The temporary destruction of capital shift the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) and not the long-run aggregate supply to the left.What is short-run aggregate supply (SRAS)?The short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve is upward-sloping and represents how firms will react to what they perceive as changing demand conditions.
The SRAS curve slopes up because wages and resource costs do not respond quickly to price level changes and firms must raise prices if they are to increase output in the short run. There are some things that shift short-run aggregate supply and not long-run aggregate supply to the left. A decrease in capital is one of them. A decrease in the money supply, a decrease in labor, and a natural disaster that destroys factories are some of the other factors that will reduce short-run aggregate supply. the correct answer is "temporary destruction of capital." If the capital is destroyed due to any natural calamity or disaster, it will shift short-run aggregate supply to the left because it will take time to rebuild the capital, while it will not affect long-run aggregate supply. Therefore, we can conclude that a temporary destruction of capital shifts the short-run aggregate supply and not the long-run aggregate supply to the left.
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Year 1: 1. Issued $27,000 of common stock for cash. 2. Provided $96,700 of services on account. 3. Provided $53,000 of services and received cash. 4. Collected $86,000 cash from accounts receivable. 5. Paid $55,000 of salaries expense for the year. 6. Adjusted the accounting records to reflect uncollectible accounts expense for the year. Leach estimates that 5 percent of the ending accounts receivable balance will be uncollectible. 7. Closed the revenue account. 8. Closed the expense accounts. Year 2: 1. Wrote off an uncollectible account for $1,500. 2. Provided $105,000 of services on account. 3. Provided $49,000 of services and collected cash. 4. Collected $98,000 cash from accounts receivable. 5. Paid $82,000 of salaries expense for the year. 6. Adjusted the accounts to reflect uncollectible accounts expense for the year. Leach estimates that 5 percent of the ending accounts receivable balance will be uncollectible. 7. Closed the revenue account. 8. Closed the expense accounts. Record the Year 2 events in general journal form and post them to T-accounts. Prepare the income statement, statement of changes stockholders' equity, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows for Year 2. What is the net realizable value of the accounts ceivable at December 31, Year 2? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.
The net realizable value of accounts receivable on December 31, Year 2, can be calculated by subtracting the allowance for doubtful accounts from the ending accounts receivable balance.
To record the Year 2 events in general journal form and post them to T-accounts, we will follow the given transactions:
Year 2:
Wrote off an uncollectible account for $1,500.
Accounts Receivable - Uncollectible: Debit $1,500
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Credit $1,500
Provided $105,000 of services on account.
Accounts Receivable: Debit $105,000
Service Revenue: Credit $105,000
Provided $49,000 of services and collected cash.
Cash: Debit $49,000
Accounts Receivable: Credit $49,000
Collected $98,000 cash from accounts receivable.
Cash: Debit $98,000
Accounts Receivable: Credit $98,000
Paid $82,000 of salaries expense for the year.
Salaries Expense: Debit $82,000
Cash: Credit $82,000
Adjusted the accounts to reflect uncollectible accounts expense for the year. Leach estimates that 5 percent of the ending accounts receivable balance will be uncollectible.
Bad Debt Expense: Debit (5% * Ending Accounts Receivable)
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Credit (5% * Ending Accounts Receivable)
Closed the revenue account.
Service Revenue: Debit $105,000
Retained Earnings: Credit $105,000
Closed the expense accounts.
Salaries Expense: Debit $82,000
Bad Debt Expense: Debit (5% * Ending Accounts Receivable)
Retained Earnings: Credit $82,000 + (5% * Ending Accounts Receivable)
Now, let's prepare the financial statements for Year 2:
Income Statement:
Revenue:
Service Revenue: $105,000
Expenses:
Salaries Expense: $82,000
Bad Debt Expense: 5% * Ending Accounts Receivable
Net Income: Revenue - Expenses
Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity:
Retained Earnings, beginning of Year 2: (Retained Earnings from Year 1)
Net Income: (From the Income Statement)
Retained Earnings, end of Year 2: Retained Earnings (Beginning of Year 2) + Net Income
Balance Sheet:
Assets:
Cash: $49,000 (From Transaction 3) + $98,000 (From Transaction 4)
Accounts Receivable: Ending Accounts Receivable - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Liabilities: None specified in the given transactions.
Stockholders' Equity:
Common Stock: (From Year 1 transaction)
Retained Earnings: (From Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity)
Statement of Cash Flows:
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net Income (From the Income Statement)
Adjustments for non-cash items
Net Realizable Value of Accounts Receivable at December 31, Year 2:
The net realizable value of accounts receivable at December 31, Year 2, can be calculated by subtracting the allowance for doubtful accounts from the ending accounts receivable balance.
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a trust fund for a 8-year-old grandchild is being set up by her grandfather. the objective of the grandfather is to have $120,000 when she is 18, that is after 10 years.the grandfather is investing a fixed amount at the end of each quarter. if the fund earns apr of 7.25%, how much money should be invested into the fund at every quarter end?
To answer this question, we need to use the formula for future value of an annuity.FV = P * (((1 + r/n)^(n*t)) - 1) / (r/n)Where,FV is future value P is the periodic payment r is the annual interest rate n is the number of compounding periods per year t is the number of years To solve this problem,
we need to find P, the periodic payment, that should be made by the grandfather at the end of every quarter.Let's start solving it:
Given,Future value (FV) = $120,000 Number of years (t) = 10
Annual percentage rate (APR) = 7.25%
Quarterly rate (r) = APR / 4 = 7.25% / 4 = 1.8125%
Number of quarters (n) = t * 4 = 10 * 4 = 40
Using the formula of future value of an annuity, we can write:120000 = P * (((1 + 1.8125/100)^(40)) - 1) / (1.8125/100)120000 = P * (5.3878)P = 120000 / 5.3878 P = $22,227.68
Therefore, the grandfather should invest $22,227.68 at the end of each quarter, for 10 years, to have $120,000 when his grandchild turns 18.
Thus, the grandfather needs to invest $22,227.68 at the end of every quarter so that his grandchild has $120,000 when she is 18.
With an annual percentage rate of 7.25%, he is investing a fixed sum, with an objective to accumulate $120,000 for his granddaughter.
The future value formula of annuity gives us an idea of the amount to be invested in the trust fund.In this case, there is a quarterly compound interest with an annual interest rate of 7.25%. As such, 1.8125% is the quarterly rate.
The rate has been calculated as APR divided by four. In a year, there are 4 quarters.
In ten years, there are 40 quarters. Thus, the number of quarters is calculated as four times the number of years.
Using the formula, FV = P * (((1 + r/n)^(n*t)) - 1) / (r/n),
we can calculate the periodic payment to be $22,227.68.
In this case, FV is $120,000, t is 10 years, r is 1.8125%, and n is 40.
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1. Identify 3 interest groups and give an example of a direct technique and an indirect technique that each group may use to influence Congress
2. Should the Constitution be changed to create rules around how interest groups can function in our system, specifically how interest groups can spend money on campaigns, donate money to candidates, or lobby government? What are the advantages and disadvantages of addressing interest groups through the Constitution?
3. Do you think the way that interest groups are categorized makes sense? For instance, is there a difference between economic groups and professional associations? (see p.248 in your book)
Three interest groups and an example of a direct and indirect technique that each group may use to influence Congress:
The Interest GroupsEnvironmental groups: Direct technique: Lobby Congress to pass stricter environmental regulations. Indirect technique: Organize protests and rallies to raise awareness of environmental issues.
Business groups: Direct technique: Hire lobbyists to meet with members of Congress and persuade them to support pro-business policies. Indirect technique: Donate money to political campaigns.
Labor unions: Direct technique: Lobby Congress to pass laws that benefit workers, such as minimum wage increases and overtime pay. Indirect technique: Organize members to vote for pro-union candidates.
Should the Constitution be changed to create rules around how interest groups can function in our system?
Changing the Constitution to regulate interest groups has both advantages and disadvantages.
One potential benefit is that it may decrease the impact of money on political affairs and create obstacles for particular interest groups to purchase Congress' favor.
Conversely, it may also impede regular individuals from expressing their opinions to the government. In the end, the decision to amend the Constitution for regulating interest groups rests on the American populace.
In your opinion, does the way interest groups are classified appear logical.
Categorizing interest groups can be a useful tool to comprehend their function and impact on the government. It is crucial to keep in mind that these divisions may sometimes overlap and not be entirely distinct from one another.
A professional organization could also double as an environmental group. Furthermore, it is possible for the interests of a specific group to evolve over time, resulting in a potential reclassification of the group.
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Criticisms of marketing's impact on society as a whole include __________.
A. creating too much materialism, too few social goods, and cultural pollution
B. creating too much materialism, too few social goods, and planned obsolescence
C. high prices, planned obsolescence, and high-pressure selling
D. high prices, deceptive practices, and poor service to disadvantaged consumers
E. high prices, too few social goods, and cultural pollution
Criticisms of marketing's impact on society as a whole includecreating too much materialism, too few social goods, and cultural pollution.
Criticisms of marketing's impact on society as a whole often revolve around the negative consequences it can have. These criticisms include:
1. Creating too much materialism: Marketing often promotes consumerism and a focus on acquiring material possessions, which can lead to a culture of excessive consumption and a lack of emphasis on non-material aspects of life.
2. Too few social goods: Critics argue that marketing prioritizes the production and promotion of goods and services that serve individual wants and desires rather than addressing social needs or public welfare.
3. Cultural pollution: Some argue that marketing contributes to the spread of superficial values, stereotypes, and a homogenization of cultures, potentially eroding traditional cultural diversity.
Option A correctly summarizes these criticisms by mentioning the negative impacts of marketing on society, including creating too much materialism, too few social goods, and cultural pollution. Options B, C, D, and E do not encompass all the key criticisms and therefore are not as comprehensive or accurate in summarizing the criticisms of marketing's impact on society.
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An asset’s class established its ____________ for tax purposes.
Multiple Choice
A. discount rate
B. required return
C. net present value
D. life
E. salvage value
An asset's class established its life for tax purposes. Option D is correct.
An asset's class refers to the category or classification it falls into for tax purposes. The class determines the useful life of the asset, which is the period over which it is expected to provide value to the business. The tax authorities assign specific classes to different types of assets based on their characteristics and expected lifespan.
The assigned life of the asset is crucial for tax calculations, including depreciation deductions. By establishing the asset's class and its corresponding life, tax authorities can determine the appropriate depreciation schedule and deductions for tax purposes, ensuring accurate reporting of the asset's value over its useful life. Option D is correct.
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Topman Metal Bucket
Topman ltd is a rubber fabricating company based at North
Industrial Area. The company produce metal buckets for the West
African market and plans to produce 1,000 units of buckets
The Topman Metal Bucket is a high-quality item that is both durable and affordable. It is a popular choice among West African consumers who require sturdy and dependable buckets for their daily tasks.
Topman Metal Bucket Topman Ltd. is a rubber manufacturing firm situated in the North Industrial Area. The firm manufactures metal buckets for the West African market and intends to produce 1,000 units of buckets. The Topman Metal Bucket is made of high-quality metal, making it ideal for storing and carrying heavy loads. The bucket has a comfortable handle and a wide mouth for easy loading and unloading. The bucket is designed to withstand tough weather and usage conditions. The buckets are coated with a protective layer that provides superior corrosion resistance, ensuring the bucket's longevity. It has been tested and approved by international standard authorities. The Topman Metal Bucket is simple to use and maintain, requiring only regular cleaning with a soft cloth and a mild detergent. The bucket may be used for a variety of purposes, including storing and transporting water, sand, and other materials. The Topman Metal Bucket is a high-quality item that is both durable and affordable. As a result, it is a popular choice among West African consumers who require sturdy and dependable buckets for their daily tasks.The probable question may be:
Topman Metal Bucket
Topman ltd is a rubber fabricating company based at North Industrial Area. The company produce metal buckets for the West African market and plans to produce 1,000 units of buckets in the month of January. The bucket requires a single operation and the standard cost for the operation is presented below:
Standard cost card (bucket) GH
Direct material (plastics): 10 kg at GH 0.50 per kg) 5
Direct labour (5hours GH 20 per hours) 100
Variable overheads (3 hours at GH 2 per direct labour) 6
Total standard variable cost 111
Standard contribution margin 29
Standard selling price 140
Budget statement for the month of January GH GH
Sales (1,000 units of buckets at GH 140 per unit) 140,000
Direct materials: (10,000 at GH 0.50) 5,000
Direct labour (4,000 hours GH 20per hour) 80,000
Variable overheads (4,000 hours GH 2 per direct hour) 8,000
93,000
Budget contribution 47,000
Fixed overheads 20,000
Budgeted profit 27,000
T he annual budgeted fixed overheads is GH 240,000 and are assume to be incurred evenly throughout the year.
Actual results for April are:
GH GH
Sales (800 units of buckets at GH 150 per unit) 120,000
Direct materials: (9,000kg at GH 0.60) 5,400
Direct labour (3,500 hours GH 18 per hour) 63,000
Variable overheads (3,500 hours GH 2.50 per direct hour) 8,750
77,150
Contribution 42,850
Fixed overheads 18,000
Profit 24,850
The production overheads are charged to production on the basis of direct labour hours. Actual production and sales are 800 units of buckets.
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what is a disadvantage of web-based inspection computer information management systems?
Explanation :Web-based inspection computer information management systems (CIMS) have several disadvantages. One of the major disadvantages of web-based inspection computer information management systems (CIMS) is the lack of internet connectivity. This can be a significant challenge when it comes to monitoring and updating inspection information in real-time. In the case of the system being unavailable, the inspectors are unable to record inspections and communicate the results until the system is back online.
Another disadvantage is that web-based inspection computer information management systems (CIMS) may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, viruses, and other types of security breaches. Such attacks can result in the loss or corruption of inspection data, making it difficult or impossible to retrieve or use the data. The security risk is one of the primary concerns for organizations using web-based inspection CIMS.
Furthermore, web-based inspection computer information management systems (CIMS) requires regular software updates, which can be expensive and time-consuming. A lack of adequate IT staff can lead to delayed updates, system crashes, or inadequate security measures. These maintenance issues can result in system downtime or data loss, both of which can significantly disrupt the inspection process.
In conclusion, while web-based inspection computer information management systems (CIMS) has many benefits, it is essential to consider the drawbacks and ensure that the system is appropriately managed to avoid these issues.
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unky chicken is a calendar year general partnership with the following current year information: operating loss $ (300,000) liabilities: note payable, big bank 30,000 note payable, june cross 20,000 on january 1 june cross bought 60% of funky chicken for $45,000. how much of the operating loss may cross deduct currently? assume the excess business loss limitation does not apply.
June Cross may deduct $180,000 of the operating loss currently based on their 60% ownership in Funky Chicken.
In a general partnership, the operating loss is allocated to the partners based on their respective ownership percentages. In this case, June Cross bought 60% of Funky Chicken for $45,000 on January
To calculate the amount of the operating loss that June Cross may deduct currently, we need to consider the ownership change that occurred during the year. For the period before June Cross's acquisition, the operating loss is allocated based on the previous ownership percentages.
Assuming that the ownership percentages remained constant before June Cross's acquisition, the operating loss of $300,000 would be allocated as follows: 40% to the previous partners and 60% to June Cross. Therefore, June Cross can deduct $180,000 (60% of $300,000) of the operating loss currently.
It's important to note that this calculation assumes a simple allocation based on ownership percentages and does not take into account any special provisions or agreements outlined in the partnership agreement.
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If you hire a contractor to fix your roof but then a few weeks later it start to leak after it rains and you take him/her to court, the judge will most likely issue pay for it a. Compensatory b. None of the c. extraordinary
If you hire a contractor to fix your roof but then a few weeks later it starts to leak after it rains and you take him/her to court, the judge will most likely issue pay for it as A)compensatory damages.
Compensatory damages are the most typical legal remedies for breach of contract. This payment is intended to reimburse the victim for the losses incurred as a result of the defendant's acts or omissions. Compensatory damages come in two forms: special damages and general damages. The most common form of compensatory damages is general damages.The monetary compensation awarded to compensate a victim for losses incurred as a result of the defendant's actions is referred to as compensatory damages. The most common form of compensatory damages is general damages, which include compensation for non-monetary losses, such as pain and suffering, as well as pecuniary losses. In some situations, special damages, such as lost profits, may be awarded to compensate a victim for lost income.
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Milk cannot be used as money because...
A. it does not have a way to preserve its value for later
use
B. it cannot be an intermediary between the buyer and the
seller
C. it cannot be a unit of account
Milk cannot be used as money because it cannot be a unit of account. This is the main answer. Explanation:Milk cannot be used as money because it does not satisfy the three characteristics of money. These characteristics include the fact that money should be a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value.
A medium of exchange refers to an item that buyers use to purchase goods and services from sellers. A unit of account, on the other hand, is a unit of measurement that assigns a numerical value to an item's worth, making it easier to compare different goods and services.
Finally, a store of value refers to the ability of an item to hold its value over time, allowing it to be saved and used at a later date.Milk is a perishable commodity that loses its value quickly, hence, cannot be used as a store of value. It also cannot be a unit of account because the price of milk is not fixed, meaning it is subject to constant change due to supply and demand. Therefore, Milk cannot be used as money because it cannot be a unit of account.
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select a product or service and indicate how the marketing mix will change during it's product life cycle. How can the product life cycle be used with the growth matrix strategy to market a product or service?
The marketing mix refers to the strategies and tactics used by a company to promote its goods or services in the marketplace. The marketing mix consists of four essential components: product, price, place, and promotion. The marketing mix is used by businesses to gain a competitive advantage over their rivals. The product life cycle (PLC) is a helpful tool for predicting the future of a product or service. It allows you to understand what is going on in the market and how to respond to it.
The PLC has four stages: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Each stage has its own set of characteristics and requirements for marketing. Introduction Stage: In this stage, the product is new, and the company is trying to establish a market for it. The marketing mix should focus on product awareness, educating consumers, and creating demand. Price should be set to cover costs and generate enough profit to finance future growth. Place should be limited to selective distribution channels, and promotion should emphasize the product's unique features and benefits. Growth Stage: In this stage, sales and profits are increasing.
The marketing mix should focus on expanding distribution, differentiating the product from competitors, and maintaining brand loyalty. Price should be competitive, and place should be expanded to reach more consumers. Promotion should emphasize the product's unique selling points and customer benefits. Maturity Stage: In this stage, sales growth slows down, and competition increases. The marketing mix should focus on cost-cutting measures, extending the product's life cycle, and defending market share. Price should be reduced, and promotion should emphasize the product's value and quality. Place should be expanded to reach new markets. Decline Stage: In this stage, sales and profits decline, and the product is nearing the end of its life cycle. The marketing mix should focus on phasing out the product, reducing inventory levels, and withdrawing from the market. Price should be reduced to liquidate inventory, and promotion should be minimal. Place should be limited to the most profitable distribution channels. The Growth Matrix Strategy is a useful tool for identifying the most effective marketing mix for a product or service at different stages of its life cycle. The Growth Matrix Strategy consists of four strategies: Market Penetration, Market Development, Product Development, and Diversification. Each strategy is designed to help businesses grow and succeed. The Market Penetration strategy is used to increase sales of existing products in existing markets. The marketing mix should focus on increasing sales by promoting the product's unique selling points and benefits. The Market Development strategy is used to introduce existing products to new markets. The marketing mix should focus on adapting the product to meet the needs of the new market and promoting it through effective advertising. The Product Development strategy is used to develop new products for existing markets. The marketing mix should focus on research and development, creating new products, and promoting them through effective advertising. Diversification is used to introduce new products to new markets. The marketing mix should focus on research and development, creating new products, and promoting them through effective advertising. Overall, the marketing mix and the product life cycle are essential tools for businesses to use when marketing products and services. They provide a framework for understanding how to promote a product effectively at different stages of its life cycle and in different markets.
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What is the relationship between accounting costs, opportunity costs and the degree of contribution (i.e. productivity) of an input ? How does productivity influence an economy’s standard of living and corresponding economic growth ? Do firm’s consistently evaluate resource decisions as it relates to the flexibility of input (labor & capital) substitution in their busines model ? Explain.
Accounting costs are the costs that are recorded in a company's financial statements. Opportunity costs are the cost of the foregone opportunity when one alternative is chosen over another. On the other hand, productivity is the amount of output generated by an input. These three concepts are related in various ways.
The relationship between accounting costs, opportunity costs, and the degree of contribution (i.e., productivity) of an input: Accounting costs are used to measure the cost of an input, while opportunity costs are used to measure the cost of not using that input for something else. Opportunity cost is the cost of the best alternative foregone while making a decision. In other words, opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative forgone when a decision is made. The degree of contribution (productivity) of an input is the output produced per unit of input used by the firm. The degree of contribution depends on the combination of labor and capital used by the firm. Therefore, the firm should use the most efficient combination of labor and capital to produce output at the lowest cost.
How does productivity influence an economy’s standard of living and corresponding economic growth?
Productivity measures the efficiency with which inputs are converted into output. A high level of productivity is an indicator of high efficiency and economic growth. Increased productivity means more output can be produced with the same amount of input. This increase in productivity can lead to higher economic growth and, as a result, higher standards of living.Firms and resource decision evaluation:Resource decision evaluation is an important task for a firm to evaluate the resources required for its operations. Firms should always consider the flexibility of input (labor and capital) substitution when making resource decisions. A firm must choose the optimal combination of labor and capital that will result in the most efficient output and lowest cost. As the business environment changes, firms may need to adjust their resource decisions to remain competitive.
Therefore, the flexibility of input substitution is a critical consideration for firms.
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Zack Armstrong owns and operates Armstrong Employment Services. On January 1, 2019, Zack Armstrong, Capital had a balance of $210,000. During the year, Zack invested an additional $25,000 and withdrew $18,000. For the year ended December 31, 2019, Armstrong Employment Services reported a net income of $12,500. Prepare a statement of owner's equity for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Statement of Owner's Equity for the Year Ended December 31, 2019:
Zack Armstrong, Capital, January 1, 2019 $210,000
Add: Additional Investments $25,000
Total Capital at the Beginning of the Year $235,000
Less: Withdrawals ($18,000)
Net Income $12,500
Total Decrease in Capital ($5,500)
Zack Armstrong, Capital, December 31, 2019 $229,500
The statement of owner's equity summarizes the changes in the owner's capital during the year. In this case, Zack Armstrong's capital at the beginning of the year was $210,000. He made an additional investment of $25,000 during the year, which increased his capital. However, he also withdrew $18,000, which decreased his capital.
The net income for the year, which represents the profit earned by the business, was $12,500 and further increased Zack's capital. After considering the withdrawals and net income, the total decrease in capital for the year was $5,500. Therefore, Zack Armstrong's capital at the end of the year, December 31, 2019, amounted to $229,500.
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The ABC Company is planning on producing 54000 units of a Widget. The widget uses 1.3 units of raw material. The ABC Company desires an ending inventory of 14500 units but currently has a beginning raw materials beginning inventory of 6700 units. If the raw materials cost $14.9 per unit, what is the total cost of the raw materials required for production? If the company is planning on selling 42000 units, what is the total cost of goods sold?
If, company is planning on selling 42000 units. Then, the total cost of goods sold will be $626,800.
To calculate the total cost of the raw materials required for production, we need to determine the total units of raw material needed for the widget production and then multiply it by the cost per unit.
Given;
Planned production; 54,000 units
Raw material requirement per widget; 1.3 units
Cost of raw material per unit; $14.9
Total units of raw material needed for production will be;
54,000 units × 1.3 units/widget = 70,200 units
Total cost of raw materials will be required for production is;
70,200 units × $14.9/unit = $1,044,180
To calculate the total cost of goods sold (COGS), we need to determine the number of units sold and multiply it by the cost per unit.
Given;
Planned sales; 42,000 units
Total cost of goods sold;
42,000 units × $14.9/unit = $626,800
Therefore, the total cost of goods sold is $626,800.
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Which of the following statements is false? (1 point)
a. Common stockholders have an upper limit on their dividends.
b. Preferred stockholders are more protected from risk than common stockholders.
c. Common stockholders own the firm and are among the last to be paid in the event of bankruptcy.
d. Preferred stockholders are considered part of the firm's equity, but they receive similar benefits as creditors (eg, they receive dividends in fixed amounts)
Preferred stockholders are considered part of the firm's equity, but they receive similar benefits as creditors (e.g., they receive dividends in fixed amounts) is false. The correct option is d.
Although preferred stockholders are included in the company's equity, their rights do not align with those of creditors. Compared to common stockholders, preferred stockholders have a stronger claim to the company's assets and earnings. They typically receive dividends at a fixed rate or sum that is predetermined and paid prior to dividends being distributed to common stockholders.
In the event of bankruptcy, preferred stockholders do not, however, have the same priority as creditors. Prior to preferred and common stockholders, creditors typically receive payment because they have a stronger claim on the company's assets. The correct option is d.
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which of the following has the biggest impact on consumer goods during war times?
a.Low inflation b.Consumers deferring purchases in hopes of a better deal c.High inflation d.High interest rates
The biggest impact on consumer goods during war times was high inflation . The growth rate was lower than before the war . Option C is correct
Expansion raised during or as a prompt result of these battles of securities exchanges persevered through dull ensuing end of the conflict. In recognition of inflation, which had increased as a result of the additional inducement that was generated by government spending, the government demanded that price and wage restrictions be implemented.
Particularly, both utilizing and supporting kept building resulting the conflict; Nonetheless, the growth rate was lower than before the war. Costs, impacted by the pace of expansion, normally influence buyer spending on merchandise fundamentally.
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An agent has a 7% exclusive listing on a seller's home. The listing will expire in 12 days. A second agent, whose share of the comm of the property. Knowing that the listing expires soon and with a buyer ready to make an offer, the second agent calls the seller directly. the seller wait 2 weeks and then sign a new listing with the second agent. At that time the second agent will present the buyer's offer. The S second agent would make 5% instead of 3%. Is this proposal legal and why or why not?
The proposal of the second agent is not legal as this is a breach of ethics that regulates real estate transactions. The first agent was the exclusive agent to handle the sale of the property and as such, he has the sole right to handle the listing for the next 12 days before it expires.
If the seller waits for the listing to expire, it becomes a legal issue to go ahead and deal with another agent.The second agent in the above scenario also called the seller directly, which is not a professional approach to handling a real estate transaction. Even if the listing were to expire, the second agent still does not have the right to present the buyer's offer to the seller.
This is an act of betrayal, and the first agent would be legally protected. Hence, the proposal of the second agent is not legal as this is a breach of ethics that regulates real estate transactions.
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Best Buy Co., Inc. is the leading provider of technology products and services. Managers of retail companies like Best Buy make decisions about which products to sell, how much to charge customers for those products, and how to control costs so that the company earns a profit that is acceptable to its investors. In 2018, Best Buy incurred $776 million in advertising expenses for digital, print, and television advertisements, and promotional events (Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, page 68). The company had $42, 151 million in sales in 2018. Therefore, its advertising costs were less than 2% of sales ($776 million / $42,151 million = 1.84%) 1. When advertising expenses are classified by behavior, are they variable, fixed, or mixed costs? 2. When advertising expenses are classified by function, are they product or period costs? 3. What would likely happen if Best Buy increased its advertising? 4. As the marketing manager, how would you use the CVP analysis to make decisions about increasing or decreasing advertising costs?
1.Advertising expenses are typically classified as mixed costs because they consist of both fixed and variable components. The fixed portion of the cost includes expenses like salaries of advertising staff, while the variable portion includes costs related to media buying and production expenses that vary with the level of advertising activity.
2.When classified by function, advertising expenses are considered period costs. They are incurred to promote the company's products or services in the current period and are not directly tied to the production or acquisition of specific products.
3.If Best Buy increased its advertising, it could potentially result in increased brand awareness, customer acquisition, and sales. However, the effectiveness of the advertising campaign and its impact on sales would depend on various factors, including the target audience, messaging, competitive landscape, and overall marketing strategy.
4.As the marketing manager, CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) analysis would help in making decisions about increasing or decreasing advertising costs by analyzing the relationship between advertising expenses, sales volume, and profitability.
1. When advertising expense are classified by behavior, they are typically considered mixed costs. This means that they have both variable and fixed components. Variable costs fluctuate in relation to sales or other activity levels, while fixed costs remain relatively stable regardless of sales volume. Advertising expenses often include both fixed components, such as salaries of advertising personnel and rent for advertising space, as well as variable components like media buying and promotional event expenses that vary based on the level of advertising and promotional activities.
2. When advertising expenses are classified by function, they are considered period costs. Period costs are non-manufacturing expenses incurred in a specific period and are not directly tied to the production of goods. Advertising costs are incurred to promote the company's products or services and are not directly attributable to the production or acquisition of specific products. Therefore, they fall under the category of period costs.
3. Increasing advertising can have several potential outcomes. It can lead to increased brand awareness, customer engagement, and ultimately higher sales. Effective advertising campaigns can attract new customers, retain existing ones, and drive customer loyalty. However, the impact of increased advertising may not always be immediate or guaranteed. The effectiveness of advertising can vary depending on factors such as target audience, messaging, timing, and competition. It's important for Best Buy to carefully analyze the potential benefits and costs of increased advertising to ensure it aligns with their marketing objectives and financial goals.
4. As the marketing manager, CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) analysis can be a valuable tool for making decisions about increasing or decreasing advertising costs. CVP analysis examines the relationship between costs, sales volume, and profits. By conducting a CVP analysis, the marketing manager can assess the impact of changes in advertising costs on sales volume, contribution margin, and ultimately the company's profitability. The analysis can help determine the breakeven point, assess the sensitivity of profits to changes in sales, and evaluate the return on investment (ROI) of advertising expenditures. By considering these factors, the marketing manager can make informed decisions about the optimal level of advertising spending to maximize the company's financial performance and meet its marketing objectives.
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1. Venus Apparel, a student-run clothing company based out of Queen's University, has the following financial information as of June 30, 2022, the ending of their fiscal year. . . . . . . . . . . . Cash ending balance is $45,000 Buildings & Equipment ending balance is $105,846 Accounts Receivables ending balance is $15,000 Common Shares ending balance is $150,000 Inventory ending balance is $30,000 Land ending balance is $278,193 . Accounts Payable ending balance is $14,000 Retained Earnings ending balance is $155,039 Buildings & Equipment Accumulated Depreciation ending balance is $47,000 Wages Payable ending balance is $7,000 Short-Term Debt ending balance is $10,000 Taxes Payable ending balance is $5,000 Long-Term Mortgage ending balance is $48,500 10-Year Bond ending balance is $25,500 Interest Payable ending balance is $12,000 Additional note: Annual sales for the company is $250,000 2. In July 2022, Venus Apparel faces some challenging times caused by expectations of a near- term recession. This caused a few changes to their financial position. First off, they had to take on $15,000 worth of short-term debt. Then they bought $40,000 worth of inventory. Next, they sold $50,000 worth of inventory, with $30,000 going into accounts receivable and the rest going into cash. This was still not enough to cover their costs, so they had to take out another $60,000 mortgage on their building. In this time period, there was a $10,000 operating loss and one of the owners took out a shareholder loan of $10,000. a) Describe the effect that these transactions will have on the end of July 2022 Balance Sheet. Please create a new balance sheet reflecting these changes for the month ended July 2022.-Hint: Use the June Balance Sheet that you created and apply these transactions to it. (4 marks) b) with your new balance sheet, recalculate the day's receivables, and the debt to equity and quick ratios. Using these ratios, comment on whether you believe Venus has improved its financial position. (4 marks)
Yes, the advancements in these ratios recommend that Venus Apparel has made positive strides in its money-related position. The company has improved its capacity to collect receivables, diminished its reliance on debt, and expanded its short-term liquidity.
Based on the given information, here is the new balance sheet reflecting the changes for Venus Apparel at the end of july 2022:
Venus Apparel Balance sheet As of july 31, 2002
Assets:
cash- $45000+ $20000 ($50,000 inventory sold- $30,000 accounts receivable) = $65000.
Accounts receivable- $15000- $30000(inventory sold)- $15000(negative accounts receivable indicates a credit balance).
Inventory - $30000- $40000= -$10000(negative accounts receivable indicates a credit balance).
Building and equipment- $105846
Accumulated depreciation- $47000
Land- $278193
Therefore, total assets- $436039
Liabilities-
Accounts payable- $14000
Wages payable - $7000
Short term debt- $10000+ $15000 = $25000
tax payable - $5000
Long term mortgage- $48500 +$60000 = $ 108500
10- year bond- $25500
interest payable - $12000
Shareholder loan- $10000
Therefore, Total liabilities- $242000
Shareholders Equity- $295039
Total liabilities and shareholders equity- $436039
b) By using the new balance sheet information, calculate the days receivable, debt to equity ratio and quick ratio to evaluate Venus Apparel's financial Position-
Days Receivables = (Accounts Receivable / Average Daily Sales) * Number of Days in the Period.
Average daily sales= Annual sales/365 days
= $250000/365
= $684.93(approx)
Days receivable= ( $15000/ $684.93) * 31 = 67.77(approx)
Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholders' Equity.
Debt to equity ratio = $242000/ $295039 = 0.82(approx)
Quick ratio = ( cash + accounts receivable)/ current liabilities
= ($65000+ (-15000))/ ( $14000 + $7000 + $25000)
= $50000/ $46000 = 1.09(approx)
Note- Based on the proportions calculated, Venus Apparel's financial position has made strides in a few perspectives. The Days Receivables have diminished, showing a shorter time period to collect outstanding receivables. The Obligation to Equity Ratio has diminished, showing a lower extent of obligation relative to shareholders' equity. The Quick Ratio is over 1, showing that Venus Apparel has adequate liquid assets to cover its current liabilities. These enhancements recommend a more favourable money-related position for the company in July 2022.
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For 2021, MSU Corporation has $500,000 of adjusted taxable income, $22,000 of business interest income, and $120,000 of business interest expense. It has average annual gross receipts of more than $26,000,000 over the prior three taxable years.
a. What is MSU's interest expense deduction for 2021?
b. How much interest expense can be deducted for 2021 if MSU's adjusted taxable income is $300,000?
MSU's interest expense deduction for 2021 is $172,000. If MSU's adjusted taxable income is $300,000, the interest expense deduction for 2021 would be $112,000.
a. interest income = $22,000
adjusted taxable income = $500,000.
The business interest expense limitation rules, which were implemented by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) in 2017, have restrictions on MSU's interest expense deduction for 2021. The deduction is typically capped at 30% of the business's adjusted taxable income plus the sum of business interest income.
Interest Expense Deduction = Business Interest Income + (30% × Adjusted Taxable Income)
= $22,000 + (0.30 × $500,000)
= $22,000 + $150,000
= $172,000
b. taxable income for 2021 = $300,000
Interest Expense Deduction = Business Interest Income + (30% × Adjusted Taxable Income)
= $22,000 + (0.30 × $300,000)
= $22,000 + $90,000
= $112,000
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US treasury issued a 10-year inflation-indexed note with a coupon of 4%. When the note was issued the CPI was 120. One year later the CPI increased to 135. What should have been the coupon payment at the end of first year (the second coupon payment)? You can assume the face value of $1,000.
The coupon payment at the end of the first year (the second coupon payment) is $45.
For the question above, coupon rate for a 10-year inflation-indexed note is 4%. We can assume the face value of the note to be $1,000 and CPI to be 120 at the time of the note's issuance.
We are to find out the coupon payment for the first year after the note issuance.
The formula to calculate the coupon payment for the given note is given by
Coupon payment = Coupon rate × Principal value
Here, coupon rate = 4% = 0.04
Principal value = $1,000
Coupon payment = 0.04 × $1,000 = $40At the end of the first year, the CPI increased to 135.
Now, we can find out the adjusted principal value as follows:
Adjusted principal value = Principal value × (CPI end / CPI start)
Adjusted principal value = $1,000 × (135 / 120)
Adjusted principal value = $1,125
Therefore, the coupon payment at the end of the first year can be calculated as
Coupon payment = Coupon rate × Adjusted principal value
Coupon payment = 0.04 × $1,125
Coupon payment = $45
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A retail electronic firm that has traditionally required customers to pay cash for items is considering introducing credit sales. The firm currently has revenues of $300,000 and after-tax operating income of $100,000. Without the credit sales, the growth in earnings and cash flows is expected to be 5%, while the cost of capital is 12%. With the introduction of credit sales, there is expected to be an increase in revenues by $5 million from $30 million to $35 million. The cost of goods sold will remain at 50% of revenues, and the firm faces a tax rate of 40%. The cost of capital will remain unchanged.
a. Estimate the cash flows associated with introduction of credit sales.
b. Estimate the net present value of the credit sales decision.
a. The cash flows associated with the introduction of credit sales can be estimated by considering the increase in revenue, the cost of goods sold, the tax rate, and the cost of capital.
b. The net present value (NPV) of the credit sales decision can be estimated by calculating the present value of the cash flows associated with the decision.
a. The introduction of credit sales is expected to result in an increase in revenue from $30 million to $35 million. To estimate the cash flows, we need to consider the impact of this increase in revenue on the cost of goods sold and the tax rate.
The cost of goods sold is expected to remain at 50% of revenues. Therefore, with the increase in revenue, the cost of goods sold would also increase proportionately. We can calculate the cost of goods sold by multiplying the revenue increase of $5 million by 50%, which gives us $2.5 million.
Next, we need to consider the tax rate. The firm faces a tax rate of 40%. To estimate the tax impact, we can calculate the after-tax operating income without credit sales by multiplying the current after-tax operating income of $100,000 by the expected growth rate of 5%. This gives us an estimated after-tax operating income of $105,000.
With the introduction of credit sales, the increase in revenue by $5 million would result in additional taxable income. We can calculate the tax impact by multiplying the additional taxable income of $5 million by the tax rate of 40%, which gives us $2 million.
Finally, to estimate the cash flows associated with the introduction of credit sales, we subtract the increase in the cost of goods sold ($2.5 million) and the tax impact ($2 million) from the increase in revenue ($5 million). This gives us a net cash flow of $0.5 million.
b. To estimate the NPV of the credit sales decision, we need to consider the cash flows associated with the introduction of credit sales and discount them to their present value.
First, let's calculate the cash flows. With the introduction of credit sales, there is an expected increase in revenue from $30 million to $35 million. The cost of goods sold will remain at 50% of revenues, so the increase in cost of goods sold would be $2.5 million. We also need to consider the tax impact, which can be calculated by multiplying the additional taxable income ($5 million - $2.5 million) by the tax rate of 40%, resulting in $1 million.
Next, we discount the cash flows to their present value using the cost of capital of 12%. We can calculate the present value of the cash flows by discounting the increase in revenue, the increase in cost of goods sold, and the tax impact over the relevant period.
Finally, we subtract the present value of the cash outflows (increase in cost of goods sold and tax impact) from the present value of the cash inflows (increase in revenue) to obtain the net present value. If the NPV is positive, it indicates that the credit sales decision is expected to create value for the firm.
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what are the three separate components of financial feasibility analysis
The three separate components of financial feasibility analysis: Market analysis, Technical analysis and Financial analysis.
Financial feasibility analysis consists of three separate components. These three separate components of financial feasibility analysis are as follows: Market analysis - This is the first component of financial feasibility analysis, which includes an assessment of the market potential and identification of key market factors that will influence project viability. Technical analysis - This is the second component of financial feasibility analysis, which assesses the technical feasibility of the project. This includes examining the operational requirements of the project and determining whether the required technical resources, equipment, or personnel are available and affordable. Financial analysis - This is the third component of financial feasibility analysis, which assesses the financial viability of the project. It analyzes the anticipated costs and revenues associated with the project to determine whether it is financially feasible.
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Question 1
a) Within an IS-LM model, what scope do public authorities have to influence output and employment? Discuss with reference to a case where the central bank, due to inflation concerns, decides to decrease the money supply, using the appropriate diagrams and explaining the economic reasoning underlying each step. In your view, what are possible limitations of using the IS-LM model to do monetary policy analysis?
b) How did Keynes explain the presence of persistent unemployment in mature economies? Does it matter for policy-making? Discuss.
a) Within the IS-LM model, public authorities like the central bank can influence output and employment through monetary policy. Decreasing the money supply due to inflation concerns leads to higher interest rates, reduced investment and consumption, and ultimately lower output and employment.
b) Keynes explained persistent unemployment as a result of aggregate demand deficiency, where insufficient spending leads to firms not hiring all available labor. This understanding emphasizes the importance of active government intervention through fiscal policy to stimulate demand and reduce unemployment.
a) Within an IS-LM model, public authorities, such as the central bank, have the ability to influence output and employment through monetary policy. In the case of the central bank deciding to decrease the money supply due to inflation concerns, it would implement a contractionary monetary policy. This can be depicted in the IS-LM diagram, where the decrease in the money supply shifts the LM curve to the left. As a result, interest rates rise, leading to a decrease in investment and consumption expenditure, ultimately reducing output and employment. The economic reasoning behind this is that higher interest rates discourage borrowing and spending, which dampens overall economic activity.
Possible limitations of using the IS-LM model for monetary policy analysis include:
Simplified assumptions: The IS-LM model makes certain simplifying assumptions, such as a fixed price level, closed economy, and a stable relationship between interest rates and investment. These assumptions may not accurately reflect real-world complexities and dynamics.
Incomplete representation of the financial sector: The model does not fully capture the intricacies of the financial sector, such as the role of banks, credit intermediation, and financial market interactions. These factors can significantly influence the transmission mechanism of monetary policy.
Expectations and forward-looking behavior: The IS-LM model does not explicitly incorporate the role of expectations and how they shape economic decisions. In reality, expectations about future events, such as policy changes or economic shocks, can impact investment and consumption decisions, which are crucial for policy effectiveness.
b) Keynes explained the presence of persistent unemployment in mature economies through the concept of aggregate demand deficiency. He argued that recessions and high unemployment could persist even when prices and wages are flexible. According to Keynes, the level of aggregate demand plays a vital role in determining employment. Insufficient aggregate demand leads to a situation where firms do not find it profitable to hire all available labor, resulting in persistent unemployment.
The presence of persistent unemployment matters for policy-making as it highlights the need for active government intervention to stimulate aggregate demand and address unemployment. Keynesian economics suggests that during economic downturns, fiscal policy measures like increased government spending and tax cuts can boost aggregate demand and help reduce unemployment.
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Nick lives in Denver and runs a business that sells boats. In an
average year, he receives $722,000 from selling boats. Of this
sales revenue, he must pay the manufacturer a wholesale cost of
$422,000
Nick runs a business selling boats in Denver. He receives $722,000 per year from selling boats. Nick must pay the manufacturer a wholesale cost of $422,000 from his sales revenue.
In Denver, Nick has a successful business in selling boats. The average revenue he gets from selling boats is $722,000. He is doing well in the industry. However, out of the $722,000, Nick must pay $422,000 to the manufacturer as the wholesale cost. That's quite a lot of money. Nick has a successful business, but he is not making as much as it seems. Therefore, his profit is $300,000.
That’s still a good profit! In conclusion, Nick is doing well in Denver’s boat industry, with the revenue he receives and the profit he makes. He pays $422,000 to the manufacturer from the sales revenue, but he still has a profit of $300,000.
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he records of Marshall Company include the following:
Average total assets $3,500,000
Average total liabilities 1,220,000
Total revenue 4,580,000
Total expense (including income tax) 4,100,000
Interest expense(including in total expenses) 90,000
Income tax rate 40% The return on assets is closest to:
a) 14.9%
b) 18.3%.
c) 15.3%.
d) 14.7%
To express this as a percentage, we multiply by 100:
ROA = 0.1114 * 100
= 11.14%
The closest option to the calculated ROA of 11.14% is option (a) 14.9%.
The return on assets (ROA) is a profitability ratio that measures how effectively a company is generating profit from its assets. It is calculated by dividing the net income by average total assets.
First, we need to calculate the net income. Net income is the total revenue minus total expenses, including income tax and interest expense. From the given information, we have:
Net income = Total revenue - Total expenses - Interest expense
= $4,580,000 - $4,100,000 - $90,000
= $390,000
Next, we calculate the ROA:
ROA = Net income / Average total assets
= $390,000 / $3,500,000
= 0.1114
To express this as a percentage, we multiply by 100:
ROA = 0.1114 * 100
= 11.14%
Therefore, the closest option to the calculated ROA of 11.14% is (a) 14.9%.
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if the British government wants to peg the exchange rate of the pound at $2.50 per pound, what action would British monetary authorities have to undertake?
a. Sell 1 million pounds and buy 2.5 million dollars.
b. Buy 1 million pounds and sell 1 million dollars.
c. Buy 1 million pounds and sell 2.5 million dollars.
d. Buy 5.5 million pounds and sell 11 million dollars.
If the British government wants to peg the exchange rate of the pound at $2.50 per pound, the appropriate action for the British monetary authorities would be to undertake option b: Buy 1 million pounds and sell 1 million dollars. Option B
Pegging the exchange rate means maintaining a fixed value for the pound against the dollar. In this case, the desired exchange rate is $2.50 per pound. This means that for every pound, the British government wants to ensure that it can be exchanged for $2.50.
To achieve this, the British monetary authorities need to intervene in the foreign exchange market. They would need to buy pounds and sell dollars. By doing so, they increase the demand for pounds and decrease the supply of dollars, which can help maintain the desired exchange rate.
In option b, the British monetary authorities would buy 1 million pounds. This action increases the demand for pounds, which would put upward pressure on the pound's value. At the same time, they would sell 1 million dollars, reducing the supply of dollars in the market.
It's important to note that maintaining a fixed exchange rate requires continuous intervention by the monetary authorities to ensure the equilibrium between supply and demand. The amount of intervention needed may vary depending on market conditions and the desired stability of the exchange rate. Option B
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The powerpoint guides appear as dotted lines on the slide and usually intersect at the ____ of the slide
Answer:center
Explanation:
With the use of case law, differentiate between agency by
estoppel and agency by ratification. Include in your
differentiation relevant case authority associated with each.
Agency by estoppel vs. agency by ratifications Differentiating between agency by estoppel and agency by ratification with the help of case law, it is important to first define the two terms.
Agency by estoppel refers to a situation in which a person, who is not an agent, purports to act as an agent, and the principal, by their conduct or silence, leads a third party to believe that the non-agent is indeed an agent. In such a case, the principal is stopped from denying the agency connects.
Agency by ratification, on the other hand, occurs when a person acts as an agent on behalf of another person (the principal) without their authorization. However, the principal later accepts the unauthorized acts of the purported agent as if they were authorized. This acceptance is known as ratification.
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Today is 1 July, 2022. Rajesh is planning to purchase a corporate bond with a coupon rate of j2 = 6.05% p.a. and face value of $1 000. This corporate bond matures at par. The maturity date is 1 July, 2024. The yield rate is assumed to be j2 = 3.29% p.a. Assume that this corporate bond has a 3.83% chance of default in the first six-month period (i.e., from 1 July 2022 to 31 December 2022) and this corporate bond has a 3.2% chance of default in any six-month period during the term of the bond except the first sixmonth (i.e., 3.2% chance of default in any six-month from 1 January 2023 to 1 July 2024). Assume also that, if default occurs, Rajesh will receive no further payments at all. Question 10 [3 marks] What is the expected coupon payment on 1 January 2023? a. $28.160 5 b. $28.620 6 c. $29.282 0 d. $29.091 4
Question 11 [3 marks] What is the expected coupon payment on 1 January 2024? a. $25.957 2 b. $28.160 5 c. $27.082 0 d. $27.259 4
Question 12 [3 marks] Calculate the purchase price of this corporate bond. Round your answer to three decimal places. a. $923.741 b. $950.522 c. $978.875 d. $983.198
A) To calculate the expected coupon payment on 1 January 2023, we need to consider the probability of default and the coupon rate. Since the bond has a 3.83% chance of default in the first six-month period, there is a 96.17% chance of no default. Therefore, the expected coupon payment is calculated as (coupon rate * face value * (1 - probability of default)) = (6.05% * $1,000 * 0.9617) = $29.0914.
B) Similarly, to calculate the expected coupon payment on 1 January 2024, we consider the probability of default for the remaining periods. Since the bond has a 3.2% chance of default in each six-month period from 1 January 2023 to 1 July 2024, the probability of no default is 1 - 0.032 = 0.968. Thus, the expected coupon payment is (coupon rate * face value * probability of no default) = (6.05% * $1,000 * 0.968) = $27.2594.
C) To determine the purchase price of the corporate bond, we need to discount the expected cash flows to their present value. Since the bond matures on 1 July 2024, the purchase price is the present value of the expected coupon payment on 1 January 2023 and the face value received on the maturity date. Using the yield rate of 3.29%, we can discount the cash flows and calculate the present value using the formula: Purchase price = (expected coupon payment / [tex](1 + yield rate)^t) + (face value / (1 + yield rate) ^t)[/tex], where t is the number of periods. Plugging in the values, we find that the purchase price is $978.875, rounded to three decimal places.
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