Why is determining the phylogenetic relationships among major groups of bacteria more difficult than determining the phylogenetic relationships among major groups of mammals
Determination of the phylogenetic relationships among major groups of bacteria more difficult than determining the phylogenetic relationships among major groups of mammals because of frequent horizontal gene transfer.
How does horizontal gene transfer affect bacterial classification?In addition to being a key factor in the evolution of bacteria that can break down novel compounds like pesticides made by humans, horizontal gene transfer also plays a crucial role in the maintenance, transmission, and evolution of virulence. It is the main mechanism by which antibiotic resistance in bacteria spreads.
The evolution of Archaea and Bacteria involved horizontal gene transfer across the two domains, despite the fact that gene exchange is simpler in closely related organisms. If horizontal gene transfer prevents the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in the microbial world, it is debatable.
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Phylum Arthropoda is broken into subgroups which include both Arachnida (e.g., spiders) and Insecta (e.g., insects). As a result, Arachnida and Insecta most likely belong to which classification category
Phylum Arthropoda is broken into subgroups that include both Arachnida (e.g., spiders) and Insecta (e.g., insects). As a result, Arachnida and Insecta most likely belong to the class category.
All arthropods possess an exoskeleton, bi-lateral symmetry, jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and specialized appendages. The essential arthropod lessons can be separated with the aid of comparing their number of body areas, legs, and antennae.
All arthropods share those traits:
Exoskeleton. An exoskeleton is an assisting structure on the outside of the frame of an arthropod. Segmented bodies.Jointed appendages along with mouthparts and antennae.Bilateral symmetry. Dorsal blood vessel.Ventral nerve cord.Learn more about arthropods here: https://brainly.com/question/27145893
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With respect to recessively inherited disorders, why might it be a bad idea to marry your first cousin (genetically speaking)?
Marrying a first cousin might be a bad idea because a recessive trait that runs in the family may appear in the offspring of the union.
What are recessive traits?Recessive traits are traits which do not always appear in every generation except in the absence of the gene for the dominant trait.
Marrying a first cousin might be a bad idea because a recessive trait that runs in the family may appear in the offspring of the union.
In conclusion, recessive traits are might appear on.tg offspring of related individuals.
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Plucking _____.
1. happens when large rocks smash against a river bed
2. is the way large boulders are transported by wind
3. happens when glaciers pull rocks from Earth's surface
4. is how small, light particles are transported in water
Answer:
Plucking...happens when glaciers pull rocks from the earths surface
So I believe that your answer would be 3
Explanation:
Plucking is removal of entire chunks of rock. Courtesy of Rocky Mountain National Park. Glaciers can shape landscapes through erosion, or the removal of rock and sediment.
Hope this helps:)
How many different tripeptides can be formed from three different amino acids, methionine, histidine, and arginine
27 different tripeptides can be formed with three different amino acids (methionine, histidine, and arginine).
This can be simply calculated by formula [tex]x^{y\\[/tex] where "[tex]x[/tex]" represents no. of amino acids & "[tex]y[/tex]" represents the length of peptide.
In this case, [tex]x[/tex]= 3 & [tex]y[/tex]=3
Hence, Total no. of tripeptides = [tex]3^{3}[/tex] = 3×3×3 = 27
All the possible different tripeptides from methionine(M), histidine(H), and arginine(R) are as follows:
Case 1: If all the three amino acids are same,
1) MMM 2) HHH 3) RRR
Case 2 : If two amino acids are same & one amino acid is different,
1)) MMH 2) MMR 3) HHM 4) HHR 5) RRM 6) RRH 7) MHM 8) HMH 9) MRM 10) HRH 11) RHR 12) RMR 13) HMM 14) RMM 15) MHH 16) RHH 17) MRR 18) HRR
Case 3: If all the amino acids are different,
1) MHR 2) MRH 3) HMR 4) HRM 5) RMH 6) RHM
So the total possibilities are = 3+18+6 = 27
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Hi everyone
Just wanted to know after doing my test at school.
Are amino acids really acids?
Amino acids are acids on one hand, and a base on the other hand.
What is an acid?An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen or hydroxonium ions as the only positively charged ion when it ionizes.
All amino acids have an amine group -[tex]NH_2[/tex] and a carboxylic group -[tex]COOH[/tex].
The carboxylic group ionizes such that:
[tex]COOH -- > COO^- + H^+[/tex]
The presence of the amine group enables amino acids to also act as a base.
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Darwin worked on his ideas about natural selection for two decades without publishing them when he received a letter from ______ who had independently developed the same hypothesis.
Darwin worked on his ideas on natural selection for two decades without publishing them when he received a letter from Alfred Wallace who had independently developed the same hypothesis.
What did Alfred wallace write?In June 1858, Darwin received a letter from the young Alfred Wallace, who was working in the East Indies, and in this letter Wallace asked Darwin to evaluate a paper and, if he considered it relevant, forward it to Lyell.
With this information, we can conclude that natural selection is the process proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, the two responsible for the theory of evolution by natural selection.
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If the last full moon was on apirl 4th when can you expect to see the next full moon
Answer:
Look it up
Explanation:
If you look up something than you might be able to find an answer….
A conservative boundary primarily causes?
A. new oceanic crust
B. volcanoes
C. earthquakes
D. mountains
The dorsal attentional control network supports ________________ and includes the ______________________.
The dorsal attentional control network supports attentional focus and includes intraparietal sulci and frontal eye fields.
What is Dorsal attentional control network?This is also referred to as dorsal frontoparietal network and involves components such as intraparietal sulci and frontal eye fields.
They help in the engagement of externally directed attentional tasks to ensure it is appropriately done.
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How can mutations in gametes become widespread in the gene pool?
Answer:
They affect the gametes (or genes that, unlike somatic cell mutations, can be passed down to offspring) of each individual or descendant after the original individual who acquired the mutation.
Answer:
Random, spontaneous mutations constantly generate new alleles in a gene pool, destabilizing genetic equilibrium and creating the potential for adaptation to changing environments. In multicellular organisms, only mutations that affect germ cells become part of the gene pool.
Explanation:
In one 24-hour period, the kidneys of an average-sized healthy adult filter approximately ________ through their glomeruli into the tubules.
In 24 hours, kidneys filter approximately 150-180 liters of blood plasma through their glomeruli into the tubules.
How do kidneys work?Each of your kidneys is made up of about a million filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron includes a filter (glomerulus) and a tubule.The glomerulus filters your blood and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes.Blood flows into your kidney through the renal artery which branches into small blood vessels which enter the nephron.In nephron, blood is filtered by the tiny blood vessels of the glomeruli and then flows out of your kidney through the renal vein.Blood circulates through your kidneys many times a day. In a single day, your kidneys filter about 160 liters of blood. Most of the water and other substances that filter through your glomeruli are returned to your blood by the tubules. Only 1 to 2 liters become urine.Learn more about nephrons here:
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What type of amino acids would you expect to find at the core of a water-soluble globular (solid-spherical) protein
Hydrophobic amino acids are buried at the core of a water-soluble globular protein.
What makes globular proteins water soluble?Numerous hundreds to thousands of amino acids are used to make proteins. The arrangement of amino acids within a protein molecule determines its ultimate form. A protein molecule is classified into two classes—fibrous proteins and globular proteins—based on its final shape.
The structure of globular proteins resembles a ball or a globe. A globular structure is created by the folding of different amino acid chains. The two most significant globular proteins present in the human body are hemoglobin and myoglobin. The hydrophobic side chains of the amino acids are hidden inside the cores of the domains whereas the hydrophilic side chains are located on the surface of the molecule thanks to the arrangement of the amino acids.
The hydrophobic amino acids can be buried in the center of globular proteins due to interactions between the hydrophobic groups in their side chains. This is the fundamental property of globular proteins that makes them water soluble.
Examples of hydrophobic amino acids are phenylalanine, alanine, valine, etc.
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WHAT IS GLYCOLYSIS? EXPLAIN IN BRIEF WITH SUITABLE FIGURE.
Answer:
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway (process) that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. In the process the pathway forms two molecules of ATP and one molecule of NADH from two molecules of ADP and phosphate and one molecule of NADH.
The importance of glycolysis is that it provides the cell with a small amount of readily accessible energy in the form of ATP and it provides the mitochondria with a source of pyruvate. There, the pyruvate can be completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O and form a large amount (~28 molecules) of ATP from ADP and phosphate. More importantly, it provides red blood cells with there only source of ATP (since they have no mitochondria).
Assertion (A): Mutations can be passed on to the offspring.
Reason (R): Mutation is capable of affecting large sections of DNA or certain points along the DNA strand.
Which of the following is true for the above statements?
A. Both (A ) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of A.
B. Both (A ) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of A.
C. A is false, but (R) is true.
D. A is true, but (R) is false.
Answer:
Both A and R are true. And R is the correct explanation of A.
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of A. The correct answer is A. Mutations can be passed on to the offspring, but their ability to affect large sections of DNA does not directly explain their inheritance.
It is true that mutations can be handed on to the next generation, as stated in assertion (A). Genetic diversity can result from germ cell DNA mutations that are passed down to the following generation.
It is also true, as stated in Reason (R), that mutations can have an impact on significant portions of DNA or specific locations along the DNA strand. Point mutations are modifications to a single nucleotide, whereas deletions, insertions, and duplications alter larger portions of DNA.
However, (R) is not the accurate justification for (A). Although enormous portions of DNA or precise locations along the DNA strand can be affected by mutations, this knowledge does not immediately explain why mutations can be passed on to the next generation.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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What is the end result of cytokinesis from a cell undergoing mitosis?
The end result of cytokinesis indicates the two cells with identical copies of DNA arise from a single parental cell.
What is Cytokinesis?Cytokinesis may be defined as the process of separation of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.
Cytokinesis is the phase of mitosis which involves the overall division of cytoplasm and the construction of two copies of cells with identical DNA content.
It occurs after the process of karyokinesis, which results in the formation of two daughter cells from a single parental cell.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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What would you look for in order to distinguish a simple animal from a multicellular protist, such as the slime mold?
Answer:
Slime molds are fungus-like protists commonly found on rotting logs and compost
Explanation:
The most important role of bacteria in the environment is Group of answer choices as a source of restriction enzymes. as disease-causing agents. as fungal control. as decomposers.
The most important role of bacteria in the environment is as decomposers.
Bacteria as decomposers:
A decomposer is a living thing that gets energy by breaking down dead plants and animals. In order for other species in the food chain to be able to use nitrogen, decomposer bacteria must first be able to fix nitrogen in the soil. In particular, the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into plant-useful compounds like ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite.
There are four functional categories for bacteria. The majority are decomposers that eat simple carbon compounds like fresh plant litter and root exudates. By doing this, bacteria transform the energy found in soil organic matter into forms that the other creatures in the soil food chain can utilise.
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A commensal bacterium Group of answer choices does not receive any benefit from its host. is beneficial to its host. may also be an opportunistic pathogen. does not infect its host. is beneficial to, and does not infect, its host.
A commensal bacterium does not infect its host, which is option D. Details about commensalism can be found below.
What is commensalism?Commensalism is a kind of relationship that involves the sharing of the same environment by two organisms where one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
For example, barnacles on whales is a commensalistic relationship.
According to this question, a commensal bacterium will not affect or harm it's host by infect it neither will it benefit its host.
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Skin tanning is an example of which adaptation technique?
O A.
behavioral adaptation
• B.
cultural adaptation
• C.
structural adaptation
O D.
physiological adaptation
Answer:
D. physiological adaptations
Explanation:
tanning of skin when exposed to the sun over long periods, the formation of calluses on hands in response to repeated contact or pressure, and the ability of certain organisms to absorb nutrients under low oxygen tensions.
What is the peculiarity of Gymnosperms?
Gymnosperms are the vascular plants that produce seeds produced over the reproductive structure but are not enclosed in the fruits and are found in the cones.
What are Gymnosperms?Gymnosperms are the plant variety that reproduces in the form of exposed ovules or seeds that are not enclosed but are not visible till maturity. They are generally of short height and have tap roots.
They are heterosporous as they bear two types of spores, microspores, and megaspores. Also, they lack beautiful flowers and are pollinated through the wind. The seed produced as a result has haploid endosperms without any covering.
Therefore, the gymnosperms do not have their seeds enclosed.
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I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST IF U ANSWER THIS QUESTION.
Why are the frog lungs stretchy/elastic?
Answer: Frogs have a moist, permeable skin, which can transfer gasses such as carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Explanation:
The lungs feel spongy because of the millions of alveoli inside them. The alveoli are tiny air sacs that have pores in them to allow for the diffusion of oxygen. This porous structure of the lungs makes them very similar to the actual makeup of a real sponge.
Which type of training would most likely lead to increased levels of testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and growth hormone
Overload training that is of a high intensity with limited rest periods would most likely lead to increased levels of testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and growth hormone.
Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise:The integrated communication of numerous physiological systems that control cellular growth and development is substantially facilitated by hormones. Three important hormones—testosterone, the growth hormone superfamily, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily—are regarded as the "anabolic giants" in cellular growth and repair, though the precise hormonal influence must be taken into account in the context of the entire endocrine system and its relationship with other physiological systems. Glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, must also be taken into account in addition to these anabolic hormones because they frequently have a profoundly opposing effect on human skeletal muscle anabolism.
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Question 3 (1 point)
Steve is studying conservatory biology and wants to use his career to advance better
environmental policies. Which of the following would help Steve carry out "policy for
science"?
O Gather other scientists who have come to the same conclusion(s) and introduce
those claims to government officials.
Base an experiment off of a law that was created to solve an ongoing problem.
Hypothesize the outcome of an election based on statistics.
Research laws that were created but that are now obsolete.
n 616
Steve would need to gather other scientists who have come to the same conclusion and introduce those claims to government officials.
Policy for SciencePolicy for science can be arrived at when scientists pitch the outcomes of their findings to the government. especially if the findings affect the country or its people at large.
As a conservation biologist, Steve will need to work hand in hand with other scientists in the same field. Together, they can then present their findings to the government and advise the government accordingly.
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Germinal cells can most likely divide indefinitely due to the activity of an enzyme called ________.
Germinal cells can most likely divide indefinitely due to the activity of an enzyme called Telomerase.
The telomeric sequences are extra sequences which are reduced during several rounds of replication. However, these are restored by the enzyme telomerase which keeps the length of the telomere sequence enough to undergo several rounds of replication. Generation after generation, germ cells must precisely transmit genetic information. They have a lot of telomerase activity to stop the genetic material from being lost during meiosis. The parents' genetic material is kept intact thanks to the high level of telomerase.The primary region of the chromosome, which contains the genes necessary for life, would become shorter without telomeres with each cell division. Telomeres thereby permit cell division without gene loss.
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If a set of genes is induced in the presence of the controlling substance, it is referred to as __________ control.
If a set of genes is induced in the presence of the controlling substance, it is referred to as positive control.
Genes are known as the basic unit of heredity. They contain a sequence of nucleotides which is responsible for the formation of a gene product that is functional.
The functional gene product is formed by the process of gene expression. In gene expression, there is first the formation of RNA from DNA by the process of transcription and then there is formation of a functional gene product by the process of translation from the RNA.
In the positive control, the expression of genes takes place only in the presence of a controlling substance that is known as an activator.
The set of genes are induced only in the presence of an activator, when there is positive control. The gene is not expressed in the absence of the controlling substance.
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Name the yellow highlighted structures that pass through the intervertebral foramina.
The structure that passes through the intervertebral foramina is the spinal nerve.
What is intervertebral foramina?Intervertebral foramina is a type of foramen or an opening that is found in the vertebral column and is formed between two spinal vertebrae.
The Intervertebral foramina provides an opening for the passage of the spinal nerve that branched off from the spinal cord.
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list three to five possible sources that support your claim for the atricle you are not special, you are not exceptional"
The Sources that support your claim for the article you are not special, you are not exceptional"
Theatlantic.comtime.comYou Are Not Special Commencement Speech from Wellesley High School on You tube.‘You Are Not Special; You Are Not Exceptional’: by David McCullough Jr.’s on https://intellectualtakeout.orgThe ‘You Are Not Special Commencement Address’ on aei.orgWhat is the statement about?The statement of "are not special." was made at Wellesley High by their English teacher known as David McCullough Jr.
He was said to have told the graduates that they are not special and not also exceptional," as quoted. Some people do see McCullough’s remarks as a relevant quote.
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Are humans considered creatures?
Answer:
yeah humans are considered creatures by other creatures
Explanation:
If you think aliens are abnormal just think that aliens think we're also aliens
or some new creature
what is meant by acropetal succession?
Answer:
according to the internet: it refers to the arrangement of flowers, where the older flowers are present at the base and younger flowers are present at the highest point. in the centripetal succession, the younger flowers are present at the center and older flowers are present towards the periphery.
Explanation:
Explanation:
It is a type of inflorescence (pattern of arrangement of flowers) in which, younger flowers are present at the tip while older ones are located at the base. This type of succession is found in racemose inflorescence.