 + 150 + 442 + 299 + 115 + 34 + 9 + 5 = 1067.
The number of those at risk of a heart disease is of:
115 + 34 + 9 + 5 = 163.
Hence the percentage is of:
163/1067 x 100% = 15.28%.
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external factors, such as stress or smoking, may influence gene expression, i.e., whether a specific gene is turned on or off. changes in gene expression may be inherited or passed from parent to child. the scientific study of heritable changes in gene expression is called . a. genomics b. epigenetics c. molecular genetics d. behavioral genetics
Option b , Epigenetics is the scientific study of heritable changes in gene expression. This term refers to the study of the changes in gene activity that can occur without any changes to the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be caused by a variety of external factors, such as stress, smoking, and environmental toxins.
Epigenetic changes can be inherited or passed from parent to child. For example, if a parent has experienced high levels of stress, their offspring may inherit this epigenetic change. Similarly, if a parent smokes, their offspring may inherit an epigenetic change that affects their gene expression. This could result in increased risk of certain diseases or disorders.
In addition to being passed from parent to child, epigenetic changes can also be acquired during an individual’s lifetime. For instance, smoking or exposure to environmental toxins can cause epigenetic changes that may increase an individual’s risk of certain diseases.
The study of epigenetics has allowed researchers to gain a better understanding of how environmental factors can influence gene expression and how these changes can be passed from parent to child. This knowledge has the potential to improve our understanding of certain diseases and disorders, and may lead to more effective treatments.
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what are some of the phenotypic differences between teosinte and corn that dr. beadle researched the genes for?
The differences between teosinte and maize are thought to be the result of just 4 or 5 genes, according to George Beadle's breeding experiments.
It's regulatory genes (genes that regulate the activity of hundreds of other genes by turning them on or off). This implies that rather than only altering one or two items, they would bring about significant alterations.
This is what leads to the stark variation in phenotype that results from a minor alteration in genotype. Dr. Beadle's research focuses on minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery, infertility, tubal reversal surgery, endometriosis therapy, and urine incontinence management.
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Step 3: Create a drawing to demonstrate each step in the Cell Division Mitosis Cycle.
***Helpful Information:
- Begin with the Interphase
- Your pairs of chromosomes are homozygous. Each chromosome will have an identical pair when they duplicate (red pairs with red ... white pairs with white).
- This is MITOSIS - The daughter cells will have the identical number and color chromosomes as the diploid cell.
You will begin with 3 chromosomes (2 red & 1 white bean)
During the mitotic phase, a cell duplicates its chromosomes, segregates them, and produces two identical nuclei to get ready for cell division.
What is meant by mitosis process ?During the mitotic phase, a cell duplicates its chromosomes, segregates them, and produces two identical nuclei to get ready for cell division. After mitosis, the cell's contents are frequently evenly split into two daughter cells with the same genome.
When a parent cell divides to create two identical daughter cells, the process of nuclear division known as mitosis takes place in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis refers particularly to the division of the duplicated genetic material contained in the nucleus during cell division. Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase are the five stages that make up mitosis. There is no cell growth while mitosis is occurring; instead, all cellular energy is directed toward cell division.
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when a leopard captured and ate a juvenile paranthropus robustus, its lower canine teeth punctured the back of the individual's skull. where did the upper canine teeth bite down?
When a leopard captured and ate a juvenile paranthropus robustus, its lower canine teeth punctured the back of the individual's skull, the upper canine teeth bite down into its eyes.
The leopard is one amongst the 5 living species within the mammal genus, a member of the cat family, Felidae. It happens in an exceedingly big selection in geographic region, in some elements of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and on the Indian landmass to Southeast and East Asia.
Canines are the four long and pointed teeth on either aspect of a leopard's mouth. These are concerning two inches (5 centimeters) long. Canine teeth are used in the main for biting and piercing. sharp teeth are the teeth situated on the perimeters of its jaws.
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a mutation that occurs in a somatic cell in an organism will most likely be transferred to.....
When an organism reproduces sexually, germ-line mutations take place in the reproductive cells (sperm or eggs) and are passed on to the offspring. Non-reproductive cells experience somatic mutations, which are transmitted through the process of mitosis to daughter cells but not to the progeny during sexual reproduction.
While a mutation is defined as any alteration in the DNA sequence, biologists use the term "single nucleotide polymorphism" (SNP) to refer to a single base pair alteration that is common in the population.
Specifically, a polymorphism is any genetic location at which at least two different sequences are found, with each sequence present in at least 1% of the population. Note that the term "polymorphism" is generally used to refer to a normal variation, or one that does not directly cause disease.
Moreover, the cutoff of at least 1% prevalence for a variation to be classified as a polymorphism is somewhat arbitrary; if the frequency is lower than this, the allele is typically regarded as a mutation (Twyman, 2003).
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Name 2 tropophyte plants
Answer: Rose plants, Santan plant
Explanation:
I learned this in AP Biology class! I hope you find it helpful!
Answer:
Pineapple.
Oleander.
Explanation:
Please give the brainliest.
what would be the initial effect on cellular respiration if photosynthesis did not occur?
Answer:
Cellular respiration can't occur.
Explanation:
If no photosynthesis occurs, no glucose or oxygen will be produced. Thus cellular respiration cant occur. But a process of anaerobic respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen.
ap bio what is the difference between eukaryotic dna replication and prokaryotic dna replication frq
DNA replication in prokaryotes takes place in the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotes it takes place in the nucleus. This is the main distinction between the two types of replication.
What two forms of DNA replication are there?Conservative replication and semiconservative replication are the two fundamental forms of replication. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA have quite different replication mechanisms. Prokaryotes have a single circular DNA strand, in contrast to eukaryotes. The origin of replication is where the bacterial chromosome replicates.
How does DNA replication function and what is it?The process of making two identical copies of a DNA from the original DNA strand is known as DNA replication. Before cell division, the DNA is replicated.
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which statement about the redundancy hypothesis, explaining the relationship between species diversity and community function, is false?
The statement about the redundancy hypothesis that is FALSE is the one that says "It predicts a linear relationship between species richness and community function."
The redundancy hypothesis is the hypothesis that predicts the enhancement of species that can compensate each other if some species are lost due to harsh conditions such particular species have the ability to recover from environmental disturbances. This hypothesis predicts that the elimination of several species doesn't matter as long as the ecosystem is compensated.
Based on this theory, basically, more species means increased ecosystem function. However, it only works until a certain point, after which the abundance of species becomes redundant and doesn't add any effect on the ecosystem function.
Your question seems incomplete, but most likely the completed version is as follows:
Which statement about the redundancy hypothesis, explaining the relationship between species diversity and community function, is false?
A. It best fits the results of Tilman and colleagues.
B. It assumes that in these relationships, species will often overlap in ecological function.
C. It predicts a linear relationship between species richness and community function.
D. Both a and b
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