Answer:
I think the answer is B. I think energy decreases as it moves up tropic levels when it is lost as the organisms from one level consume the organisms in the other.
Explanation:
It can't be A because animals do travel from one ecosystem to another. It's migration. It's not C because air can be used by organisms as once as the air moves out of their ecosystem because air is everywhere and the organisms need air to breathe and to live. D is definitely incorrect because matter can't be created or destroyed. Remember that an ecosystem is the organisms physical environment. I hope this answers your question.
D, matter lost by one ecosystem is gained by the surrounding environment
Explanation: Here's an explanation for why D is right and all the other ones are wrong.
D- when matter is lost from one ecosystem, it is often gained by another nearby ecosystem. For example, when leaves fall from trees in a forest, they decompose and release nutrients into the soil. These nutrients can then be taken up by plants in the same ecosystem or be transported by water runoff to other ecosystems, such as rivers or lakes. This process of matter transfer ensures the cycling of nutrients within and between ecosystems.
A- animals can and do travel from one ecosystem to another. Birds migrate between different habitats, and some animals spread seeds or pollinate flowers in multiple ecosystems. B- the total amount of energy in an ecosystem does change over time. Energy enters an ecosystem through photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight into chemical energy. This energy is then passed on to other organisms through the food chain. However, energy is lost as heat during these transfers and eventually leaves the ecosystem, resulting in a decrease in the total amount of energy available. C- organisms rely on air for respiration, and the exchange of gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, occue between organisms and the air in the environment. While air moves in and out of ecosystems, organisms continuously utilize the air for their survival.
Label the structures of the finger and fingernail. Epidermis Nail body Eponychium Dermis Nail bed Free edge Nail matrix Reset Zoom
The diagram for structures of the finger and fingernail is illustrated and attached.
What is the finger about?In the hands of the majority of Tetrapods, including humans and other primates, a finger is an organ of manipulation and sensation. The top layer of skin on your body is called the epidermis.
At the base of the fingernails and toenails is a thickened layer of skin called the eponychium. It is also known as the proximal or medial nail fold. The eponychium is different from the cuticle in that it is made up of living skin cells, whereas the cuticle is made up of dead skin cells.
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Now that you have watched the video clip, how is chemical change different from physical change?
Practice
A
Pollutants are formed during a chemical change.
B
New substances are formed during a chemical change.
C
Only living things drive the process of chemical change.
D
Material is broken down into smaller pieces without any chemical reactions during a chemical change.
What is the output of the light-dependent reactions?
The main output of the light-dependent reaction is ATP and NADPH.
Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight. These reactions convert sunlight into chemical energy. The light-dependent reaction will convert light energy into the chemical energy. The goal of photosynthetic light-dependent reactions is to harvest energy from the sun and split water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH. The inputs are carbon dioxide from the air and ATP and NADPH produced by the light reaction. The Calvin cycle uses carbon from carbon dioxide, energy from ATP, high-energy electrons, and hydrogen ions from NADPH. The result of the cycle is a high-energy sugar molecule.
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Normally, the temperature inside the scrotum is slightly lower than normal body temperature. What do you predict would happen if the temperature inside the scrotum were a few degrees higher than normal body temperature instead?.
If the temperature inside the scrotum were a few degrees higher than normal body temperature instead The development of sperm would be improper.
The "scrotum" is a pouch that is suspended from the groin and contains the "testes" and some of the male "sex" accessory ducts. By locating the testes outside of the body cavity, the "scrotum"'s primary function is to maintain the temperature necessary for the process of "spermatogenesis."
The "scrotum" of the human body has a temperature that is 3.1 degrees Celsius lower than the average body temperature. In the event that the temperature of the "scrotum" rises, the germinal epithelium will degenerate, eventually leading to sterility. Therefore, a lower temperature is required for the production of sperm within the testes; otherwise, the "sperm" will not develop appropriately.
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Why do you think the cell would need these checkpoints? what do you think would happen if the cell did not get checked at certain phases?.
Cells need checkpoints to ensure that no error is present in the DNA or even in the cellular surroundings. It is critical that all "boxes" are checked before continuing because this ensures that no major errors are faced down the line. Cells are basic unit of life so if cells are not accurate or full of errors then tissues are affected, which affects organs, and eventually organ system and in final the whole organism. Thus, checkpoints ensure that errors are caught early and dealt with properly.
If cell did not get checked at certain phases, mistakes would go by unnoticed which could affect the whole organism (see my explaination above). Also, checkpoints ensure that cell growth is controlled (that is unwanted replication do not occur). If there are no checkpoints then cell can continue to grow and eventually uncontrolled growth of cells is referred to as cancer.
how are the parts of their anatomy adapted for eating specifically what they consume?
The digestive system, which is intricate, complex, and coordinated and is controlled by both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and its own intrinsic neural system.
frequently referred to as the body's "second brain," is essential for eating and digesting food. The GI tract, commonly known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is made up of two primary groups of organs: the accessory digestive organs and the organs of the alimentary canal.
The act of eating is the putting of solid food into the mouth with the purpose of nourishing oneself. This activity is carried out by insertion [of the foodstuff] in the mouth, followed by mastication, swallowing, and digestion." Diderot offered this explanation of "eating" in his renowned Encyclopedia. He continues by stating that only substances that may be imagined can be eaten, not the consumption of non-food items like clay, chalk, stones, or charcoal.
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How can we prevent contamination in microbiology?
Contamination in microbiology can be prevented by creating and maintaining a sterile environment, practicing proper hygiene, avoiding cross-contamination, and properly storing and disposing of microorganisms.
The first step to prevent contamination in microbiology is to create and maintain a sterile environment. This means creating an environment with the lowest possible amount of bacteria and other microorganisms. This is done by using autoclaves, which are machines that sterilize tools and equipment using high temperatures and pressure. Additionally, lab personnel should always wear protective clothing such as lab coats, gloves, and masks to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
It is also important to practice proper hygiene in the lab. This includes washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with potential sources of contamination, such as skin, hair, or clothing. Additionally, all lab surfaces should be regularly disinfected to reduce the number of microorganisms present. Finally, it is important to avoid cross-contamination, which occurs when microorganisms from one experiment are unintentionally transferred to another. To prevent this, laboratory personnel should use separate tools and equipment for each experiment and dispose of hazardous materials properly.
Finally, it is important to practice proper storage and disposal of microorganisms. Microorganisms should be stored in sealed containers and disposed of in an appropriate manner. Additionally, all experiments should be documented to ensure that any risks associated with the microorganisms are clear.
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What is the difference between atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease?
Atherosclerosis is the dominant cause of cardiovascular disease( CVD) involving myocardial infarction( MI), heart failure, stroke and claudication. Atherosclerosis is mainly located in the intima of multitudinous middle sized and large arteries, especially where the vessels divide.
Atherosclerosis is the main supporting cause of cardiovascular disease( CVD). It's a disease in which plaques that are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances make up in the walls of arteries. Arteries are the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart throughout the body. When atherosclerosis narrows the arteries near to your heart, you may develop coronary artery ailment, which can bring about chest pain( angina), a heart attack or heart failure.
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What products are used to start the light-independent reactions?
The products used to start the light dependent reactions are NADPH and ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) molecules.
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place within the stroma. Light dependent reactions are the reactions occurring inside chloroplast region with the help of chlorophyll in which energy is used in the form of ATP molecules to produce carbohydrate molecules. This reaction is also known as photophosphorylation reaction. ATP and NADPH are produced during light reactions which are utilized in the light independent reaction, also known as dark reaction or Calvin cycle. In this reaction, carbon fixation and carbon assimilation takes place and ATP and NADPH are used to drive the biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis.
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What are biological impacts?
Allergies, respiratory issues, hypersensitive illnesses, and infectious diseases are examples of biological impacts that can be brought on by a range of pollutants and toxins.
How has climate change affected biological systems?Climate change has the potential to affect populations or species' geographic distributions by interfering with the compatibility of organisms with their local environment, limiting survival and reproduction, and reducing the ability to reproduce. While some species may benefit from climate change, others may become extinct.
Which biological ecosystem would you use as an example?The sea environment, the air environment, and the terrestrial environment are a few examples. Given that every living thing has a unique habitat, there are countless different biophysical settings.
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Which statements are true about point and nonpoint source pollution? Please choose all the correct answers.
A) Human activity causes point and nonpoint source pollution.
B) Only nonpoint source pollution affects abiotic factors in a watershed.
C) Point source pollution affects only the part of the lake or river near it.
D) Both point and nonpoint source pollution affect biotic factors in a watershed.
E) Point pollution flows through the bodies of water in a watershed but not through its land.
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction Class 12?
Sexual reproduction involves the production of male and female gametes, which combine to form a zygote. Asexual reproduction involves the production of offspring from a single parent without the fusion of gametes.
The zygote grows and develops into a new organism that is genetically similar but not identical to its parents. This is because the genetic combination of the two parents results in the offspring having a unique genetic code. Sexual reproduction allows for genetic variation, which can be beneficial to a species as it allows them to adapt to changing environments.
Asexual reproduction involves the production of offspring from a single parent without the fusion of gametes. The offspring created is genetically identical to its parent and is referred to as a clone. Asexual reproduction does not create genetic variation, but it does allow for rapid reproduction and population growth. The main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction is the way in which genetic material is combined.
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Which of the following disorders is associated with high sodium intakes?
A. hypertension B. osteomalacia C. diabetes D. fluorosis
Hypertension is associated with high sodium intakes.
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition characterized by persistently elevated artery blood pressure. Symptoms of high blood pressure are uncommon. Long-term hypertension, on the other hand, is a significant risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia. Hypertension is a leading cause of death worldwide.
The systolic and diastolic pressures, which are the maximum and minimum pressures, respectively, are used to classify blood pressure. High blood pressure is classified as either primary (essential) or secondary hypertension. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring appears to be more accurate than office-based blood pressure measurement over a 24-hour period.
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How are trees agents of mechanical weathering?
Practice
A
Growing tree roots physically break apart rock.
B
Tree roots secrete a lot of acids that react with minerals in the rock.
C
Trees cause chemical reactions to take place altering the soil and rock nearby.
D
Trees do not cause rocks to weather.
Growing tree roots physically break apart rock are the tree agents of mechanical weathering. So, the correct option is (A).
What is Mechanical Weathering?Mechanical weathering is also called physical weathering in which a large rock breaks down into smaller pieces of rocks. When rocks decompose or break down without experiencing any change in their chemical composition, it is known as mechanical weathering.
There are 3 Mechanical Weathering Processes which break down rocks
Frost wedging.Exfoliation.Biological activityThe roots of a plant grow into a crack in a rock. When these roots grow, they open the crack. Burrowing animals can also cause weathering. The animal may break the rock to dig for food or make a hole to live in.
Thus, growing tree roots physically break apart rock are the tree agents of mechanical weathering. So, the correct option is (A).
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Which one of the following is not a bone of the human leg?
(a) Fibula
(b) Femur
(c) Humerus
(d) Tibia
The correct option (c) Humerus, g is not a bone of the human leg.
Sixty bones make up each arm and leg, with thirty bones in each arm running from upper arms to fingers and thirty bones in each leg running from thigh to toe. The longest bones are the femur and humerus, one of which is located in the upper arm and the other in the thigh.Thirty bones make up a human leg: the femur in the thigh, the patella in the knee, the tibia and fibula in the lower legs, the tarsals in the ankles, the metatarsals in the sole, and the phalanges in the toes.The humerus in the upper arms, the radius and ulna in the forearm, the carpals in the wrist, the metacarpals in the palm, and the phalanges in the fingers make up the bones of the arm. Since the humerus is found in the arm, it cannot be a human bone.
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What are the 3 parts of the carbon reactions?
Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule are the three main phases of the Calvin cycle reactions.
Inorganic CO2 is bonded to the organic compound ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) during the carboxylation process. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, or RuBisCO, is the enzyme that catalysis this reaction. The 5-carbon RuBP molecule is split into two 3-carbon 3-Phosphoglyceric Acid, 3-PGA, molecules by the addition of CO2. The Calvin cycle is occasionally referred to as the C3 cycle because of this 3-carbon molecule.
What Substance Is Generated During Carbon Fixation?3-PGA is produced as a result of the carboxylation of RuBP. In this reaction, two 3-PGA molecules are created for each CO2 molecule used. However, because it takes three CO2 molecules to complete a full turn of the Calvin cycle, six 3-PGA molecules are formed for each turn.
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Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve?
Neural correspondence incorporates both electrical and synthetic motioning among neurons and target cells. Endocrine correspondence includes compound flagging using the arrival of chemicals that travel through the circulation system, where they get a reaction in target cells.
They are both gotten by receptors and they are the two synthetics. A distinction is that synapses are as yet utilizing an electric charge to be sent and chemicals are set off synthetically.
All through the sensory system, neurons impart using electrical and substance signals. One more type of substance correspondence is the discharge of chemicals into the circulation system, which is achieved using endocrine organs situated in the endocrine framework.
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Can stress cause vascular dementia?
The answer to whether stress can cause vascular dementia is false, however stress plays a chronic role in leading to conditions which causes dementia.
Vascular dementia is the condition of partial to permanent memory loss which may occur in old aged people and causes higher risks of strokes, diabetes and blood pressure. There has not been much proves or researches which relates that stress can cause vascular dementia. But it is highly significant that stress can affect the mental activity and thinking power of brain and makes it to do functions which are harmful for the body. Stress may lead to dementia indirectly. Vascular dementia is linked with atherosclerosis due to which enough blood is not reached to most parts of the body including brain which hampers the function of brain.
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Fireflies make their light. The light they give off looks green. The spectrum of their light is shown. Describe how you would use a tool to see a firefly’s light spectrum. Explain what the spectrum tells you about the light the firefly gives off. Include a comparison of the wavelengths of the light.
Answer:
To see the spectrum of a firefly's light, you would need a spectroscope, which is a tool that separates light into its different wavelengths to create a spectrum. This is often done by passing light through a prism, which refracts the light at different angles based on its wavelength, creating a rainbow-like spectrum of colors.
When looking at the spectrum of a firefly's light, you can see the specific wavelengths of light that the firefly is emitting. This can tell you what colors are present in the light and in what proportions. In the case of a firefly, the spectrum would likely show a dominant peak in the green portion of the spectrum, indicating that the firefly's light is primarily green in color.
Additionally, the spectrum can be used to compare the wavelengths of the light emitted by the firefly to the wavelengths of other sources of light. For example, the spectrum of a firefly's light could be compared to the spectrum of sunlight, which contains all the colors of the rainbow. This comparison can provide insights into the unique properties of the firefly's light, such as its relative brightness and color.
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction GCSE?
Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction which does not require the involvement of two organisms, while sexual reproduction requires the involvement of two distinct organisms of opposite sexes. Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring from two parents of opposite sexes.
This type of reproduction involves the fusion of two gametes and the production of offspring that have a combination of genetic material from both parents.The main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction requires the fusion of gametes and the production of offspring with a combination of genetic material from both parents, while asexual reproduction relies on a single parent and involves the production of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
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Which of the following describes one way plants changed the biosphere to support the emergence of land animals?
A Plant roots broke down rocks to create soil.
B Plant leaves decreased Earth’s reflectivity.
C Plants provided shelter and shade from the Sun.
D Plants increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Plants provide shelter and shade from the sun which support the emergence of land animals. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
What is the role of plants in biosphere?The area of the planet that is home to all forms of life, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, is referred to as the biosphere.
Because they are the main creators of all other organisms, plants have a significant place in the biosphere. This indicates that these organisms are the ones responsible for the production of organic compounds, which are then taken in by other creatures. They do this via a process known as photosynthesis, which utilises the light energy provided by the sun.
They provide shelter to many birds and animals like a home. Also, they provide food for birds, animals and human beings in the form of leaves, vegetables, fruits and roots
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How are seeds calculated?
Seeds are calculated in order to ensure that a random sample of data is collected in a given population. This is important to ensure that the data collected is representative of the whole population and is not overly influenced by a single group of individuals or a small subset of the population.
To calculate the seeds, a population is divided into sections and each section is assigned a numerical value. This value is known as the seed. This seed is then used to randomly select individuals from the population. The selection process is designed to ensure that each individual has an equal chance of being selected. The more sections that are used, the more random the selection process will be.
The number of seeds used will depend on the size of the population, the desired sample size, and the desired level of randomness. For example, if the population is small and the sample size is large, then more seeds may be needed to ensure a truly random sample.
Once the seeds have been calculated, they can be used to determine the sample size. This is done by multiplying the number of seeds by the desired sample size. For example, if 10 seeds are used and the desired sample size is 100, then the sample size will be 10 x 100 = 1000.
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C5H9 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O
C5H9 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O
this is called cumbustion reaction
What is combustion, and how does it work?
A fuel and an oxidant, typically atmospheric oxygen, engage in a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction known as combustion, or burning, which results in the production of oxidised, frequently gaseous products in a mixture known as smoke.
combustion definition
Combustion is the name for the chemical reaction in which a material interacts with oxygen to produce heat. Examples include propane, wood, and ethane.
What 3 primary byproducts result from a combustion reaction?
A fuel combines swiftly with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide. (CO2) and water (H2O), which is a complete combustion reaction.
Typically, just carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) are found in hydrocarbons, the fuel that burns in a combustion reaction (H).
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Homologous chromosomes How are diploid cells, homologous chromosomes, and alleles related? Diploid cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes, which carry the same genes as one another but not necessarily the same alleles. Diploid cells have half of a homologous pair of chromosomes. Diploid cells therefore only have one allele for each gene. Diploid cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes. Diploid cells therefore might have up to four different alleles for each gene. Diploid cells have one set of non-homologous chromosomes, containing alleles inherited from two parents.
Diploid cells, homologous chromosomes, and alleles related by diploid cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes, which carry the same genes as one another but not necessarily the same alleles.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
The chromosomes in а homologous pаir eаch hаve the sаme genes in the sаme order, but there mаy be vаriаtion between them, resulting in different аlleles. Some of the vаriаnts in these аlleles might hаve functionаl implicаtions while others will not.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up аnd recombinаtion occurs between them. This results in gаmetes with unique combinаtions of аlleles on eаch chromosome аnd therefore unique individuаls.
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Parent 1 has A blood. Parent 2 has B blood.
Draw a punnett square to show the possibilities of their offspringto have O blood.
The possibilities of their offspring have O blood is 25%.
What is Punnett Square?Punnett square is defined as the square diagram which is used to predict the genotype of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
It is a helpful tool which helps predict the variations and possibilities that may come from cross breeding, which involves predicting how plants, animals, even humans cross with each other.
For above given information,
The Parent 1 and Parent 2 have A and B blood group respectively. So, the possible genotypes when crossed between AO and BO are AB, AO, BO and OO. The possibility of O blood group is 1/4 i.e. 25%.
Thus, the possibilities of their offspring have O blood is 25%.
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Emily is developing a computer model of protist populations in certain areas of the ocean, and how they help maintain homeostasis in ecosystems. Photosynthetic protists play essential roles in the environment, especially in oceans and lakes. If a hypothetical catastrophic event drastically reduced the population of zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic protist with a specific habitat, which statement describes the most likely result?
A. Almost half of the photosynthesis occurring on Earth would be in jeopardy, and species from shrimp to whales would lose an important food source.
B. Kelp forests would experience a drastic reduction in size, eliminating shelter for many marine species and a food source for sea urchins.
C. The health of coral reefs would suffer and reef populations would decrease in size and stability.
D. The equilibrium of the ecosystem surrounding hydrothermal vents would be upset, leading to loss of diversification.
Answer:
C. The health of coral reefs would suffer and reef populations would decrease in size and stability.
Explanation:
Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic protists that live in the tissues of coral reefs, providing them with a significant portion of their energy requirements through photosynthesis. If the population of zooxanthellae were to drastically reduce, it would likely have a significant impact on the health of coral reefs and their populations. Coral reefs are important ecosystems that support a diverse array of marine life, and a reduction in their populations could have cascading effects on the ecosystem.
you are working with a gardener who has acquired a new pea plant that has a straight pod, and they want to plant these as one of their new crops. this species of pea can produce straight or curved pea pods. straight pods (p) are dominant to curved pods (p). how could you help the gardener determine if these peas are homozygous or heterozygous for the straight pod trait?
You can help the gardener to determine if the peas are homozygous or heterozygous for the straight pod by: finding the curved pod variety, cross it with the plant the gardener had, and evaluate the offspring.You could also perform a test cross.
In the field of biology, a test cross can be described as such a cross which helps in determining the genetics of a plant by crossing it with a plant whose trait is already known to be homozygous or heterozygous.
The gardener when does a test cross can know the straight pods are homozygous or heterozygous by crossing the plant that the gardener had with the curved pod plant.
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during an excursion, an archaeologist finds an ecologically important area. which organization should the archaeologist approach to conserve the land?
During an excursion, if an archaeologist finds an ecologically important area, then they should approach to Nature Conservancy to conserve the land.
What is Nature Conservancy?
The Nature Conservancy is a global environmental nonprofit working to create a world where people and nature can thrive. It has grown to become one of the most effective and wide-reaching environmental organizations in the world.
The Nature Conservancy has been working in partnership with individuals, local communities, government agencies and private businesses to protect the natural landscapes that harbor the diversity of plant and animal life on Earth.
So, when archeologists find an ecologically important area, they approach to Nature Conservancy to conserve the land.
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Figure 1 is a proposed model of the feedback system controlling erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.
Air is less dense at very high elevations, so less oxygen is available than in the denser air at sea level. Based on the model in Figure 1, if a person travels from sea level to a high elevation location, which of the following correctly predicts the response to the decreased blood oxygen level?
answer choices
More erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, decreasing production of erythrocytes.
More erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes.
Less erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, decreasing production of erythrocytes.
Less erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes.
More erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes. So, the correct option is (B).
What is Erythropoietin?Erythropoietin is also called erythropoietin, hematopoietin or hemopoietin. It is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted primarily by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia which stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
It helps in making red blood cells which carry oxygen to the tissues in the body. Oxygen is turned into energy, and the tissues release carbon dioxide. Red blood cells transport carbon dioxide to the lungs for us to exhale.
If a person travels to a higher altitude above sea level, more erythropoietin will be secreted by the kidney, increased production of erythrocytes predicts response to low blood oxygen level.
Thus, more erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes. So, the correct option is (B).
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Succession occurs after ecosystems experience some type of disruptive event.
true
false
It is true that Succession occurs after ecosystems experience some type of disruptive event. The process by which an area's mix of species and habitat changes over time is called ecological succession.
Ecological succession is the consistent and continuous change in a type of a specific region concerning changes in the environment. The idea of success comes into play when a change in the ecosystem is disruptive. Ecological succession aims to evolve and restore equilibrium.
Primary succession and secondary succession are two distinct types of succession. In this instance, secondary succession is the succession that occurs after a disruptive event occurs in the ecosystem.
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