RNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes tRNA in the cytoplasm of the cell.
A type of RNA molecule known as transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) aids in the translation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. During translation, the process of making a protein from an mRNA molecule, tRNAs act at specific locations in the ribosome.
An enzyme known as RNA polymerase is responsible for making mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
The genes for tRNAs and the smallest species of ribosomal RNA, 5S rRNA, are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. RNA polymerase III also transcribes some of the small RNAs (snRNAs and scRNAs) involved in splicing and protein transport, while others are polymerase II transcripts.
The mature tRNA in eukaryotes is made in the nucleus and sent to the cytoplasm for charging.
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b. plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens, which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland increasing its hormone production.
The statement which is not true of iodine is c)Children with a mild iodine deficiency will have goners and perform poorly in school. So, option C is correct.
Iodine deficiency is an absence of the minor component iodine, a fundamental nutrient in the eating regimen. It might bring about metabolic issues, for example, goiter, once in a while as an endemic goiter as well as inherent iodine lack condition because of untreated intrinsic hypothyroidism, which brings about formative deferrals and other medical issues. Iodine deficiency is a significant worldwide medical problem, particularly for rich and pregnant ladies. It is likewise a preventable reason for scholarly inability.
Iodine is a fundamental dietary mineral for neurodevelopment among youngsters. The thyroid chemicals thyroxine and triiodothyronine contain iodine. In regions where there is little iodine in the eating routine, ordinarily far off inland regions where no marine food varieties are eaten, iodine lack is normal. It is likewise considered normal in rocky locales of the existence where food is filled in iodine-unfortunate soil.
Hence, option C is correct.
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(Complete question) is:
Which of the following statements is NOT true of iodine?
a) lodine is an integral part of thyroid hormone.
b) Plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens, which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, increasing its hormone production
c)Children with a mild iodine deficiency will have goners and perform poorly in school
d) A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with cretinism, which is characterized by an extreme and irreversible mental impairment and sturned physical growth
Vygotsky theory emphasizes which of the following factors in a child's development? - social interactions in cultural contexts - individual differences in trajectories- learned responses via classical and operant conditioning - the child's representations of the world
Vygotsky theory emphasizes on social interactions in cultural contexts in a child's development.
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist who argued that culture has a major impact on a child's cognitive development. Vygotsky's theory is the idea that infants develop new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals. Vygotsky outlined three main concepts related to cognitive development: (i) culture is significant in learning, (ii) language is the root of culture, and (iii) individuals learn and develop within their role in the community. He believed social negotiation was essential for building knowledge and understanding concepts. A simple and concrete example of this is when we help children learn to ride a bicycle - first with training wheels, then as we hold the bicycle steady for them (with some verbal coaching as well), and finally without any help, as children ride independently.
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which of the following brain imaging techniques records electrical activity in the brain in response to a visual or auditory stimulus?
Brain imaging techniques such as EEG and fMRI record electrical brain activity that occurs in response to the an auditory or visual stimulus.
Electroencephalography (EEG) as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) both are highly effective methods for evaluating human brain function. The combination's unique appeal stems from the fact that the both methods seem to be complementary in fundamental ways.
EEG provides high temporal resolution and is a direct measurement of neural mass activity. FMRI is an indirect method of measuring neural activity that is based on hemodynamic changes and has a high spatial resolution. Both methods are very sensitive to changes in synaptic activity, implying that the same neural events can be characterized with high temporal and spatial resolution using simultaneous EEG and fMRI. Because EEG-measured neural oscillations are a key mechanism for multi-site communication in the brain, EEG-fMRI can provide new insights into the connectivity mechanisms of brain networks.
The acquisition of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at the same time is a very promising non-invasive technique for studying human brain function.
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In the human body, several organs may work together as a more complex
system to perform an important function. What is this more complex system
called?
A. Body system
B. Tissue
C. Organism
D. Organelle
SUBMIT
Where do cells obtain the energy needed for their vital functions? (Module 2.19C)
Energy comes from breaking high energy bonds in a compound.
Energy comes from the type of sugar molecule bound to the structure.
Energy depends on the number of rings in their structure.
Energy comes from the type of nitrogenous base in the structure.
Energy comes from the number of enzymes that are present in the cell.
Cells obtain the energy needed for their vital functions by breaking high energy bonds in a compound.
Organic molecules needed for the production of cell components and tissues must be obtained from food. The main source of organic carbons in the body tissue is carbohydrates or sugars. Digestible carbohydrates are eventually converted into glucose and utilized to provide energy via metabolic pathways during digestion.
To yield and retain the biological order that allows them to survive, cells necessitate a constant supply of energy. This cell energy is obtained from the chemical bond energy in food molecules, and it is used to power cells.
Cells use ATP as their energy currency. It enables cells to temporarily store energy and transport it within themselves to assist endergonic chemical reactions. ATP has the structure of an RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups connected.
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A portion of a molecule is shown in the diagram below. Which statement best describes the main function of this type of molecule? Select one: a. it determines what traits may be inherited.
b. it is a structural part of the cell wall. c. it stores energy for metabolic processes. d. it transports materials across the cell membrane.
The primary function of this kind of molecule is best described as it transfers things across the cell membrane.
What determines how a protein works?The arrangement of the amino acids determines the precise function and characteristic 3-dimensional structure of each protein. The order of genes determines the combinations of three DNA building blocks (nucleotides) that code for amino acids.
What are the top 5 uses for proteins?In cells, proteins perform a variety of tasks. They function as enzymes that promote structural integrity, control how substances flow through cell membranes, ward off sickness, and organize cell signaling pathways.
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Classify these sequences based on their potential to modify protein products. The plain letters in the sequence represent protein coding regions, and the bold letters represent no coding regions
These alleles sequences based on their potential to modify protein products. The plain letters in the sequence represent protein coding regions, and the bold letters represent no coding regions.
The sequences are as following:
ATTGAGACCGT → GAGACCAGT TATAATATTA → TATATATTA ATTCATCTGG → ATTCATCGTGG What are alleles?Alleles are the types of variation of sequence in a same nucleotides of same DNA.
Now following are the sequences based on their potential to modify protein products but we can't define the coding or no coding region as bold or plain letters are not clear here.
1).ATTGAGACCGT → GAGACCAGT
Chance of Alteration in Protein bcz in starting alleles ATT is missing in the after product.2). TATAATATTA → TATATATTA
Chance of Alteration in Protein as there is modification present in the AA alleles in between.3). ATTCATCTGG → ATTCATCGTGG
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which of these is not a division of the bony labyrinth? vestibule cochlea utricle semicircular canals
The utricle is not a part of the bony labyrinth. It is part of the membranous labyrinth and is responsible for detecting linear acceleration and gravity. The bony labyrinth is composed of the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals, each of which plays an important role in hearing and balance.
The bony labyrinth is a complex structure located in the inner ear, consisting of three parts: the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals. While each of these structures play an important role in our sense of hearing and balance, the utricle is not part of the bony labyrinth.
The utricle is a fluid-filled sac located in the inner ear, adjacent to the cochlea and vestibule. It is part of the membranous labyrinth, which is the non-bony, membranous part of the inner ear. The utricle is responsible for detecting linear acceleration, such as when the head moves in a straight line. It also detects gravity, which helps keep our balance.
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you are out at night and hear a sound in the bushes. the electrical signal carrying this information to your brain is carried first by a question 3 options: O sensory neuron O motor neuron O interneuron O glial cell O efferent neuron
O all of these choices are correct.
You are out at night and hear a sound in the bushes. the electrical signal carrying this information to carrying this information to your brain is carried first by Sensory neuron.
What is sensory neuron?
A sensory neuron (also known as an afferent neuron) is a type of nerve cell that perceives and responds to external information. Sensory neurons acquire information from their receptors in the peripheral nervous system and transform it into electrical impulses. These impulses serve as signals, and they are sent to the central nervous system. This information is then received and processed by the spinal cord and brain.
Sensory neurons receive and transfer information from the peripheral nervous system to a more central site in the central nervous system, such as the spinal cord or the brain.
The signal is transduced in the sensory receptor at the dendritic end of the neuron. This is the point at which the new signal is produced in response to a stimulus, such as a scent, touch, or taste.
Hence, sensory neuron carries electrical signal.
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choose any two commercial fishing practices from the list below. for each of your choices, describe the practice and explain the role it plays in the depletion of marine organisms. Bottom trawling
Long line fishing
Using drift nets/gill nets/purse seines
Using sona
Bottom trawling -Drag a net along ocean bottom
OR
Drag a line with hooks along bottom
• Catches many nontarget species* (bycatch)
• Benthic habitat destruction
The goal of commercial fishing is to make money by catching and selling fish. Unlike subsistence fishing, which is typically done to feed the fisher and their family, it is distinct from subsistence fishing. Fish farming, which involves growing fish in a regulated environment for profit, is a form of commercial fishing. These massive, commercial fishing operations kill trillions of fish annually while denying fish awareness and the capacity for pain.
In trawling, a large net is fastened to the back of a ship. The ship moves through the ocean while the net catches fish as it goes. Depending on how deep the net is in the water, trawling can be either bottom or midwater.
Anchovies, tuna, and shrimp are the principal species that are typically caught in midway or pelagic trawling, where the net is set on the open ocean's surface. Fish are caught by bottom trawling from deeper water. Fish living near to the seabed are caught with other marine life in demersal trawling but are caught along the sea floor in benthic trawling.
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The bones in the front leg of a lizard and in the wing of a bat, which are evolutionarily derived from their common ancestor are said to be analogous O homologous O sympatric
O functionally similar O convergent
A front paws of cats are similar to the wings of a bat. The term "homologous" mean Cat feet and bat wings share the common ancestor that had a limb with such a bone structure comparable to that of cat legs.
What forms the structure of bone?A protein collagen use to forms the structure of the bones, as well as the calcium, a mineral, gives the framework hardness and strength. When the other body parts has been require calcium, bones transfer some of the calcium they have stored into the blood.
RNA may be found in any biological tissue which has not yet degraded. One of the finest areas to find DNA from decaying human remains is in bones. DNA can typically be extracted from the flesh once it has rotted.
Therefore, A front paws of cats are similar to the wings of a bat. The term "homologous" mean Cat feet and bat wings share the common ancestor that had a limb with such a bone structure comparable to that of cat legs.
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The receptor system is the part of your nervous system that detects or senses the environment .
Ture or flase
The receptor system is the part of your nervous system which detects or senses the environment. This statement is True.
What is Receptor?Receptors are defined as chemical structures composed of proteins, which receive and transduce signals that can be integrated into biological systems. These molecules inside or on the surface of the cell bind to a specific substance and produce a specific effect in the cell.
When a ligand binds to the receptor, the receptor may change conformation which allows the signal to be transmitted into the cell while in some cases the receptors will remain on the cell surface and the ligand will eventually diffuse out.
It is found inside of the cell (in the cytoplasm or nucleus), and cell surface receptors, which are found in the plasma membrane.
Thus, the receptor system is the part of your nervous system which detects or senses the environment. This statement is True.
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what is frontal EEG asymmetry and evaluate its relationship with individual differences in either depression OR anxiety.
Answer:
rip bozo
Explanation:
learn better
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The ______ piriform cortex produces representations of features of odorant molecules. a) anterior b) posterior c) lateral d) superior.
Your anwser is A. Anterior.
Power house of cell called?
Which of the following should be labeled with the patient's name, the date and time of collection, and the initials of the person collecting the specimen?
the following should be labeled with the patient's name, the date and time of collection, and the initials of the person collecting the specimen :
-Specimen
-collection tubes
-Slides
To ensure accurate sample identification, proper specimen labeling is essential. Scan evey labeled container with an electronic handheld device to accomplish the collection process. Complete the collection process in the computer system for every effectively collected sample if not using an electronic hand-held device.
To safeguard patients from harm caused by incorrectly labeled specimens, laboratory policy requires that proper labeling requirements be met at all times. Every specimen brought to the laboratory must be labeled on the container it is kept in.
To ensure patient safety, it is critical to correctly identify patients and label specimens. If a specimen is not correctly identified, it can result in delayed or incorrect diagnoses, missed or incorrect treatments, blood transfusion errors, and other problems.
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Sequencing of DNA from tumor sample reveals that one allele of RB has been deleted and the other allele contains missense mutation The RB protein in the tumor cells most likely Multlple Cholce binds to EZF, but has no effect on cell division. does not bind t0 EZF, resulting In Inhlbitlon of cell division does not bind to EZF, resulting in uncontrolled cell division: blnds to EZF; thereby promoting uncontrolled cell division: binds to EZF thereby inhibiting cell division:
The RB protein in the tumor cells most likely d)binds to E2F, thereby promoting uncontrolled cell division. So, correct option is d.
The retinoblastoma protein (protein name truncated pRb; quality name contracted Rb, RB or RB1) is a proto-oncogenic cancer silencer protein that is broken in a few significant cancers. One capability of pRb is to forestall unnecessary cell development by hindering cell cycle movement until a phone is prepared to partition.
At the point when the cell is prepared to partition, pRb is phosphorylated, inactivating it, and the cell cycle is permitted to advance. It is likewise an enrollment specialist of a few chromatin renovating proteins, for example, methylases and acetylases.
pRb has a place with the pocket protein family, whose individuals have a pocket for the useful restricting of other proteins. Ought to an oncogenic protein, for example, those created by cells tainted by high-risk kinds of human papillomavirus, tie and inactivate pRb, this can prompt disease.
Hence, correct option is d.
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(Complete question) is:
Sequencing of DNA from tumor sample reveals that one allele of RB has been deleted and the other allele contains missense mutation The RB protein in the tumor cells most likely Multlple Cholce
a) binds to EZF, but has no effect on cell division.
b)does not bind t0 EZF, resulting In Inhlbitlon of cell division does not bind to EZF,
c)resulting in uncontrolled cell division:
d) binds to EZF; thereby promoting uncontrolled cell division:
e)binds to EZF thereby inhibiting cell division:
Could the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors behind psychological disorders all be correct, or is there only one factor that dominates
The biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors behind psychological disorders always are different and they exhibit symptoms in order that these types of disorders may emerge.
What are the factors behind psychological disorders?The factors behind psychological disorders are diverse and they include biological, psychological, and sociocultural risk factors associated with the emergence of such problems.
For example, a traumatic situation such as the death of a family member may be the trigger that initiates the emergence of psychological disorders such as depression, which is one of the most common types of mental cognitive disorders affecting people around the world.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the factors behind psychological disorders are diverse and always one of them should prevail to initiate a psychological disorder in a normal healthy individual, thereby it is important to consider biological, psychological, and sociocultural risk factors in the development of these cognitive problems.
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What would happen if you forget to add rnase solution in dna extraction?
compare and contrast between bacterial cell division and eukaryotic cell division in terms of length of time it takes.
Bacterial cell division in three stages whereas eukaryotes divide their cells in just two stages.
Prokaryotes divide their cells in three stages DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and chromosome separation whereas eukaryotes divide their cells in just two stages nuclear division and cytoplasmic division, often known as cytokinesis.
There are two different categories of cell division mechanisms in eukaryotes. Meiosis is the reproductive cell division in eukaryotic cells, while mitosis is the vegetative cell division. On the other hand, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) often exclusively exhibit binary fission, a type of vegetative cell division.
Prokaryotic cell division occurs through binary fission, whereas eukaryotic cell division can happen either through mitosis or meiosis. This is the main distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division.
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Blood islands are ________.
a. clusters of blood-filtering cells in the placenta
b. masses of pluripotent stem cells scattered
throughout the fetal bone marrow
c. vascular tubes that give rise to the embryonic
tubular heart
d. masses of developing blood vessels and formed
elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc
The embryonic disc is covered in thousands of growing blood arteries and developed components.
D is the ideal choice.
Which blood arteries dilate as a result of blood pressure?The big and tiny arteries that carry blood away from the heart can split. Large arteries, which are thicker and more elastic to withstand the high pressures, are subjected to the highest blood flow pressure.
Does a vein qualify as an artery?Blood vessels called arteries transport the body's oxygen-rich blood from the heart. Veins are blood vessels that return the body's low oxygen blood to the heart for reoxygenation.
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Which Of The Five Marks In The Tree Above Corresponds To The Most Recent Common Ancestor Of A Mushroom And A Sponge?
The Most Recent Common Ancestor Of A Mushroom And A Sponge the branch point at which the lineages leading to these two species diverge.
What is common ancestor?In evolutionary biology, common ancestor refers to when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to contemporary evolutionary biology, all living beings are descended from a single ancestor known as the last universal common ancestor of all life on Earth.
How to find ancestor by phylogenetic tree?Follow each taxon's lineage back in time (towards the base of the tree) until all the lineages meet up to find the most recent common ancestor of a group of taxa on a phylogenetic tree. Their most recent common ancestor is represented by that node.
The Most Recent Common Ancestor Of A Mushroom And A Sponge the branch point at which the lineages leading to these two species diverge.
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All of these are evidence of a common evolutionary ancestry for cell signaling except both bacteria and eukaryotic cells have receptors for intercellular signaling in their cell membranes both plant and animal cells participate in cell junctioning both plant and animal cell plastids code for cell membrane receptors both unicellular bacteria and yeast have complex cell-signaling systems that use chemical messengers Yeast cells, plant cells, and mammal cells all share many similarities in cell signaling. This provides evidence that cell-signaling mechanisms are only found in organisms that use methods of sexual reproduction intercellular communication evolved as a way for multicellular organisms to coordinate cell functions eukaryotic cells use signal transduction pathways, while prokaryotic cells use a more primitive form of signaling signal transduction pathways appeared in cells before the evolution of multicellular organisms
The following is not an example of common evolutionary ancestory for cell signalling : Both plant and animal cell plastids code for cell membrane receptors
Cell signaling, also known as cell communication, is a cell's capacity to receive, process, and transfer information with its surroundings and with itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental characteristic of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular life.
Depending on the ligand's origin the cell receptor and ligand interplay and cell signaling pathway activation are classified into four types based on the origin of the ligand: autocrine, endocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine. All cell signaling molecules work by binding with cell receptors expressed on the surface of their target cells. These receptors are often demonstrated on the target cell's surface, but some are intracellular proteins found in the cytosol or nucleus.
Cell signaling is at the heart of critical cellular actions such as development, cell growth and division, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, and it essentially provides the coordination required for multicellular organisms to function.
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Is the atmosphere seen on the planet mars?
The atmosphere of Mars is much thinner than Earth's. The Red Planet's atmosphere contains more than 95% carbon dioxide and much less than 1% oxygen. People would not be able to breathe the air on Mars.
Yes, there is an atmosphere on Mars, although it is far thinner than the atmosphere on Earth. The majority of the atmosphere on Mars (95%) is made up of carbon dioxide, with traces of other gases like water vapor and nitrogen.
The surface pressure of the Martian atmosphere is only approximately 1% of the atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth, making it significantly less dense than our atmosphere. Due to its thin atmosphere, Mars lacks the same weather patterns as Earth and is characterized by sharp temperature swings on its surface.
Mars has several characteristics that are similar to those on Earth, such as clouds, dust storms, and polar ice caps, despite having a thin atmosphere. These characteristics, which are produced by interactions between the planet's thin atmosphere and its surface, can offer crucial hints about the temperature and geology of the planet.
Overall, Mars' atmosphere plays a significant role in the planet's ecology and contributes to the development of its distinctive traits and characteristics.
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E. coli bacteria are placed into a medium containing glucose and lactose. Which of the genes below do you expect to be turned on?
f-galactosidase
Lac I
Lac P
Permease
None of the above
None of the potential answers are correct. The addition of E. coli organisms to a medium containing lactose and glucose.
Compared to glucose, lactose can be broken down more gradually and with less energy. But if lactose is the sole sugar present, E. coli will start utilizing it right once. For the bacteria to use lactose, the lac operon genes, which encode crucial enzymes for lactose absorption and processing, must be expressed.
Adding glucose to the media will prevent E. coli cells from absorbing lactose since glucose is their preferred carbon source. The lac-operon will consequently be inhibited in these bacterial cells. B.
In the presence of both glucose and lactose, lactose binds to the repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator region. Because of this, some mRNA is produced and the restriction on lac gene transcription is lifted.
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How many hours would it take for a bac of 0.03% to reduce to 0.0%
Explanation:
The number of hours it would take for a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03% to reduce to 0.0% depends on a variety of factors, including the person's age, weight, gender, and overall health. In general, however, it is estimated that it takes about one hour for the body to metabolize one standard drink, which is equivalent to about 0.5 ounces of pure alcohol.
Assuming that a person has a BAC of 0.03% and that they have not consumed any additional alcohol during that time, it would take approximately 9 hours for their BAC to reduce to 0.0%. This is because 0.03% is equivalent to 0.5 ounces of alcohol, and it takes one hour to metabolize each 0.5 ounces of alcohol.
It is important to note, however, that this is only an approximate estimate, and the actual time it takes for a person's BAC to reduce to 0.0% can vary depending on the factors mentioned above. In some cases, it may take longer or shorter than 9 hours for a person's BAC to reduce to 0.0%. It is also important to remember that drinking alcohol can have serious health and safety risks, and that it is always best to drink responsibly and in moderation
A scientist is designing an investigation to study the impact of invasive bird populations on local, native bird populations at backyard bird feeders. What population is most likely to be a control group for the investigation?
Amount of food
Number of bird feeders
Invasive bird populations
Local backyard birdfeeders without food
The native bird population will probably serve as the study's control group.
What does the term "native birds" mean?
Native bird refers to any individual of a species of the Aves class that is native to Antarctica or visits periodically as a result of natural migrations, as defined in this part's subpart D.
What does a bird represent spiritually?
In countless cultures around the world, birds have represented luck, health, wealth, fertility, love, truthfulness, and a variety of other things.
Are birds significant to native cultures?
Indigenous cultures value their connections to familiar birds. It demonstrates our ties to the earth. The "inheritance" is this extensive cultural knowledge.
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1. which of the following best compares the structures found in plant cells and animal cells? plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not contain mitochondria or ribosomes while animal cells do. animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do. plant cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and a golgi apparatus while animal cells contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes. animal cells contain cell walls and a large central vacuole while plant cells contain cell membranes and many small vacuoles.
Answer:
animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do.
Explanation:
This statement plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not contain mitochondria or ribosomes while animal cells do is incorrect as plant cells have do have mitochondria and animal cells do not have a rigid cell wall.
This statement plant cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and a golgi apparatus while animal cells contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes is incorrect as both plant cells and animal cells have rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes and a golgi apparatus.
This statement: animal cells contain cell walls and a large central vacuole while plant cells contain cell membranes and many small vacuoles is incorrect as animal cells do not have a cell wall and a large central vacuole.
Does waters density increase when it changes into ice
Answer: No
Explanation: The extra hydrogen bonds that occur when water freezes increase the space between molecules, causing a decrease in overall density. The density is cooled.
the esp gene encodes a protein that alters the structure of the insulin receptor on osteoblasts and interferes with the binding of insulin to the receptor. a researcher created a group of osteoblasts with an esp mutation that prevented the production of a functional esp product (mutant). the researcher then exposed the mutant strain and a normal strain that expresses esp to glucose and compared the levels of insulin in the blood near the osteoblasts (figure 2).
The osteoblasts in the bone secrete osteocalcin in the pancreas to change their activity this justifies the claim that osteocalcin is a hormone
Osteocalcin is a hormone that is secreted and influences matrix mineralization and global metabolism. Osteocalcin governs glucose metabolism via an endocrine loop between the bone and the pancreas. Osteocalcin has been identified as a hormone. Bone is classified as an endocrine organ. The decarboxylated form of osteocalcin acts as a hormone. Osteocalcin is involved in the regulation of glucose, skeletal muscle operation, brain function, male fertility, hepatic steatosis, and arterial calcification. Increased osteocalcin levels indicate increased bone turnover.
Osteocalcin is only secreted by osteoblasts and has only minimal impacts on bone mineralization and density. Instead, it has been shown to regulate several physiological processes in an endocrine manner, including glucose homeostasis and physical performance, brain development, cognition, and male fertility.
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Complete question :
Hormones are chemical signals that are released by cells in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream to signal cells in another part of the body. Insulin is a hormone that is released by the pancreas that induces the uptake of glucose molecules from the bloodstream into cells. In this way, insulin lowers the overall blood glucose levels of the body. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two types of bone cells that play a role in regulating blood glucose levels (Figure 1).
Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor on osteoblasts activates a signaling pathway that results in osteoblasts releasing a molecule, OPG, that binds to the neighboring osteoclasts. In response, the osteoclasts release protons (H+) and create an area of lower pH outside the cell. This low pH activates osteocalcin, a protein secreted in an inactive form by osteoblasts.
The Esp gene encodes a protein that alters the structure of the insulin receptor on osteoblasts and interferes with the binding of insulin to the receptor. A researcher created a group of osteoblasts with an Esp mutation that prevented the production of a functional Esp product (mutant). The researcher then exposed the mutant strain and a normal strain that expresses Esp to glucose and compared the levels of insulin in the blood near the osteoblasts (Figure 2)
Based on the information provided, which of the following best justifies the claim that osteocalcin is a hormone?