Statements about aging is true is option A. Signs of aging may include changes in your skin, height, muscle mass, bones and organ function.
Throughout this third step of urine formation, urine filters into the ureters and in the long run to the urinary bladder for garage. To keep the frame's acid-base stability, substances pass from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into nephron tubules.
However, with aging, the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to feedback regulators starts offevolved to decline. This consequences in a revolutionary loss of homeostasis and in the end, disruption of appropriate hormone production and an lack of ability of the hypothalamus to accurately regulate its target tissues.
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asexual reproduction will only produce haploid cells in sexual reproduction each parent will donate half their genes to their offpring
The answer is it's true that in asexual reproduction, only haploid cells are produced and in sexual reproduction, each parent will give half of their genes to their offspring.
What is asexual reproduction?
There is only one parent in asexual reproduction. Genetic equivalence between the offspring and the parent is achieved. Fragmentation, budding, and binary fission are some of them.
What is sexual reproduction?
Two parents are involved in sexual reproduction. Gametes are the reproductive cells that parents make and combine to produce offspring. Meiosis, a form of cell division, is the process that creates gametes. Fertilization is the process through which two gametes come together. The resulting fertilized cell is known as a zygote. A zygote has twice as many chromosomes as a gamete since it is a diploid cell.
Therefore, in asexual reproduction, only haploid cells are produced and in sexual reproduction, each parent will give half of their genes to their offspring.
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Classify each distinguishing characteristic based on whether it describes the catalytic or stoichiometric coenzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Catalytic coenzymes Stoichiometric coenzymes thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) coenzyme A lipoic acid NAD regenerated used once
catalytic or stoichiometric coenzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex can be classified as
Catalytic coenzymes: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), Lipoic acid, Regenerated
Stoichiometric coenzymes: Coenzyme A, NAD+, Used once.
In each cycle of the reaction, the catalytic coenzymes TPP, lipoic acid, and FAD undergo modification but also regeneration. As a result, they may be involved in the processing of numerous pyruvate molecules. Because they are components of the reaction's products, stoichiometric coenzymes (coenzyme A and NAD1) are only used in one reaction. There are two categories of coenzymes. The first is referred to as a "prosthetic group," and it is made up of a coenzyme that is permanently (or even covalently) bound to a protein. The term "cosubstrates" refers to the second class of coenzymes, which are temporarily bound to the protein.
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In pea plants, tall plants are dominant over short plants. If a heterozygous plant was crossed with a homozygous recessive plant, what percent of the offspring would be short?
in what frequencies would you expect the offspring genotypes? indicate the frequency of each genotype by dragging the labels to the table. labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all. resethelp
According to Hardy-Weinberg, gene frequencies do not alter without being subjected to external pressure. This is a good estimate that ignores random drift while facilitating some calculations.
What does "frequencies" actually mean?
the regularity or repetition of anything, or the fact that something happens frequently or a lot of times: Concerns about bus frequency rose from the previous year. the increase in violence attacks..
How often happens in actual life?
The frequency of the wave is the total number of waves generated in one second. Frequency refers to the number of vibrations measured each second. Here is an easy illustration: Suppose one second produces five full waves.
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suppose you are a conservation biologist who manages a large landscape. your landscape has several patches of native vegetation. there are 10 possible locations where you could build corridors, but you have only been given the resources to build 5 corridors. your goal is to maximize plant species richness in your patches, so you must decide where to build your 5 corridors. drag corridors to the 5 locations that would maximize connectivity between the patches. you can use any combination of north-south and east-west corridors. drag an x to each of the 5 locations where you do not want a corridor. labels can be used more than once.
Drag an X to each of the 5 locations where you do not want a corridor.
x
- - x
x x | x |
-
Conservation biology is the study of nature and biodiversity conservation with the goal of protecting species, habitats, and ecosystems from extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.
Conservation biology and the concept of biological diversity (biodiversity) co-emerged, contributing to the modern era of conservation science and policy. Conservation biology's inherent multidisciplinary basis has given rise to new subdisciplines such as conservation social science, conservation behavior, and conservation physiology. It stimulated further development of conservation genetics which Otto Frankel had originated first but is now often considered a subdiscipline as well.
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select the tunics that contain the intramural plexus. question 17 options: mucosa muscularis submucosa serosa
muscularis Intra mural plexus is the name given to the plexus found between layers of muscle.
The myenteric plexus, a component of the enteric neural system, is located in the gastrointestinal tract between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa. It is present in the esophageal, stomach, and intestinal muscles.
Although the present ganglion cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus. The submucous plexus provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa closest to the gut lumen. The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut. It develops from cells in the medulla oblongata's vagal trigone, also referred to as the nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve).
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the soils of the boreal forest acidic and leached of humus and clays, belonging to the ___ soil order. a. andisols b. spodisols c. entisols
The andisols soil order includes the acidic, humus- and clay-leached soils of the boreal forest.
In volcanic ash or other volcanic ejecta, soils called andisols form. They are different from those of other soil orders in that glass and short-range order colloidal weathering products including allophane, imogolite, and ferrihydrite often predominate (minerals). Because of this, andisols have andic characteristics, which are distinct chemical and physical traits include a high capacity to hold water and the power to "fix" (and render unavailable to plants) substantial amounts of phosphorus.
Andisols make up only 1% of the world's ice-free territory, making them the least common soil order. They encompass some fruitful woods in the Pacific Northwest region and make for around 1.7% of the total land area of the United States.
Aquands, Gelands, Cryands, Torrands, Xerands, Vitrands, Ustands, and Udands are the eight suborders that make up the Andisols.
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What is the main role of RNA polymerase during transcription?
A. To form mRNA using a DNA template strand
B. To pull apart the double helix
C. To separate from the DNA template strand
D. To attach to the promotor of a gene
Explanation:
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, during the process of transcription.
which substances is a reactant of aerobic cellular respiration
A. Glucose
B. Carbon Dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Water
Answer:
A. Glucose is a reactant of aerobic cellular respiration
Which of the following best describes the time period in which the novel is set? A. The depression era B. The golden age C. Civil rights era D. The roaring twenties
The right answer is C. The era in which the book is situated is best characterized as the civil rights era.
What is meant by depression?Depression is a prevalent mental illness. According to estimates, the condition affects 5% of adults worldwide. Consistent sorrow and then a lack of enthusiasm in formerly fulfilling or joyful activities are its defining traits. Additionally, it may impair appetite and sleep. Concentration problems and fatigue are frequent.
What transpires throughout a depression?For the majority of two weeks, mood and/or attention (pleasure) are diminished in serious depression. Self-esteem is typically preserved during mourning. Feelings of futility and self-hatred are frequent in serious depression.
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the late robert blanchard and dixie blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using
The late Robert Blanchard and Dixie Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using: the colony intruder model of aggression and defense.
Aggression is defined as the state of mind where a person remains in extreme anger and has the instinct to attack or harm someone. Aggression can be stated as normal when it occurs rarely and for short duration of time. However, it can be threatening when it occurs regularly.
Defense is the act of protecting oneself or some other person from being attacked. Defense can be protection from some physical harm or the social and mental harm faced due to criticism or humiliation.
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the morris water maze is a task in which a rat must swim through murky water to find a platform. a rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the morris water maze because it .
The Morris Water Maze is a task designed to test the learning and memory capabilities of rodents such as rats. In this task, the rat is placed in a pool of murky water and must swim to a hidden platform in order to escape the water.
Rats with hippocampal damage have difficulty with the Morris Water Maze task because the hippocampus is an essential brain region for learning and memory.
The hippocampus is responsible for encoding and forming new memories, and it is essential for the formation of spatial memory. Spatial memory involves the ability to recall where a certain object or location is in relation to other objects and locations. This is necessary for the Morris Water Maze task because the rat must remember where the hidden platform is in order to find it. Rats with hippocampal damage are unable to form these spatial memories and thus have difficulty with the task.
Additionally, the hippocampus is important for the consolidation of memories. This is the process by which information is stored in the long-term memory. If the information is not stored in long-term memory, the rat will not be able to recall the location of the platform in subsequent trials. Rats with hippocampal damage are unable to consolidate memories and thus will not be able to remember the location of the hidden platform in subsequent trials.
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TDQ3: Without looking at page 3 (as much as you can), draw the process of mitosis. You will need to be able to draw and explain each step of mitosis on assessments.
The cell cycle phase known as mitosis occurs when a cell's nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei, each of which contains an equal amount of genetic material. After the nucleus separates, it follows the G2 phase and is followed by cytoplasmic division.
The proliferation of cells and the replacement of damaged cells depend on mitosis. Genetic diseases could be caused by aberrations during mitosis.
Interphase
A cell spends a portion of its growth cycle in interphase before initiating mitosis. When in interphase, it goes through the following phases:
G1 Phase: The G1 Phase is the time frame prior to DNA synthesis.
S Phase: The phase during which DNA synthesis occurs is known as the S phase.
G2 Phase: Between the conclusion of DNA synthesis and the start of the prophase is the G2 phase.
Prophase
The cycle's prophase, which comes just after the S and G2 phases, is characterised by the condensing of the genetic material into compact mitotic chromosomes made of two chromatids joined at the centromere.
The start of the construction of the mitotic spindle, the microtubules, and the proteinaceous cytoplasmic elements that aid in the process mark the end of the prophase.
Metaphase
At this point, the chromosomes begin to be pulled by the microtubules equally, and they end up at the centre of the cell. The metaphase plate refers to this area. As a result, every cell receives a fully functional genome.
Anaphase
Anaphase begins with the separation of the sister chromatids. These sister chromatids develop into the daughter nuclei's chromosomes. The fibres connected to each chromosome's kinetochores then tug the chromosomes in that direction. Each chromosome's centromere leads at the edge while the arms follow.
Telophase
As the nuclear membrane begins to form surrounding it, the chromosomes that are clustered at the two poles start to coalesce into an undifferentiated mass. After disappearing after prophase, the nucleolus, Golgi bodies, and ER complex begin to return.
Hence, cell cycle is organized and sequential event.
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if the frequency of the m allele in the human mn blood group system is 0.65 in a population at equilibrium, then the frequency of the n allele must be 0.04. t/f
If the frequency of the m allele in the human mn blood group system is 0.65 in a population at equilibrium, then the frequency of the n allele must be 0.04 is false.
The frequency of the N allele must be 0.35 since the sum of the allele frequencies must equal 1. The genotype frequency of a population can be calculated by dividing the total population size by the number of people who share a particular genotype. The genotype frequency is a frequency or percentage measure used in population genetics.
Squaring the allele frequency A yields the genotype AA frequency. By squaring a, one may determine the frequency of aa. Try changing p and q to various numbers, but make sure they remain equal to 1. The genotype frequency is the proportion of the population that belongs to a particular genotype. If it is found that six out of the 200 people studied for a site with three different alleles have the genotype AA, the genotype frequency for that place is 6/200, or 0.03 per cent.
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in the experiments this semester, you saw many different colors. please select the color that most closely matches what you observed in these experiments. the color of dna as isolated from strawberries: colorless the color of the bromocresol green solution you used *before the addition of any albumin*: the color of the complex of dna with propidium iodide:
A fluorescent DNA dye that is not membrane permeable is propidium iodide. For use in flow cytometry, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, it is utilized to stain apoptotic cells Belloc et al (1994). Additionally, it can be utilized to distinguish between necrotic and apoptotic cell death.
Propidium iodide stains DNA in what ways?A cell-impermeant DNA binding dye that can be used to stain cells and nucleic acids is called propidium iodide (PI). One dye binds to every 4-5 base pairs of DNA when PI intercalates between the bases to bind to DNA. Sequence preference is either negligible or absent.
How do cells get stained with propidium iodide?A membrane-impermeant dye called propidium iodide (PI) is often rejected from live cells. It intercalates between bases in double-stranded DNA to attach to it. PI is stimulated at 488 nm and emits at a maximal wavelength of 617 nm after a somewhat high Stokes shift.
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Phosphagens are a group of molecules that includes creatine phosphate (in vertebrates), and arginine phosphate, lombricine, and phosphoopheline (in invertebrates). These molecules have similar functions in different organisms.
What functions do these molecules have in common?
HW-13
-They can accept phosphoryl groups from ATP when ATP is present in excess.
-They increase the strength and size of muscle tissue.
-They can take the place of ATP in metabolic reactions when [ATP] is low in the body.
-They can be chemically converted to ATP, which is hydrolyzed to ADP to provide energy.
-They can donate phosphoryl groups to ADP to regenerate ATP.
When glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation cannot quickly supply the energy required by muscular tissues, phosphoglycation steps in to fill the gap.
Option b is correct
How does the phosphagen system function and what is it?The term "phosphagen energy system" refers to the total amount of cellular ATP and phosphocreatine. For 8 to 10 seconds, or about enough time for a 100-meter run, these chemicals can work together to provide maximum muscle strength. As a result, the phosphagen system's energy is employed to produce the strongest possible short bursts of muscle force.
What exactly does phosphagen mean?Any of a number of organic phosphate molecules, including phosphocreatine and phosphoarginine, that are found mostly in muscles and release energy upon phosphate breakdown.
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1/Principles in breeding for disease resistance.
2/Give examples of selecting & breeding to improve local breed productivity and adaptability of imported breeds.
The principle in breeding for disease resistance is to enhance the quality of animals or plants for this feature (disease resistance). Some examples of selecting & breeding to improve local breed productivity and adaptability of imported breeds are the adaptation of cows to tropical areas by breeding with Zebu race or the inclusion of adaptive disease resistance genes in Kagoshima Berkshire pigs from regions with endemic parasites.
What does breeding for disease resistance mean?The expression breeding for disease resistance makes reference to the introgression of genes that are beneficial in animals by genetic crosses that is aimed at selecting the most adaptive phenotypes in offspring, thereby increasing the beneficial features in the next generation.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that breeding for disease resistance is based on crosses to select the fittest phenotypes in offspring which is achieved by human selection.
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Which of the following illustrates the fact that culture is learned rather than biologically inherited?
a Humans living in desert environments require about two gallons of liquid a day to maintain constant body temperature.
b Nonhuman animals eat and drink when they have the urge.
c Humans have a biological drive to eat and drink.
d Human societies differ in whether their members eat five meals a day or only one, and what types of food and drink are considered appropriate or taboo.
e In a harsh environment, there is great competition for available food resources.
The correct option is D) Human societies differ in whether their members eat five meals a day or only one, and what types of food and drink are considered appropriate or taboo.
The idea that certain actions are caused by social influences rather than by inheritance or instincts, which are biologically established patterns of conduct. It's vital to keep in mind that culture is not passed down genetically; rather, it is taught via language and imitation of others. Language's syntax, lexicon, and semantics all carry cultural information. Therefore, it is critical to reiterate the distinction between the study of socialization, which examines the set of species-wide requirements and demands placed on people by human societies, and the study of enculturation, which examines the process of learning a culture in all its distinctiveness and particularity.
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According to Melanie Klein, which of the following statements is true about infantile paranoid-schizoid position?
Answer: A. An infant develops this position because of the alternating experiences of gratification and frustration that threaten its ego.
Explanation: I took the quiz
which of the following substances is a lipid that is necessary for the proper development of an infant's nervous system? oleic acid dha hydroxybutyric acid atp
b) DHA is a lipid that is necessary for the proper development of an infant's nervous system.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be described as a kind of lipid that is formed by omega-3 fatty acids.
Omega-3 fatty acids, such as Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are considered to be one of the most required fatty acids for the proper development of a child's nervous system.
It is not only a primary component of the nervous system but also various other organs such as the brain and the eyes. If Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is not present in the diet of an infant, then he will not be able to have a proper nervous system.
The question will correctly be written as:
Which of the following substances is a lipid that is necessary for the proper development of an infant's nervous system?
a) oleic acid
b) DHA
c) hydroxybutyric acid
d) atp
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The BLANK nervous system communicates with the skeletal muscles and the BLANK nervous system communicates with the smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands.
A) autonomic; enteric
B) enteric; somatic
C) enteric; autonomic
D) somatic; autonomicD) somatic; autonomic
D) somatic, autonomic is the correct answer.
The somatic nervous system communicates with the skeletal muscles and the autonomic nervous system communicates with the smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands.
The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that is involved in the voluntary control of skeletal muscle movement.
It controls every bodily function, including how our arms, legs, and other body parts move.
Involuntary physiological activities including heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, and sexual arousal are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, a part of the peripheral nervous system. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric are its three physically separate divisions.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the energy released during [ select ] reactions can be used to drive [ select ] reactions, and this is called [ select ] reactions.
The energy released during exergonic reactions can be used to drive endergonic reactions, and this is called coupled reactions.
What happens when energy is released?Glucose is broken down during respiration. In addition to producing carbon, water, and energy in the form of ATP. Inside the cell, a biological process is in motion. The energy that is released is used for a variety of metabolic processes.
How do endergonic and exergonic reactions work?Exergonic reactions are a particular kind of spontaneous response that involve the "release" of free energy, which in this case is negative (less than zero). In contrast, endergonic reactions, which are those in which energy enters the system, have positive free energy (greater than 0).
What are coupled reaction?the chemical process that transfers energy from one side of the reaction to the other through a shared intermediate. The endergonic process of the creation of ATP, which is connected to the dissipation of a proton gradient, serves as an illustration.
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which one of the following enzymes, when activated, would indirectly affect the reaction direction of phosphoglucomutase?
Activation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase and glucokinase would indirectly affect the reaction direction of phosphoglucomutase.
All the option are corect. B
An enzyme called phosphoglucomutase moves a phosphate group from the 1 to the 6 position on a -D-glucose monomer in the forward direction or from the 6 to the 1 position in the reverse direction.
A compound made of inorganic vanadate and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) inhibits phosphoglucomutase (Vi). The concentrations of Glc-1-P and Vi affect both the inhibition at steady state and the pace of approach to steady state.
In order to raise the levels of cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates PKA, glucagon promotes adenylyl cyclase activity. To convert glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate, PKA increases glycogen phosphorylase activity. Phosphoglucomutase isomerizes glucose 1-phosphate to G-6-P.
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Complete question :: Which ONE of the following enzymes, when activated, would indirectly affect the reaction direction of phosphoglucomutase?
A. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
B. all of these
C. hexokinase
D. glucose-6-phosphatase
E. glucokinase
what is science?in terms of biology
Answer:
Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes
Explanation:
Biology is a natural science discipline that studies living things.
It is a very large and broad field due to the wide variety of life found on Earth, so individual biologists normally focus on specific fields.
These fields are either categorized by the scale of life or by the types of organisms studied.
which of the following events in transcription initiation likely occurs last? view available hint(s)for part e which of the following events in transcription initiation likely occurs last? tbp is recruited to the promoter. regulatory transcription factors bind to enhancers. basal transcription factors form a basal transcription complex. rna polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene.
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene is the correct event in transcription initiation likely occurs last.
The first nucleotides in the RNA chain are created during the transcription beginning phase. The RNAP holoenzyme binds to the DNA template to begin the multi-step process, which is completed when the core polymerase exits from the promoter after approximately the first nine nucleotides have been synthesized.
The sorts of interactions between the RNAP and the nucleic acids that are involved can be used to explain the steps of the transcription initiation process. The creation of a complex between the holoenzyme and the DNA sequence at the promoter, which takes the form of a double-stranded DNA, is the initial step in transcription initiation. Closed binary complex or closed describes this complex.
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please help me with this question asap!
This is a photosynthesis concept map. The terms re placed below according to concept map:
1) Oxygen (O₂)
2) Sunlight
3) NADPH
4) Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
5) Carbon dioxide
6) Oxygen
7) Light independent
8) Light dependent
9) Water
10) Electrons
11) ATP +CO₂
12) Sugars (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in green plants and certain other organisms. The process of turning water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen- and energy-rich organic molecules is known as photosynthesis, and it takes place in green plants.
Photosynthesis' primary job is to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored for future use. The majority of the planet's biological systems are propelled by this process.
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which of the following is false regarding chorionic villus sampling (cvs)? it is a genetic test that is done when a fetal genetic defect is suspected. it can be done earlier than an amniocentesis can be done. it samples the chorionic villi of the placenta. it takes cells from the cervix to detect dysplasia and cancer.
The false statement is "It takes cells from the cervix to detect dysplasia and cancer".
Chorionic villus sampling, also known as "chorionic villous sampling," is a type of prenatal diagnosis used to identify chromosomal or genetic abnormalities in the fetus. The chorionic villus is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities, usually with FISH or PCR.
CVS is a test that may be offered to you during pregnancy to determine if your baby has a genetic or chromosomal condition such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, or Patau's syndrome. CVS uses a catheter or a needle to biopsy placental cells derived from the same fertilized egg as the fetus.
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Evolutionary theories of motivation suggest that motives result in behaviors that a. maximize reproductive success. b. reduce biological needs. c. restore homeostasis. d. reduce incentives.
a. maximize reproductive success.
Evolutionary theories of motivation suggest that motives result in behaviors that maximize reproductive success.
What are evolutionary theories?Evolutionary theories take the long-term look at the emergence of the human species. According to this perspective, humans of today carry with them genetically guided characteristics passed from generation to generation that have contributed to survival and reproductive success.
Evolutionary theory highlights the adaptive value of within-species variability. Optimal biological and behavioral strategies differ depending on the nature of the environmental context.
When the same adaptations evolve independently, under similar selection pressures. For example, flying insects, birds and bats have all evolved the ability to fly, but independently of each other.
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The light micrograph shows dividing cells near the tip of an onion root. Identify a cell in each of the following stages:
Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
a. anaphase
b. prophase
c. prometaphase
d. metaphase
e. telophase
A light micrograph of an onion root's tip reveals dividing cells. In each of the next stages, name a cell. Drag the appropriate labels to the diagram's shown targets.
a. Anaphase: The fourth stage of mitosis, or anaphase, occurs when a parent cell's replicated genetic material is split into two identical daughter cells.
b. Prophase: The first stage of mitosis, or the division of a parent cell's genetic material into two identical daughter cells, is known as prophase. The chromatin, a combination of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus, condenses during prophase.
c. Prometaphase: The second stage of mitosis, or the division of a parent cell's genetic material into two identical daughter cells, is known as prometaphase. The nuclear envelope, a physical shield that protects the nucleus, disintegrates during prometaphase.
d. Metaphase: A phase of cell division known as "metaphase" (mitosis or meiosis). Individual chromosomes are typically dispersed throughout the cell nucleus. The chromosomes of the cell condense and move toward one another, aligning in the center of the dividing cell, and the nucleus of the cell disintegrates during metaphase.
e. Telophase: The fifth and final stage of mitosis, or the division of a parent cell's genetic material into two identical daughter cells, is known as telophase.
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in meiosis, crossing over occurs, where homologous chromosomes synapse and their chromatids exchange genetic information. during crossing over, the allele for one trait swaps places with the allele for the same trait on the homologous chromosome. at this point, the sister chromatids are no longer identical. when the chromatids split from each other, there are four unique haploid sperm or egg cells.
Chiasmata in meiosis, crossing over occurs, where homologous chromosomes synapse and their chromatids exchange genetic information. during crossing over, the allele for one trait swaps places with the allele for the same trait on the homologous chromosome.
During meiosis, the chiasma, which is a structure formed by crossover recombination between a pair of homologous chromosomes, physically connects the two chromosomes. The two homologous chromosomes do not entirely split; rather, they are still joined at one or more locations, as seen by X configurations called Chiasmata. Chiasmata displacement is referred to as terminalization, and it is finished during the diakinesis stage. Prophase 1's Diplotene phase is when chiasmata are created. Crossover occurs during the first prophase of meiosis. The chiasmata designates the location of the crossing over.
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