Which of the following is not a description of a closed system?
• An object that is not influenced by external effects
• A mix of objects that interact with any other object
The behaviour of a collection of objects depends only on the other objects in the
collection
A group of objects that don't interact with any other objects

a) The efficiency of the engine is 67% b) The energy expelled to the cold reservoir in each cycle is  307.89 J

Qh=330 J , W= 22.0 J

a) n= W/Qh = 22 J/330 J = 0.06675 = 0.067

b) n= W/Qh = (Qh-QL)/Qh = 1 - QL/Qh

Plugging values,

0.067  =  1 - QL/330    => QL = 307.89 J

As a ratio of useful work completed to heat produced, an engine efficiency is determined. completed the task. The power delivered at the clutch or the driveshaft is referred to as the "work done" in this context. As a result, the work produced by thermodynamic expansion is reduced by losses such as friction and other losses. Today's gasoline engines are only about 30 to 35 percent efficient, meaning that about 65 cents of every dollar you spend on gas is wasted even with routine auto maintenance like a tune-up or an oil change. According to the Second rule of thermodynamics, it is impossible for heat engines to achieve 100% thermal efficiency.

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The magnitude of the force that a concrete support exerts on the bridge (a) at the near end is 2593 N  (b) at the far end is  2002 N    .

In the question ,

it is given that ,

the hiker weighs : [tex]W_{h}[/tex] = 985 N

the bridge's weight ([tex]W_{b}[/tex]) is = 3610 N ,

let the magnitude of the force that concrete support exerts on bridge at near end is = F₁    and

let magnitude of force that concrete support exerts on bridge at far end is = F₂ .

Since the bridge is in equilibrium   , the sum of all the forces in the vertical direction will be = 0 .

So , F₁ + F₂ -  [tex]W_{h}[/tex] - [tex]W_{b}[/tex] = 0

Substituting the value ,

we get ,

F₁ + F₂ -  985 - 3610 = 0

F₁ + F₂ = 4595 N

also given that , the hiker is at 1/5th position of the length of bridge from left support = L/5 m .

Since the bridge is not rotating , the net torque will be 0 .

[tex]T_{net}[/tex] = 0 .

The torque due to weight of hiker, due to weight of bridge and due to right end support about point nearest support is written as :

So ,  [tex]W_{h}[/tex]×(L/5) +  [tex]W_{b}[/tex]×(L/2) - F₂×L = 0

[tex]W_{h}[/tex]×(1/5) +  [tex]W_{b}[/tex]×(1/2) = F₂

985×(1/5) + 3610×(1/2) = F₂

So , F₂ = 2002 N

Substituting the value of force in the equation F₁ + F₂ = 4595 N  ,

we get ,

F₁ + 2002 = 4595

F₁ = 4595 - 2002

F₁ = 2593 N

Therefore , The magnitude of the force at the near end is 2593 N and at the far end is 2002 N .

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A given net force propels an object along a straight-line path. If the mass were doubled, its acceleration would be half.

Force is mass times acceleration, or F = m * a. This means an object with a larger mass requires a stronger force to be moved along at the same acceleration as an object with a small mass. This is Newton's Second Law of Motion.

Newton's Second Law of Motion defines the relationship between force and acceleration. They are directly proportional. If you raise the force applied to an object, the acceleration of that object raises by the same factor. In short, force equals mass times acceleration.

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A GFCI measures the amount of current that flows from hot to neutral.

What is circuit ?

A circuit is a closed channel in electronics that permits electricity to flow from one place to another. It may contain a variety of electrical components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, but the flow is not hampered by a gap or break in the circuit.

A simple circuit is illustrated using a flashlight. When the switch is turned off, the circuit is not closed, which means that no electrical current flows from the batteries to the flashlight's bulb. When you turn the switch on, a piece of metal in the flashlight physically plugs the circuit gap. Electricity goes from the batteries to the bulb, causing it to light up.

A GFCI measures the amount of current that flows from hot to neutral. If there is an imbalance, the circuit will trip. The GFCI detects mismatches as tiny as 4 or 5 milliamps and can respond in as little as one-thirtieth of a second.

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Each star has a mass M of 1.43 × 10³²kg.

The simplest types of orbits in celestial mechanics are circular orbits, in which an orbiting body moves around a gravitational mass while maintaining a constant radius.

masses are m1 = m2 = M.

Each star orbits at a speed of Vs = 240 km/s or 240000 m/s.

T = 12.5 days, often known as 12.5246060, or 1080000sec, is the orbital period.

Fc = Mv²/r

The mathematical formula for the gravitational force exerted on these stars is

Fg = GM²/d²

so Fc = Fg

Mv²/r = Gm₁ₓm₂/d²

v²/r = GM/(2r)²

v²/r = GM/4r²

M = v² × 4r /G

D = V × T

D = 240000 × 1080000

D = 2.592×10¹¹ m

D = 2πr

Therefore

2πr =  2.592×10¹¹ m

r = 2.592×10¹¹ / 2π

r = 4.124 × 10¹⁰ m

So,

M = v² × 4r/ G

M = (240000)² × 4 ×  4.124 × 10¹⁰/ 6.67 × 10 ⁻¹¹

M =  1.43 × 10³²kg.

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Answer:

243?

I hope this helps?

The distance between the image and the mirror is -4.63 cm.

The mirror equation is given by,

1/u + 1/v = 1/f

where, u is the distance to the object = 17.95 cm

v is the distance to the image

f is the focal length = -6.25 cm

Placing the values in the equation, we have

1/17.95 + 1/v = -1/6.25

1/v = -1/6.25 - 1/17.95

1/v = - 0.16 - 0.056

1/v = - 0.216

v = -4.63 cm ( minus sign indicates that the image is behind the mirror and it is virtual)

Thus, the image distance is -4.63 cm.

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I answered it in general way

Since the field is divided into subplots and a random sample is selected from each subplot, stratified sampling is used.

Sampling is the procedure used by researchers to choose a subset of participants from a larger group, given that it is usually impossible to evaluate the entire population. In the case of stratified sampling, this entails breaking the overall population into smaller groups, known as strata, and then choosing a particular number of people from each strata. This approach ensures that the sample is chosen at random, ensuring the objectivity of the research. The approach used in the example provided was stratified sampling since a 46-acre field's general population was separated into subplots that represent was split up into smaller plots that stand in for the strata. The researcher then chose one random sample following that.

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A complex will appear to be the colours that is right opposite it on the colour wheel if it absorbs a specific colour. Colors are produced by the partially filled d orbitals of the stable ions Cr3+(aq), Fe3+(aq), and Co2+ (located to the left, centre, and right, respectively).

Because the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ion absorbs the orange and red light, leaving the complementary colours of blue and green, it has a blue colour. Some of the light's wavelengths are absorbed by [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 solution when white light, such as common sunshine, travels through it. Red light in the spectrum is absorbed by the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ions in solution. All the colours, with the exception of red, will be present in the light that exits the solution. This combination of wavelengths appears light blue to us (cyan). The diagram illustrates what happens when white light is sent through a [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 solution.

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An increase in the required stopping voltage if the photoelectric effect simply affects the frequency of a incident sunlight onto to the emitter.

Since photons are the units of light, according to Einstein's theory, an electron receives the entire photon's energy when it collides with a metal surface. The ejected electron receives the remaining energy as kinetic energy after using some of this energy to free it from the metal atom's hold.

Three key properties of the photoelectric effect that are not consistent with classical physics include: (1) the lack of a lag, (2) the independence of photoelectrons' kinetic energy from the strength the incident radiation, and (3) the existence of a cut-off frequency.

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The thermal energy is created in the tires and road during this short trip is 30400 J.

Thermal energy is a type of energy that occurs when the temperature rises. Thermal energy is directly proportional to the temperature change of an object. Heat is a form of thermal energy. The hotter the substance, the greater its thermal energy. The increase in thermal energy caused by raising the temperature is due to the faster movement of atoms and molecules in matter.

Calculation :

Here,

distance ,d = 190 m

force exerting , F = 160 N

for the thermal energy created

thermal energy created in tires  = work done by the pushing force

thermal energy created in tires  = 190 * 160

thermal energy created in tires  = 30400 J

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The constant speed (relative to earth) required for the trip is 0.9959.

Solution:

Then these three equations combine to give a single condition from which γ can be determined (and consequently v ):

44 = 4y = y=11 = β = 2√3/11  = 0.9959

A car moving at a constant speed is an example of constant speed because it travels the same distance in the same amount of time. Aircraft systems use constant-speed drives to transfer power to an onboard generator at a constant output speed regardless of engine input speed.

Even if the speed is constant the speed will change if you are moving in a circular motion. This is because when an object moves in a circle, the direction of movement is always changing. Therefore the speed is not constant. DC motors have a large installed base and provide maximum torque at zero speed.

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The frequency heard by the stationary observer is 468.44 Hz. Frequency is a measure of the number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon that occurs in a unit of time.

Frequency is an important concept in many areas of physics and engineering, including acoustics, electronics, and telecommunications. It is also used in other fields, such as biology and medicine, to describe the periodic phenomena that occur in those fields.  It is typically measured in Hertz (Hz), which is the number of cycles per second.

The frequency of the horn as heard by the stationary observer is given by the Doppler shift formula:

frequency_heard = frequency_emitted * (speed of sound + speed of observer) / (speed of sound - speed of car)

Plugging in the values given in the problem, we get:

frequency_heard = 450 hz * (331.5 m/s + 0 m/s) / (331.5 m/s - (45 mi/hr * 1609 m/hr / 3600 s))

Converting the speed of the car to meters per second, we get:

frequency_heard = 450 hz * (331.5 m/s + 0 m/s) / (331.5 m/s - 12.5375 m/s)

Simplifying the expression and converting the result to hertz, we get:

frequency_heard = 450 hz * (331.5 m/s) / (319 m/s)

frequency_heard = (450 hz * 331.5 m/s) / 319 m/s

frequency_heard = 450 hz * 1.0398936170212766

frequency_heard = 468.4414893617021 hz

So the frequency heard by the stationary observer is approximately 468.44 Hz.

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The velocity of the center of mass of the system is the same as the velocity of the bullet, which is v. The total angular momentum of the system about the center of mass is  Lhoop + Lbullet. he kinetic energy of the system, before and after collision Khoop + Kbullet and Khoop_after + Kbullet_after respectively. The axis of rotation, which is the center of the hoop, will remain at rest after the collision.

The center of mass of the system is at point Q, which is a distance d from point O, where:d = (mP + mO)/(2*m).The velocity of the center of mass is the derivative of the position with respect to time. Since the bullet is moving with constant velocity, the position of its center of mass is also moving with constant velocity. The position of the center of mass of the hoop is not changing, so its velocity is zero. Therefore, the velocity of the center of mass of the system is the same as the velocity of the bullet, which is v.

The angular momentum of the bullet about the center of mass is:Lbullet = Ibulletw + md*v where Ibullet is the moment of inertia of the bullet about its center of mass, and d is the distance from the center of mass to the point of contact between the bullet and the hoop. The total angular momentum of the system about the center of mass is the sum of the angular momenta of the hoop and the bullet: Ltotal = Lhoop + Lbullet

Since angular momentum is conserved, this change in angular momentum must be due to the change in the angular momentum of the hoop. Therefore, we can set the change in angular momentum of the hoop equal to Ltotal and solve for the angular velocity w:

Ltotal = Lhoop + Lbullet

Ltotal = Ihoopw + mRv + Ibulletw + mdv

Ltotal = (Ihoop + Ibullet)w + (mR + md)v

w = Ltotal/(Ihoop + Ibullet) - (mR + md)*v/(Ihoop + Ibullet).

kinetic energy is conserved, this means that the change in kinetic energy of the hoop must be equal to the change in kinetic energy of the bullet. Therefore, we can set the change in kinetic energy of the hoop equal to the change in kinetic energy of the bullet and solve for the kinetic energy of the hoop after the collision:

Khoop_after - Khoop = Kbullet - Kbullet_after

Khoop_after = Khoop + Kbullet - Kbullet_after

The kinetic energy of the system after the collision is the sum of the kinetic energies of the hoop and the bullet after the collision:

Ktotal_after = Khoop_after + Kbullet_after

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The coefficient of restitution between the ball and the surface is equal 0.70.

The coefficient of restitution can be defined as the ratio of the final to the initial speed between two objects after they collide. It generally ranges from 0 to 1 where 1 will be a perfectly elastic collision.

The velocity of the ball when drooped from height 'h' is given by:

[tex]v = \sqrt{2gh}[/tex]

Before impact, the velocity is given by: [tex]u_1 = \sqrt{2gh}[/tex]

[tex]\displaystyle e =\sqrt{\frac{2gh_1}{2gh}}[/tex]

[tex]\displaystyle e =\sqrt{\frac{h_1}{h}}[/tex]

Given, h = 2 m , h₁ = 0.98 m

[tex]\displaystyle e =\sqrt{\frac{0.98}{2} }[/tex]

e = 0.70

Therefore, the coefficient of restitution between the ball and the ground is 0.70.

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Determine the torque around this point created by each force acting on the wrist and select an axis to compute the torques about.

The forearm is the upper limb component that reaches from the shoulder to the wrist. Its bone structure is made up of the ulna and radius which are positioned laterally (medially).

The term "arm" most commonly refers to the entire upper limb appendage, although in anatomy, the phrase "forearm" is used to distinguish it from that.

As a result, the stress exerted by the bicep is 7.38 times more than the weight supported.

The formula for torque is Γ=r×F=rFsin(θ). Torque is, in additional observations, the cross product of the force vector & the distance vector, where a is the angle between r & F.

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The change in the kinetic energy of the cart during the move is equal to 98.04 J

According to work energy theorem, the net work done W on an object is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the object.

W = Kf -Ki

Here, Kf is the final kinetic energy and Ki is the initial energy

The work done on an object is,

W=Fd

Here, F is the force applied on the object and dis the displacement of the object.

Equate these two equations.

Ki-K = Fd

ΔK=Fd

The force exerted on the cart is the tension Tin the chord itself. So,

F=T

Calculate the displacement of the cart.

d = √x²+h² −√x²+h²

Substitute 5.0 m for x,, 1.0 m for x,, and 1.60 m for h.

d=√(5.0 m)² +(1.60 m)² - √(1.0 m)² +(1.60 m)²

=3.36 m

Calculate the change in kinetic energy of the cart.

ΔK = Fd

Substitute 28.0 N for F and 3.36 m for d.

ΔK = (28.0 N) (3.36 m)

=94.08 J

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Electromagnetic waves make up light. Electric fields can be in any direction perpendicular to the propagation of unpolarized light rays. At each point, the intensity is halved.

a). Light is an electromagnetic wave. It consists of minimally intense, pulsing electric and magnetic fields that are directed in all directions perpendicular to the propagation diffraction pattern. Electric fields of light from two slits add up to zero, therefore they likewise sum to zero in terms of light intensity.

b). In light waves (unpolarized), the electric field can be in any direction perpendicular to its propagation. Polarization entails facing the electric field in all directions except one toward zero. While polarisation, for example, in the vertical direction, additional electric field components from other directions are added to the necessary (remaining) direction.

c). Electric fields at angle θ to vertical adds Ecosθ to vertical field

before polarisation: same E in all directions

I∝E²

∝[tex]\int\limits^\pi _0[/tex]E² dθ =E² π

After polarisation;

I∝ [tex]\int\limits^\pi _0[/tex] (E cosθ )²dθ =E² π/2

Hence, Intensity is halved at every point

d). Electric field cannot be stopped by slits since it is not a mechanical thing that can be.

e). The horizontal and vertical electric field vector addition cannot be zero. Therefore, there won't be any places with 0 intensity.

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The energy of the first two quantum states, given that the black body cabity has frequency of 5.0×10¹⁴ Hz is 3.313×10⁻¹⁹ J

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. However, energy and frequency are related according to the formula given below:

E = hf

Where

We can obtain the energy of the two quantum states as shown below:

Energy (E) = Planck's constant (h) × frequency (f)

E = hf

E = 6.626×10⁻³⁴ × 5.0×10¹⁴

E = 3.313×10⁻¹⁹ J

Thus, we can conclude from the above calculation that the energy is 3.313×10⁻¹⁹ J

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Based on the provided figures, the dough balls which is experiencing shear stress is option C.

Shear stress refers to force tending to cause deformation of a material by slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress. The resultant shear is significant in nature, being intimately related to the downslope movement of earth materials and to earthquakes. Shear stress may also happen in solids or liquids. Shear stress causes foliation. When a rock is acted upon by pressure that is not the same in all directions, or by shear stress, minerals can become elongated in the direction perpendicular to the main stress and the pattern of aligned crystals that results is known as foliation. Foliation is among the features that are helpful in identifying many metamorphic rocks.

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Answer:

0.500 m/s south

Explanation:

To find Patrick's average velocity for the trip, you need to find the total distance traveled and the total time taken for the trip.

Patrick walks 70.0 meters south in 150.0 seconds, for a total distance traveled of 70.0 meters. He then walks 20.0 meters north in 30.0 seconds, for a total distance traveled of 20.0 meters. The total distance traveled for the trip is therefore 70.0 + 20.0 = 90.0 meters.

The total time taken for the trip is 150.0 seconds + 30.0 seconds = 180.0 seconds.

The average velocity for the trip is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken, so the average velocity is 90.0 meters / 180.0 seconds = 0.500 m/s.

Therefore, the correct answer is 0.500 m/s south.

A particle of mass m is travelling with an initial velocity of u I along the x-axis.

It moves with half of its initial kinetic energy after elasto-magnetically colliding with a particle of mass 10 m at rest (see figure). If sin 1 = n sin 2, then n has value. A particle of mass m collides with a particle of mass 2m that is initially at rest while travelling along the x-axis at a speed of v. Following the collisions, as shown in the picture, the second particle has split into two equal-mass pieces that travel at equal angles theta? 0 with the x-axis. The first particle has come to rest. The x-axis is being traveled by a particle. Its speed (v) along with.

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Volcanoes that are currently erupting are the source of the ionized gas in the charged particle belt that resembles a donut around Jupiter.

Any particle with an electric charge is referred to as a charged particle in physics. It could be an ion, such as a molecule or atom having an excess or shortage of electrons in comparison to protons. Another possibility is that it's an elementary particle like an electron, proton, or another one with the same charge (except antimatter). Atomic nuclei without electrons, like alpha particles, could also be charged particles.

The term "plasma" refers to a mixture of charged particles, atomic nuclei, and separated electrons, but it can also refer to a gas with a considerable amount of charged particles.

Positive (+) and negative (-) charges are randomly assigned to charges (-). Positive charges don't have any intrinsic properties; the only known "types" of charges are the two that are currently known.

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The length of the can above the water level is  0.052195 m  .

In the question ,

it is given that ,

capacity of the soda can = 355 ml = 0.000355 m³

diameter of the soda can = 6.2 cm = 0.062 m

mass of the soda can = 20g = 0.02 Kg

given that the soda can is half filled , so , the water volume in the can is

= 0.000355/2 m³

= 0.0001775 m³

Let the density of the water be  = 1000 kg/m³

So , the mass of the half filled water will be = 1000×0.0001775

Let water density be 1000kg/m³ , the mass of this half-filled water is

= 0.1775

So , The total mass of the water-can system is = 0.1775 + 0.02 = 0.1975 kg

Now , For the system to stay balanced, the total mass should be equal to the mass of water displaced by can submerged

So , The volume of water displaced by submerged can is

= 0.1975/1000 = 0.0001975 m³

So , Volume of the can that is not submerged( above water level) is

= 0.000355 - 0.0001975

= 0.0001575 m³

We know that base area of  can = πr² = π(d/2)² = π×(0.062/2)²

= 0.00301754 m²

So , the length of the can above water is = 0.0001575/0.00301754

= 0.0521948342 m

≈ 0.052195 m

Therefore , the can will be 0.052195 m above the water level .

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The momentum of the cart of mass 18 kg is 12.6 kgm/s.

Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.

To calculate the momentum of the shopping cart, we use the formula below.

Formula:

Where:

From the question,

Given:

Substitute these values into equation 1

Hence, the momentum of the cart is 12.6 kgm/s.

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The momentum of the shopping cart will be 12.6Kgm/s.

Momentum is defined as the product of mass of an object and velocity of that object. It is vector quantity and it has both direction and magnitude.

The formula for momentum is written as;

p = m × v

p = momentum

m = mass of the object

v = velocity

p = m × v

where m = 18kg

v = 0.7m/s

p = 18 x 0.7

p = 12.6 Kgm/s

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The change in Mary’s potential energy is - 3412.5 Joule.

The energy that an item has or acquires when its location changes as a result of being in a gravitational field is known as gravitational potential energy. Gravitational potential energy can be defined as an energy that has a connection to gravitational force or gravity.

Given that:

Weight of Marry: W = 525 N.

She walks down a flight of stairs to a level 6.5 m.

Hence, decrease in potential energy of her = Wh

= 525 N × 6.5 m

= 3412.5 Joule.

Hence, the  decrease in potential energy of her is 3412.5 Joule.

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Make use of this FADH,+Q- The reduced reactant is In complex III, iron-containing cytochrome C receives electrons from coenzyme Q. QH; +2 cyt (Fe); Q+2 cyt (Ft); +2H+. Iron's oxidation number is +2, which is shown on the right side of the reaction arrow.

FADH₂ + Q  [tex]\rightarrow[/tex]  QH2+ FAD+

Coenzyme Q is reduced in this situation, and FADH2 is oxidized, hence the correct response is Q.

reduced Complex III oxidizes coenzyme Q, cut chromosome c is reduced, resulting in the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+, and the iron on the right side is now in the +2 oxidation state.

so the answer is x=+2

Subatomic particles known as electrons have a -1 magnitude elementary charge. The magnitude of an electron's charge is equivalent to that of a proton (but has an opposite sign).

Because of this, electrically neutral atoms and molecules need to contain an equal number of protons and electrons. The size and mass of an electron are significantly smaller than those of a proton, despite the fact that the magnitude of the charges borne by protons and electrons is the same (the mass of an electron is around 1/1837 that of a proton).

Protons, electrons, and neutrons are the fundamental subatomic particles that were later identified by scientists. At the core of each atom is a large mass known as the nucleus. Both neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus. Take into account the solar system.

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Answer:

Aluminium is extracted from bauxite. Bauxite is the name for the ore in which around 30 to 54% of the aluminium oxide is contained. Because of the fact that aluminium has a tendency to bind with oxygen, there is very little pure aluminium found naturally.

Explanation:

The magnetic field is upward diection.

What is magnitude ?

The definition of magnitude is "distance or amount." It displays an object's size or motion in either an absolute or a relative sense. It is a means of describing the magnitude or range of something. In physics, a magnitude frequently describes a length or a size.

What is magnetic field ?

The magnetic field is the region where the force of magnetism works around a magnetic substance or a moving electric charge. a magnetic field illustration that shows how the magnetic force is distributed throughout and around a magnetic substance.

Inside the circulation region at distance r,

El = d∅/dt = s (dB / dt )

Therefore E (2π r ) = (π r2). dB/dt

Therefore E = r dB/2 dt

F = qE = qr dB/ 2 dt

At points a and b, distance from Centre is r

Therefore F = qE = qr dB/2 dt

At point c, distance r = 0

Therefore F = 0

Magnetic field is increasing. Hence, induced current in an imaginary loop passing through a and b should be anti-clockwise. Force on positive charge is in the direction of induced current. Hence force at a is towards left and force at b is upward.

Therefore, the magnetic field is upward direction.

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Answer:

A: at equilibrium

Explanation:

In simple harmonic motion (SHM), the maximum acceleration occurs at the points where the displacement of the object is zero, which is also known as the equilibrium position. Therefore, the correct answer is option A: at equilibrium.

Maximum acceleration is max at the amplitudes in simple harmonic motion. Velocity is maximum at equilibrium. Refer to the photo.