The shape of normal host PrpC protein is altered by abnormal PrpSc protein, transforming it into infectious PrpSc protein this statement contributes to understanding the pathogenesis of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
Pathogenesis refers to the sequence of events that occurs during acute and chronic infections. It consists of the virus entering the body, multiplying and spreading, causing tissue damage, and producing an immune response, which may contribute to the pathology of an infection.
Pathogenesis can take many forms, including microbial infection, inflammation, cancer, and tissue breakdown. For instance, bacterial pathogenesis is indeed the process whereby bacteria end up causing infectious illness. Most diseases have been caused by a combination of factors.
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is indeed a progressive neurological disorder caused by an unusual transmissible agent known as a prion. The nature of both the transmissible agent is unknown.
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what do we call the genetic drift resulting from a loss of alleles when a population is reduced to a very small number, often as the result of overhunting?
A population bottleneck is the cause of the significant genetic diversity loss in cheetah populations brought on by overhunting.
What is another name for genetic drift?Genetic drift, also known as genetic random errors or the Sewall Wright effect, is an entirely random shift in the genetic pool of the a small population.
What two kinds of genetic drift are there?genetic drift types."Bottleneck events" & "founder effects," the two primary categories of genetic drift, each refer to a unique method through which a tiny population gets reproductively separated.
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What would happen if there were no coral reefs?
We may face many problems without the presence of coral reefs. These are-
1)Less Fish in the Ocean-Coral reefs are said as “the rainforests of the sea” and give a quarter of marine species with habitat and food. If coral reefs vanished, essential food, shelter, and spawning grounds for fish and other marine organisms would cease to exist, and biodiversity would greatly suffer. Marine food webs would be altered, and many economically important species would vanish.
2) No More Tourists -Coral reefs also sustain smaller economies through tourism and attract tourists to over 100 countries. Without reefs to visit, there will be a reduction in tourist numbers, which will have a knock-on effect on local businesses that depend on year-round tourists.
3)Losing Our Coastlines -The most important impact that would occur if coral reefs were to vanish, is the negative impact on coastlines. Shorelines will become battered by waves and extreme weather events, and become unsafe to erosion. Erosion of the coastline, combined with sea-level rise due to climate change, will push coastal communities from their homes and further inland.
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Match each lymphatic cell with its function. May defend against a kidney transplant Receive antigens presented to them by APCs Alerts the body if bacteria gets through the skin May ingest and destroy bacteria Eventually secrete antibodies Form the blood-thymus barrier
Lymphatic cells are an essential part of the body’s immune system. Each type of lymphatic cell has a unique function, from detecting and destroying foreign invaders to forming the blood-thymus barrier.
The first type of lymphatic cell is the Natural Killer (NK) cell. NK cells are a type of white blood cell that is able to detect and destroy cells that are infected with viruses or otherwise damaged. NK cells are particularly important when it comes to preventing the body from rejecting a kidney transplant, as they can detect and destroy cells that the body would otherwise reject.
The second type of lymphatic cell is the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC). APCs are cells that are able to detect and present antigens to the body. They are able to detect foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and present them to other immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, which can then mount an immune response.
The third type of lymphatic cell is the T cell. T cells are able to recognize and bind to antigens that have been presented to them by APCs. They can then alert the body of the presence of foreign invaders, and initiate an immune response to destroy them.
The fourth type of lymphatic cell is the B cell. B cells are able to ingest and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders. They can also secrete antibodies, which can help to neutralize the invaders and prevent them from causing further harm.
The fifth type of lymphatic cell is the thymus-derived lymphocyte. Thymus-derived lymphocytes form the blood-thymus barrier, which helps to protect the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders. They are able to detect and recognize foreign invaders, and alert the body of their presence.
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What does the battle of the windmill in Animal Farm represent in the Russian Revolution?
The windmill symbolizes Stalin's industrialization of Russia as well as the sacrifices made by the Russian people as part of his Five-Year Plans. The Battle of the Windmills represents the Battle of Stalingrad, in which Soviet forces defeated Hitler's invading German army - but at great personal cost.
The windmill symbolizes the massive infrastructure construction projects and modernization initiatives implemented by Soviet leaders immediately following the Russian Revolution, specifically Joseph Stalin's Five-Year Plans. The way the animals go hungry in order to build the windmill mirrors how the Five Year Plans, which were supposed to create enough food for everyone, were wildly unsuccessful and resulted in widespread famine in the early 1930s. Later in the novel, the windmill comes to symbolize the pig's totalitarian triumph: the other animals work to build the windmill believing that it will benefit everyone, but even after it only benefits the pigs, the animals continue to believe that it will benefit everyone.
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when calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal neurotransmitter molecules are quickly removed from the synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitter molecules are swiftly cleared from the synaptic cleft when calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal. They lead to the plasma membrane of the transmitting neuron's neurotransmitter-carrying vesicles fusing together. As a result, the sending neuron experiences an action potential.
Presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals make form a synapse. The presynaptic terminal, which lies at the end of an axon, converts the electrical action potential into a chemical signal (neurotransmitter release).
The synaptic terminal, also known as the axon terminal, is where the axon terminates. Here, a chemical signal known as a neurotransmitter transforms an electrical signal that was originally sent electrically. In order to enhance communication with neighbouring cells, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
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Evaluate two hazards by explaining which hazard presents the greatest threat to agricultural workers as
well as which hazard is the most easily preventable. For each hazard discussed, be sure to give reasons
why it is the greatest threat or why it is easily preventable.
Pesticide exposure is a serious hazard for agricultural workers and may present the greatest threat to their health
What is Pesticide exposure?Pesticides can get inside your body from eating, drinking, breathing them in, and by skin contact. The most effective way to reduce risk for pesticides is to use integrated pest management and avoid using pesticides.The most common pathway for pesticide poisoning among common users is absorption through the skin [26]. Dermal absorption may occur as a result of splashes and spills when handling (mixing, loading or disposing of) pesticidesImproperly using a pesticide. For example, staying in the rooms where foggers are used, or using outdoor use products inside your house. Bringing pesticides into your home on your clothing after working in treated fields. Storing pesticides in an unsecured place that children and pets can accessThe most commonly reported early symptoms include headache, nausea, dizziness, and increased secretions, such as sweating, salivation, tearing and respiratory secretions. Progressive symptoms include muscle twitching, weakness, tremor, incoordination, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrheaTo learn more about Pesticide exposure refers to:
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Label the types of plasma membrane lipids_ Polar heads Phospholipid Glycolipid Cholesterol Fatty acid tails Reset Zoom
1- glycolipid, 2-cholestro, 3- fatty acid tail, 4- polar head, 5- phospholipid
Lipids with a glycosidic (covalent) link connecting them to a carbohydrate are known as glycolipids. Their function is to support cellular recognition, which is essential for the immune response and for the connections that allow cells to join together to form tissues. They also help to keep the cell membrane stable. [2] All eukaryotic cell membranes include glycolipids, which protrude into the extracellular space from the phospholipid bilayer on the surface of the cell. A monosaccharide or oligosaccharide that is linked to a lipid molecule is a glycolipid's defining characteristic. Glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which comprise glycerol or a sphingosine backbone, respectively, are the two lipids that are most frequently found in cellular membranes. To ensure that the lipid as a whole has a backbone made of fatty acids,
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Do snails have no gender?
No, snails have no gender as they're hermaphrodites. Garden snails produce sperms like males and carry eggs like females at the same time.
What are the characteristics of snails?Snails have both female and male reproductive cells as they are hermaphrodite. They don't actually need to mate with another snail to reproduce and self fertilization is possible. After mating they lay about 80 white eggs in a damp and underground nest.
Snails called slipper limpets begin life as males, and then become female as they grow. A new study has shown that when two males are kept together and in contact with one another, the larger one changes to female sooner, and the smaller one later.
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Should a pregnant woman take a drug that has been categorized by the FDA as a Category D drug?
Category D drug, Despite potential hazards, the medication may be used during pregnancy because of potential benefits.
What does FDA category D pregnancy mean?Category D: Risk-related evidence (studies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus; potential benefits of the drug may outweigh the risks).Category D, Potential benefits may justify use of the treatment in pregnant women despite potential hazards since there is positive evidence of human fetus risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or research in humans.Despite potential hazards, the medication may be used during pregnancy because of potential benefits.The main issue was that the letter categories were frequently understood incorrectly as a grading system for a drug's dangers, leading to prescribing choices based on the category rather than a comprehension of the underlying data.To learn more about Category D drug refer to:
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION The biomolecules made of CHON are
The biomolecules made of CHON are proteins, and the protein is made up of amino acids and each amino acid in the protein is connected to each other by peptide bonds.
What are the monomers of the macromolecules?In general, macromolecules like carbohydrates and proteins are made up of monomers, and each monomer is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, while the protein contains extra nitrogen, and each amino acid is made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, as well as other molecules in the side chain.
Hence, the biomolecules made of CHON are proteins, and the protein is made up of amino acids and each amino acid in the protein is connected to each other by peptide bonds.
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What are 3 things humanity can do as a species to try to save coral reefs?
While providing habitat for 25% of all marine species and receiving close to 500 million visitors annually, coral reefs are also the most endangered marine ecosystem on earth.
You can help safeguard coral reefs and the fish, animals, and plants that rely on them by taking a few straightforward, practical measures.
1. When diving at coral reefs, exercise caution.
The reef should not be touched or anchored by vessels. Corals can die if they come into contact with the reef or if they are anchored there.
2. Use a sunscreen that respects the reefs.
Coral reefs have been found to be harmful to a number of common sunscreen chemicals, including oxybenzone and octinoxate. Coral bleaching is not a result of sunscreens with non-nano zinc oxide as one of their active constituents.
3. Practice eco-friendly lawn care
You may even though you might be thousands of kilometers from a coral reef, the products you use on your lawn will eventually get up in the water supply. Use eco-friendly pesticide and fertilizer alternatives that won't harm coral reefs or marine life.
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What is the most common settlement pattern?
The 3 fundamental styles of agreement or pattern are dispersed, nucleated and linear.
Geography is an vital thing as to what agreement sample is chosen. Dispersed, linear and nucleated are the maximum not unusualplace. A dispersed sample is in which remoted homes are unfold out throughout an area, commonly separated with the aid of using some hundred metres and not using a important focus. Rectangular pattern.
This sample of agreement is maximum not unusualplace in India. The regions having this sample of agreement have a excessive diploma of clustering and excessive populace density. The form of the cultivated land is rectangular.
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What are the 4 main settlement patterns?
Dispersed, linear and nucleated are the most common. A dispersed pattern is where isolated buildings are spread out across an area, usually separated by a few hundred metres with no central focus.
This pattern of settlement is most common in India. The areas having this pattern of settlement have a high degree of clustering and high population density. The shape of the cultivated land is rectangular.The three main patterns of settlement are dispersed, nucleated and linear. Geography is an important factor as to what settlement pattern is chosen.
The 3 fundamental styles of agreement are dispersed, nucleated and linear. Geography is an vital thing as to what agreement sample is chosen. Dispersed, linear and nucleated are the maximum not unusualplace.
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Why is mercury used in barometer Class 7?
The density of mercury is greater and the mercury neither wets nor sticks to the glass tube therefore, it gives the correct reading. hence, mercury is used in barometer.
The barometer works by balancing the weight of mercury in the glass tube against the atmospheric pressure. if weight of mercury is less than the atmospheric pressure, the mercury level in the glass tube rises (high pressure). If it's more than atmospheric pressure, the mercury level falls (low pressure). Although, other liquids can be used in barometer, mercury is the common one. The density of mercury allows the vertical column of the barometer to be of manageable size. Using mercury in barometer is advantageous as its density is high it has low vapour pressure; its rate of evaporation is not very high. Mercury barometer is precise and offers a simple method of measuring the atmospheric pressure. Mercury is inexpensive and does not require any expensive equipment to be made.
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Who do the pigs in Animal Farm represent in the Russian Revolution?
In the novel Animal Farm, the pigs stand in for the post-revolutionary Soviet authorities. A communist utopia was intended to be brought about by the Russian revolution. Instead, it established a dictatorship that quickly ostracized the populace.
Similar to how they did with the other animals, the pigs immediately appropriated and modified the vocabulary of the revolution to suit their purposes. They developed into the new despots who used everyone else—including the Clover the horse and Muriel the goat labor force—for their personal gain.
The chief pig, Napoleon, represents Joseph Stalin. Following the Russian Revolution, Stalin ascended to power and swiftly established himself as a despot who employed strong-arm methods to hold onto his position of power. In order to maintain the appearance of control and prevent the masses from rising up, he frequently even utilized propaganda to remove people from records.
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What is an example of a control in risk management?
Testing, routine internal audits as well as inspections, and sometimes even your training programme are examples of controls. The risk evaluation will determine the dangers that your business faces and what controls need to be put in place to safeguard your assets.
Avoidance, asset protection, loss reduction, segregation, duplication, & diversity are all examples of risk control techniques. In risk management, controls are defined as "any process, policy, device, practise, or other acts that change risk," according to the ISO 31000 standard. When examining numerous risk registers, "controls" are identified as a variety of items, including: HR guidelines Risk control is a business technique that enables firms to assess prospective losses and take steps to reduce or eliminate such risks. It is an essential component of a risk management process. Personal protective equipment (PPE), extraction systems, decontamination equipment, and ventilation equipment all fall under the category of control equipment. Controlling is a management function that aids in obtaining desired results from employees at all organisational levels, including managers and subordinates.
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________ split from a common hominoid ancestor.Humans and chimpanzeesHumans and chimpanzeesGreater apes and lesser apesGreater apes and lesser apesPrimates and mammals
Humans and chimpanzees are split from a common hominoid ancestor.
Humans and chimpanzees shared a last common ancestor approximately 6–7 million years ago. The hominoid ancestor of extant apes and humans from the crucial period when these branches separated are still mostly unknown.
Our closest cousins among the great apes are chimpanzees and bonobos. The fossil record and ape and human DNA research show that humans and chimpanzees and bonobos shared an ancestor around 6 million years ago (mya).
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What are 3 benefits of improving cardiovascular endurance?
Three benefits of improving cardiovascular endurance are : heart pumps more efficiently, lungs work better, blood volume and delivery system are improved and resting heart rate is lowered.
What is cardiovascular endurance?Cardiovascular endurance is a measure of how well one can do exercises that involves whole body at a moderate to high intensity for an extended time. Improving cardiovascular endurance also makes it easier for you to carry out your daily tasks.
Cardiovascular endurance helps you perform exercises or movements over extended periods. Exercise, in general, improves the function of your heart and lungs and lower your risk for certain diseases. Therefore, working on your endurance will improve the efficiency of exercise routine and keep your body healthy.
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Barren often sandy area with little rainfall
Desert. Barren Land typically comprises sand, rocks, or thin soil. Deserts, dry salt flats, beaches, sand dunes, exposed rock, strip mines, quarries, and gravel pits are examples of barren terrain.
Habitats where less than one-third of the surface is covered with vegetation or some type of cover. Barren is a term frequently used to indicate a region of land that shows no indications of life, not to be confused with a baron, a type of aristocrat. A bare wilderness is dry and devoid of any vegetation or chirping birds. A desert is a desolate region of the landscape with minimal precipitation, making living circumstances unfriendly for both plant and animal life. The absence of vegetation leaves the exposed ground surface to denudation. Arid or semi-arid regions make up around one-third of the Earth's geographical surface.
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Calculate the energy, number of organisms, or biomass lost between trophic levels.
Using the Rule of 10, because of energy flow from organism to organism the next organism on the chain only receives 10% of the energy obtained in the previous level. the other 90% is used or lost as heat. Therefore, producer=100% primary consumer=10% secondary consumer=1% tertiary consumer= 1%.
Why is the pyramid used to represent energy, biomass, and number pyramids?The number of organisms at each trophic level is represented by a number pyramid. The total mass of living organic matter at each trophic level is represented by a biomass pyramid. Energy decreases as it moves up the pyramid.
The energy levels of organisms consists of Tertiary consumers 1 kcal, secondary consumers 10 kcal, primary consumer 100 kcal and producers 1000 kcal. According to the rule of 10 in ecology, energy flows from organism to organism and is used for metabolism and/or converted to heat the next organism on the chain receives only 10% of the energy obtained in the previous level. The remaining 90% is consumed or lost as heat.
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State what kind of reaction this is and how can you tell?
Answer:
This is a chemical reaction because there is an enzyme being used, and enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy.
Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?
A. Founder effect
B. Gene flow
C. Mutation
D. None of the above
The correct option B. Gene flow, is an example of genetic drift.
Gene flow is the process through which genetic variety is transferred from one population to another population, changing the overall amount of genetic diversity (gene pool) within the first group.
It can happen in a number of ways. As an illustration, as birds migrate from one habitat to another, the gene pool changes.
Genetic drift occurs when the frequency of different alleles, or variable forms of a gene, fluctuates over time through chance. Changes in allele frequencies are used to measure these differences in allele presence.
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In a garden of grasses, sunflowers, dill, weeds, corn, and tomatoes, limiting factors include.
Answer: In a garden, the limiting factors include soil, water, nutrient, and space.
Explanation: In a garden with various crops, plants, and trees, the various crops will compete for every available resource that they require to flourish effectively. and among these resources are
WaterSunlightNutrients in the SoilGrowing AreaAs a result, the plants will most likely compete for every available resource based on the possibilities mentioned in the question.
As a result, we can conclude that the limiting factor incorporates all of the elements described above.
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In a garden of grasses, sunflowers, dill, weeds, corn, and tomatoes, limiting factors include all of these.
Anything that slows or prevents a population from expanding is a limiting factor. Biologic factors like food, partners, and competition with other organisms for resources are examples of limiting factors.
In a garden with a variety of crops, plants, and trees, the crops will compete for every resource they need to grow properly. Water, sunlight, soil nutrients, and growing space are among these resources.
As a result, based on the options presented in the question, the plants will probably fight for every resource.
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(complete question)
In a garden of grasses sunflowers, dill weeds corn and tomatoes limiting factors include
-space
-soil
-all of these
-nutrients
-water
What is the ratio of genotypes produced in the example of crossing a heterozygous yellow pea with another heterozygous pea ratio of phenotypes?
Phenotypic ratios is 1:0 yellow : green of genotypes produced in the example of crossing a heterozygous yellow pea with another heterozygous pea ratio of phenotypes.
What do you mean by offspring?The term offspring has been refers to the young innovation of the living beings. That particular organism has been assembled either by an individual organism or, in the topic of physiological property, reproduction between the two organisms.
The main reason for this is that the offspring of the living creature will have one parent trait or the other parent trait, but they do not blend or mix together, such as when two plants are tall and the other is short; the children will be tall or short, but not medium size.
Therefore, Phenotypic ratios is 1:0 yellow : green of genotypes produced in the example of crossing a heterozygous yellow pea with another heterozygous pea ratio of phenotypes.
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What is the sequence of amino acids that could be translated from the sequence of mRNA?
Protein is the sequence of amino acids that could be translated from the sequence of mRNA.
Proteins are large macro- and biomolecules made up of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins play a variety of roles in living things, including catalysing metabolic reactions, reproducing DNA, responding to stimuli, providing cells and organisms structure, and transporting chemicals.
The order of a protein's amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of its genes and normally enables a protein to fold into a certain 3D structure that regulates its function, is the main way that proteins differ from one another.
Various methods, including ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography, can be used to separate proteins from other biological components. The development of genetic engineering has made several purification procedures possible. Immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry are techniques that are frequently used to research protein structure and function.
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periodontitis is associated with high proportions of: group of answer choices a) aerobic bacteria b) nonmotile bacteria c) gram-negative bacteria d) innocuous bacteria
Answer:
c. gram negative bacteria
Explanation:
Trust the process
Periodontitis is associated with high proportions of gram-negative bacteria. The correct option is c).
What are gram-negative bacteria?The group of bacteria known as gram-negative bacteria are those that do not react favorably to the gram stain test. The cell wall is used to classify things in this way.
Our anthrax, diphtheria, and other Gram-positive bacteria are the source of frequent diseases. Gram-negative bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane, a thin peptidoglycan layer, and a cytoplasmic membrane.
The periplasmic space, also known as periplasm, is the area between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are among the most serious public health issues in the world because of their high level of antibiotic resistance.
Therefore, the correct option is c) gram-negative bacteria.
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When using an AED which of the following should you remember to do?
When using an AED, a person must remember to check pulse before resuming compressions after a shock. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is AED?An AED is an automated external defibrillator (AED). It is a medical device which is designed to analyze the heart rhythm and deliver an electric shock to the victims of ventricular fibrillation to restore the heart rhythm to normal levels. Ventricular fibrillation is the uncoordinated irregular heart rhythm which is most often responsible for sudden cardiac arrest.
AEDs are used to revive patients from sudden cardiac arrest. This condition usually occurs when a disruption in the heart's electrical activity causes a dangerously fast heartbeat which is known as ventricular tachycardia or a fast and irregular heartbeat that is ventricular fibrillation.
It is important to check the pulse before resuming compressions after a shock while using an AED.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
When using an AED which of the following should you remember to do?
a. Check pulse before resuming compressions after a shock.
b. Do not place on medication patches.
c. After a shock is delivered, allow 10 seconds before resuming CPR.
d. Never place an AED pad on a hairy chest.
the image shows a type of connective tissue called
The image shows a type of connective tissue called blood.
Organ or tissue that provides structure, support, and protection for other organs and body tissues. Connective tissue serves to store fat, repair damaged tissue, and move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs. A gel-like substance, fibres, and cells make up connective tissue.
Connective tissue fills the crevices between various tissues all over the body, including the nervous system.Connective tissue makes up the three meninges, which are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
One of the connective tissues is blood. It serves as a connective tissue and is composed of cells and cell fragments (formed components) floating in an intercellular matrix (plasma). In an adult, the only liquid tissue in the body is blood, which makes up 8% of body weight and has a volume of around 5 litres.
Complete question:
the image shows a type of connective tissue called
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Where is the most healthy fat stored in a human
Answer:
Subcutaneous fat
Explanation:
Essential fat is necessary for a healthy, functional body. Subcutaneous fat makes up most of our bodily fat and is found under the skin. This is the body's method of storing energy for later use
What are the 3 main types of RNA processing to create an mRNA ready for translation?
The 3 main types of RNA processing to create an mRNA ready for translation are 5′-end capping, splicing, and 3′-end polyadenylation.
Messenger RNA is a type of RNA that's necessary for protein product. Once cells finish making a protein, they snappily break down the mRNA. mRNA from vaccines doesn't enter the nexus and doesn't alter DNA. In molecular biology, runner ribonucleic acid is a single- stranded patch of RNA that corresponds to the inheritable sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
In the nucleus, 3 ′ end polyadenylation of mRNA is essential for recap termination, release of mRNA from the point of recap, and import to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm the polyA tail protects mRNA from declination and enhances mRNA translation.
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