Utilizing the oxygen already present in the cell, mitochondria transform the chemical energy from food into energy that can be used by the host cell. It takes place inside mitochondria and is known as oxidative phosphorylation.
What about respiration?Respiration, a process of gas exchange, is the major purpose of the lungs.In the process of respiration, carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, exits the blood and oxygen from the incoming air enters.When you breathe in and out, you may have lung pain on one or both sides of your casket.Technically, the soreness isn't exhaling from inside the lungs because they have so many pain receptors.Rather, the stuffing of the lungs, which does include pain receptors, might be the source of the discomfort.You lemon. You have a lung condition.You suffer from liver failure, cancer, diabetes, renal complaint, or cancer.Your vulnerable system has been compromised by specifics, a complaint, or organ transplant.Still, air pollution( both outside and within the home), or dust and gauze at work for an extended length of time, If you breathe in a cigarette bank.Eventually, if your airways become compromised, you might become more breathless.Damage to the lungs might occasionally have no honorable cause.Learn more about respiration here:
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all of the following are characteristic of the cnidarians except ___________________.ADiploblastic
B
Body cavity is absent
C
Bilaterally symmetric
D
Presence of cnidoblast
Answer: B
Explanation:
they are diploblastic, they are symmetric, and they have a cnidoblast
the first draft of the human genome project was published in 2003. what techniques did they use? g
The techniques used in the first draft of the Human Genome Project published in 2003 was gene mapping and DNA Sequencing.
In the most basic terms gene mapping is the process of determining the location of the jeans on the threads of the chromosome present in the nucleus.
DNA Sequencing is a technique that is used to find out the exact number and the sequence of the nucleotides sugar basis in a DNA molecule.
In the first Human Genome Project draft published in 2003, it used the technique of DNA Sequencing and gene mapping to find the DNA pattern and the nature of the human genome.
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pcr lab how are we able to distinguish between the hba beta globin allele and the hbs alleles in our lab exercise?
We are able to distinguish between the hba (Hemoglobin beta globin) allele and the hbs alleles in our lab because HbA allele produces shorter PCR product than HbS.
Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) is caused by a point mutation in the two subunits of normal hemoglobin (HbA), resulting in nucleated polymerization and pathology.
There are at least two variants (or alleles) of the HBB gene: HbA and HbS. The HbA allele provokes no problems. The HbS variant can result in either sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease. This allele tends to cause red blood cells to "sickle" rather than forming donut shapes.
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according to bioecological systems theory of development, the child is most directly affected by:
According to the developmental theory of bioecological systems, children are most directly affected by microsystems.
Bioecological systems are based on the idea that children's relationships with their parents and caregivers affect their development, and those relationships are influenced by the environment of work, school, and community, and are based on the idea that is influenced by broader social, cultural, and insurance influences. conditions.
A microsystem is an environment with specific physical characteristics, resources, activity patterns, roles, and interpersonal relationships experienced by a developing person. A key feature of this definition is the word experience.
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the most latent heat would be released in a ____ parcel of ____ saturated air.
The most latent heat would be released in a Rising parcel of Warm saturated air.
What is Latent Heat?Latent heat is the heat or energy that is either absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. It could change from a solid to a liquid, a liquid to a gas, or the opposite. Latent heat is related to enthalpy, a property of heat. However, when talking about latent heat, it's important to remember that the substance's temperature remains constant. Latent heat is the work required to overcome the attractive forces holding molecules and atoms together in a substance, according to the mechanism.
Latent Heat Transfer TypesLatent Heat of Fusion: The heat that is used or lost as matter melts and transitions from a solid to a fluid structure at a constant temperature is known as the latent heat of fusion.
Latent Heat of Vaporization: The heat used or lost during the transition of matter from a fluid to a gas at a constant temperature is known as the latent heat of vaporisation.
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a stage of the cell cycle during which the cell membrane pinched in____and____the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis.
Answer: Cytokinesis
Explanation: Cytokinesis is the answer if your still having trouble comment under this and I can help you
which model of the vertebral subluxation complex includes the idea that the nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscles and skin around that joint?
The model of the vertebral subluxation complex which includes the idea that the nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscles and skin around that joint is the
5-component model.
A properly functioning nervous system allows the entire body to function at its optimum level. The Vertebral Subluxation Complex is identified by a loss of normal position and movement of a spinal vertebra, irritation to delicate nerve tissue, and degeneration occurring over time causing other organs and systems of the body to lose their proper function.
There are many factors that can cause the Vertebral Subluxation Complex. Subluxations can occur as early as childbirth.
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when a ligand is released what prevents all of the cells in the body from being affected
Because ligands are particular to their receptors, the secondary messengers and inactive relay proteins that are produced in the cell to start a response are also.
What characteristic blocks the entry of ligands to cell-surface receptors?The extracellular domain is where the molecules attach. Since the molecules are hydrophilic, they cannot pass through the plasma membrane's hydrophobic interior.
What occurs if the ligand is taken away from the receptor?Desensitization of the target cell and elimination of the ligand by degradation or sequestration are two methods for receptor deactivation. A ligand's binding to a receptor is reversible because the ligand will eventually separate from the receptor and may be broken down.
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) the cori cycle involves the conversion of ? a) glucose to pyruvate b) fructose in red blood cells c) glucose in the liver d) all of the above
The Cori cycle involves conversion of: (a) glucose to pyruvate; (c) glucose in the liver.
Cori cycle is the cycle involving the metabolism of lactate. Here, the lactate produced due to anaerobic process in the muscles is transported to the liver. In the liver the lactate is converted to glucose which is then transported to muscles for utilization and further converted into lactate.
Liver is the largest organ of the body that id a digestive organ as well as an endocrine organ. The bile juices secreted by the liver are used for the digestion of fats. On the other hand it also secreted hormones like insulin and glucagon.
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17. Orangutans get most of the energy they need from fruit. Energy must go through several steps before it
can be used by the cells in the orangutan's body. Number the steps to show the path energy follows from
the sun to the orangutan's cells.
Answer:
Energy from the sun is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis.The plants convert the energy from the sun into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.The orangutan eats the fruit, which contains the chemical energy stored by the plants.The orangutan's digestive system breaks down the fruit and releases the chemical energy stored in the fruit's molecules.The chemical energy is converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a molecule that cells can use for energy.The ATP is transported to the cells in the orangutan's body.The cells use the ATP to carry out their functions, releasing energy in the process.the different geometries that a molecule can attain by bond rotations and bends are called conformations.A. TrueB. False
True : The different geometries that a molecule can attain by bond rotations and bends are called conformations.
The three-dimensional configuration of side groups on a molecule that are free to freely spin into different orientations without rupturing any bonds.
One potential arrangement of the constituent atoms and groups in space for a compound or macromolecule that has at least some degree of freedom of rotation about its chemical bonds.
A conformational change in biochemistry is a modification of a macromolecule's shape, frequently brought on by outside influences.
A macromolecule is typically adaptable and dynamic. Each potential shape is referred to as a conformation, and a change between them is referred to as a conformational change. Its shape might change in reaction to changes in its surroundings or other circumstances. Temperature, pH, voltage, light in chromophores, ion concentrations, phosphorylation, or the binding of a ligand are some of the variables that might cause such alterations.
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explain how the structure of a chloroplast (its membranes and thylakoids) makes its function (the chemical reactions of photosynthesis) more efficient.
Answer:
These internal membranes stack on top of each other, just like a stack of pancakes.
The structure of a chloroplast, specifically its membranes and thylakoids, makes its function, the chemical reactions of photosynthesis, more efficient because it provides a large surface area for the reactions to occur on and a way to organize the reactions in a sequence that allows the products of one reaction to be used immediately in the next reaction.
The membranes of a chloroplast are made up of two layers of phospholipid molecules, which form a lipid bilayer. This structure provides a large surface area for the chemical reactions of photosynthesis to occur on. The thylakoids, which are stacks of membrane-bound compartments, increase the surface area even further.
In addition, the structure of the thylakoids allows the reactions of photosynthesis to be organized in a sequence that allows the products of one reaction to be used immediately in the next reaction. The thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana, which are interconnected by strands of thylakoid membrane called stroma lamellae. The thylakoid membranes within a granum are organized into discrete units called photosystems, which are the sites of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The thylakoid membranes within the stroma lamellae are the site of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. This organization allows the products of the light-dependent reactions, which are carried out in the thylakoid membranes of the grana, to be used immediately in the light-independent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes of the stroma lamellae.
Overall, the structure of a chloroplast, with its membranes and thylakoids, provides a large surface area for the reactions of photosynthesis to occur on and a way to organize the reactions in a sequence that allows the products of one reaction to be used immediately in the next reaction. This makes the function of the chloroplast, photosynthesis, more efficient.
The expression 100(5)2t represents the amount of bacteria present, in grams, t days after the initial population of bacteria is measured. If the expression can be rewritten as 100(r)t, what is the value of r?.
In the expression 100(r)t, r has the value of 10.
What is an expression?A mathematical expression is a phrase with at least two numbers or variables, at least one mathematical operation, and at least one mathematical operation. In mathematics, it is possible to multiply, divide, add, or subtract.
An expression is a mathematical term that combines variables, operators, and numbers to show the value of something. A mathematical statement known as an equation is one in which two expressions are equalized.
The given expression is 100(5)2t, where t is the number of days after the initial population of bacteria is measured and t represents the amount of bacteria present, in grammes.
if 100(r)t can be used to rewrite the expression.
Consequently, the phrase's original form is,
100(5)2t = 100 (10) t
contrasting a rewritten expression with a simplified expression.
Consequently, we obtain r = 10.
Consequently, r has a value of 10.
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Which will change most as the system moves toward equilibrium?
O the volume of the solution
O the shape of dye molecules
O the temperature of the water
O the concentration of dye molecules
Answer:
The concentration of the dye molecules.
Explanation:
In time 1, the concentration is to the left. However, at equilibrium, or time 3, the concentration in equal in both sides. So that means it changed.
The temperature, volume or shape cannot change.
neuron. parts and functions of each one. which part is the receiving area of the stimulus and which transmit the impulse?
Dendrites are the receiving area of the stimulus and axons transmit the impulse.
Neurons are specialized cells, located in the nervous system, which convey information. Axons, soma, and dendrite are all parts of a neuron. The myelin sheath, a fatty covering that surrounds some axons and serves as an insulator to speed up electrical signal transmission, is present on some axons. The dendrite is a branch-like extension that connects to the soma and delivers electrical stimulation. It also receives information from other neurons. Information is sent from the soma to the terminal buttons via an extended fiber called an axon. Neurotransmitters use a lock-and-key mechanism to chemically convey information from the terminal buttons, through the synapses, to the receptive dendrites. Together, the numerous neurotransmitters have an impact on cognition, memory, and behavior. Drugs are called antagonists to impede the functions of neurotransmitters, whereas agonists imitate those of neurotransmitters.
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Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?
Select one:
a. an anabolic steroid
b. a DNA helix
c. an amino acid with three phosphate groups attached
d. an RNA nucleotide
An RNA nucleotide is most similar in structure to ATP. The average person's body recycles as much ATP each day as they weigh.
An organic compound called adenosine triphosphate drives a number of biological processes in living cells, including the contraction of muscles, transmission of nerve signals, dissolution of proteins, and chemical production (ATP). All known forms of life contain ATP, which is frequently referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When it is absorbed by metabolic processes, it either changes into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (AMP). There are many methods for recovering ATP. In addition to serving as a coenzyme and a precursor of DNA and RNA, it also accomplishes a variety of additional tasks. A nitrogenous base, a nucleoside triphosphate, and a phosphate group are what it is.
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if a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n)
If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a gymnosperm. Correct answer: letter E.
Because this type of plants have all these characteristics and reproduce by seeds and pollen, and are the dominant plants in the preangiosperm world.
Characteristics of gymnospermsGymnosperms are vascular plants that produce na-ked seeds, not enclosed in an ovary.Gymnosperms have a life cycle that involves alternating generations of male and female gametophytes.Gymnosperms typically have woody stems and are evergreen, meaning that they do not shed their leaves seasonally.Most gymnosperm species have modified leaves in the form of needles or scales, which are adapted to survive in cold climates.Gymnosperms are mostly found in temperate and northern regions, although some species are found in tropical regions.Pollination in gymnosperms is usually carried out by the wind.Gymnosperms are mostly large trees, but some species are small shrubs or even vines.If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n):
Group of answer choices:
A. lycophyte
B. Fern
C. Bryophyte
D. Angiosperm
E. Gymnosperm.
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a forensic science technician works in the biotechnology research and development pathway. t or f
A forensic science technician works in the biotechnology research and development pathway. This statement is true.
Who is a technician in forensic science?
Criminalists or crime scene investigators are generalist forensic science technicians that gather evidence at the scene of a crime and conduct scientific and technical examination in labs or offices. collecting proof. examining the evidence. interacting with law enforcement and providing testimony in court. Technicians in forensic science produce reports and give testimony in court. They collaborate with specialists and other law enforcement officers frequently. Ability to think critically. When comparing physical evidence to suspects, such as fingerprints and DNA, forensic science technicians utilise their best judgement.
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A forensic science technician works in the biotechnology research and development pathway. This statement is true.
Who is a technician in forensic science?Criminalists or crime scene investigators are generalist forensic science technicians that gather evidence at the scene of a crime and conduct scientific and technical examination in labs or offices. collecting proof. examining the evidence. interacting with law enforcement and providing testimony in court. Technicians in forensic science produce reports and give testimony in court. They collaborate with specialists and other law enforcement officers frequently. Ability to think critically. When comparing physical evidence to suspects, such as fingerprints and DNA, forensic science technicians utilise their best judgement.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the tendency of toxins to accumulate in top predators is called biological ________.
The tendency of toxins to accumulate in top predators is called biological Magnification.
The term "biological magnification" is frequently used to describe the process by which certain substances, such as heavy metals or pesticides, enter lakes, rivers, and oceans and then move up the food chain in progressively higher concentrations as they are incorporated into the diet of aquatic organisms like zooplankton. These aquatic organisms may then be consumed by larger fish, larger birds, animals, or humans. As they move up the chain, the substances become increasingly concentrated in tissues or internal organs. Because they are metabolized or excreted very slowly, bioaccumulates are substances that accumulate in living things as they consume contaminated food, water, or air.
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classify each statement as describing dna replication in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, both, or neither.
Eukaryotic replication includes: -multiple origins of replication -specific DNA polymerase for replication of mitochondrial DNA.
Both :
-a number of different DNA polymerases
-replication in both directions.
Neither:
-takes place in the M phase of the cell cycle.
The opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, priming of the template strand, and construction of the new DNA segment are the three main phases in replication. The DNA double helix's two strands uncoil at a specific spot known as the origin during separation.
Prokaryotic DNA replication happens through a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic DNA replication occurs through numerous replication origins. This is the primary distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. Converting a prairie to a farm field is an example of ________. a. overharvesting, b. habitat loss, c. exotic species, d. climate change.
Converting a prairie to a farm field is an example of habitat loss. Correct answer: letter B.
Because the prairie is no longer providing a habitat for the animals and plants that naturally occur in the area.
Importance of grassland conversionThe conversion of the prairie to a farm field has removed the natural habitat and replaced it with an agricultural system that is not suitable for the original inhabitants. This type of habitat destruction can have serious consequences for the environment, as it can lead to a decrease in:
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FILL IN THE BLANK. in queensland, australia, cactus moths (cactoblastis cactorum) ________.
Semi touchy pear cactus was effectively eradicated from rangeland by cactus moths.
Cactoblastis cactorum, a South American native, was introduced from Argentina to Australia throughout 1925 to control several Opuntia species from North and South America. Later, for the same reason, the cactus moth has been introduced into Hawaii, India, South Africa, as well as a few Caribbean islands.
Cactoblastis cactorus has indeed been introduced to Florida several times. According to genetic analyses, established populations were most likely established from introduced Caribbean moth populations.
Adults have wingspans ranging from 22 to 35 mm. The forewings seem to be grayish-brown in colour, becoming whiter near the costal margin. There are distinct black antemedial but also subterminal lines. Hindwings were indeed white with some grey at the tips. Adults of a subfamily physician frequently appear extremely similar to each other and are difficult to identify because specimen scales are frequently rubbed off; even so, genitalia could provide positive identification.
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when a neuron discharges an electric signal, it is referred to as . a. the threshold level b. an action potential c. a membrane potential d. the threshold stimulus
When a neuron discharges an electric signal, it is referred to as b. an action potential. An action potential is a quick succession of voltage changes across a membrane.
An electrical charge that moves along the neuron's membranes is called an action potential or nerve impulse. An action potential is an electrical signal that is sent out by a neuron. An action potential is a quick succession of voltage changes across a membrane. The permeability of each ion and the relative ratio of extracellular to intracellular ions determine the membrane voltage, or potential, at any given time. There are five phases to the action potential: the threshold, rising phase, falling phase, recovery phase, and resting potential. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, also known as the resting potential, serves as our starting point.
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all rodents are mammals and all canines are mammals. no canines are rodents and no rodents are canines. what hierarchy best captures this information? group of answer choices mammal is a superclass of rodent and rodent is a superclass of canine rodent is a superclass of mammal and canine is a superclass of mammal mammal is a superclass of rodent and mammal mammal is a superclass of canine and canine is a superclass of rodent
Hierarchy test which best captures the given information is a)mammal is a superclass of Rodent and Mammal. So, correct option is a.
Rodents are the single biggest gathering of warm blooded creatures, representing around 40% of all vertebrate species. The little creatures have a place with the request Rodentia, which have a solitary pair incisors in both the upper and lower jaws. Rodents can be tracked down in all mainland aside from Antarctica, and live in assorted natural surroundings, including human-made conditions. These species are by and large little creatures that have hearty bodies and short appendages, and chew food utilizing their long and the sharp incisors.
Rodents have been utilized as lab examples, pets, and food. Nonetheless, the greater part are viewed as bugs, as they are equipped for obliterating a lot of put away food and spread sicknesses. The inadvertently presented types of rodents are frequently thought to be intrusive and have prompted the annihilation of specific creature species, including island birds.
Hence, correct option is a.
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(Complete question) is:
all rodents are mammals and all canines are mammals. no canines are rodents and no rodents are canines. what hierarchy best captures this information? group of answer choices
a)mammal is a superclass of rodent and mammals
b)mammals us a superclass of canine rodent
c)mammals is a superclass of mammal and canine
d)mammals is a superclass of mammal
e)mammal is a superclass of rodent and mammal
f) mammal is a superclass of canine and canine
Place the following important hominin fossils in chronological order, from oldest to most recent.
Kaprina Neandertals
Lake Mungo, Australia
Cro magnon Man
Kennewick Man
The chronological order of given hominin fossils is Kaprina Neandertals ,Lake Mungo, Australia,Cro magnon Man and Kennewick Man.
What are fossils?
Any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living object from a previous geological era is referred to as a fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis, lit. "obtained by digging"; Bones, shells, exoskeletons, animal or microbe imprints in stone, items preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, and DNA traces are a few examples. The fossil record refers to all fossils together.
The invention of radiometric dating methods at the turn of the 20th century allowed geologists to calculate the precise ages of the rocks and the fossils they contain. Fossilization can occur as a result of a variety of processes, such as permineralization, casts and moulds, authigenic mineralization, replacement and recrystallization, carbonization, and bioimmuration.
Any member of the zoological "tribe" Hominini (family Hominidae, order Primates), of which only one species—Homo sapiens, or humans—exists today, is referred to as a hominin. The word is most frequently used to refer to extinct members of the human lineage, including some that are now well recognized thanks to fossil evidence, such H. neanderthalensis (the Neanderthals), H. erectus, H. habilis, and numerous species of Australopithecus. Furthermore, the genera Ardipithecus, Ororin, and Kenyanthropus are included in the Hominini, according to various authors.
The erect posture, bipedal mobility, larger brains, and behavioral traits including the use of specialized tools and, in some cases, verbal communication are some of the traits that have set hominins apart from other primates, both living and extinct.Therefore, the chronological order of given hominin fossils is Kaprina Neandertals ,Lake Mungo, Australia,Cro magnon Man and Kennewick Man.
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how does the quantitative measurement of npp help explain variation in the biomass of different trophic levels across ecosystems?
Quantitative measurement of net primary production (NPP) explains that the energy transferred to the next trophic has a different amount from the energy obtained in the previous trophic.
Net primary production or NPP is energy stored as biomass by plants. NPP is obtained from the calculation of gross primary productivity minus the rate of loss of energy for metabolism and maintenance.
Energy cannot be created, but can be changed from one form to another. Energy is only transferred from one trophic level to the next through the food chain. The energy transferred is NPP in the form of biomass at the first level which is then transferred to the next level when a consuming process occurs. Therefore the amount of energy transferred to the next trophic level is smaller than the energy available at the previous level because it has been reduced for metabolism and maintenance.
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1. explain the differences between the original amino acid sequence in the exercise and the one coded for by the mutated dna/rna.
The Major difference between them is Normal or regular phenotypes are produced by the original sequences. New phenotypes are produced by mutated sequences.
Proteins are the primary functional subunits of the cell and are biological macromolecules. The carboxyl and amine groups of adjacent amino acids are linked in bonds known as peptide bonds to form proteins. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
A particular mutated sequence may or may not distinguish an original amino acid sequence. The protein will not change if the mutation in the genetic code is just a single base pair that changes the sequence so that it still codes for the same amino acids (many amino acids have multiple codes that can code for them). However, serious changes to the protein's structure and function can frequently be brought about by single base pair mutations.
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if a hormone receptor is degraded along with its ligand after internalization, what is the effect on the cell's ability to respond to the hormone?
The result is that the cell is less sensitive to subsequent stimuli, which affects the cell's capacity to respond to the hormone.
What occurs when a receptor inside the body binds to its ligand?Receptors for Ion Channels
Specific ions can travel through a channel that opens in the plasma membrane when a ligand attaches to an ion channel receptor. This procedure necessitates the receptor's specific membrane-spanning region.
After a reaction has been elicited, what happens to the ligand?An exposed DNA-binding site on the protein is brought to the surface when the ligand binds to the internal receptor. Once within the nucleus, the ligand-receptor complex attaches to particular regulatory areas of the chromosomal DNA to encourage the start of transcription.
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Which correctly identifies how natural selection causes a change in species over time?
a. People choose mating pairs based on desirable characteristics.
b. The environment favors those individuals with the best phenotypes for survival.
c. If an anatomical feature is not used for several generations, offspring will cease to inherit that trait.
d. There is a trend towards homozygous dominant genotypes becoming the most common in the population.
Answer:
B. The environment favors those individuals with the best phenotypes for survival
Explanation:
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time. It occurs when individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without those traits, and as a result, the traits become more common in the population.
This process is driven by the environment, which "favors" individuals with the best phenotypes (physical characteristics) for survival. For example, if an environment is cold and snowy, individuals with thick fur will be more likely to survive and reproduce than those with thin fur, so the trait for thick fur will become more common in the population over time.
Option a, "People choose mating pairs based on desirable characteristics," is incorrect because natural selection is a process that occurs in nature, not as a result of human intervention. Option c, "If an anatomical feature is not used for several generations, offspring will cease to inherit that trait," is incorrect because traits are not lost due to disuse. Option d, "There is a trend towards homozygous dominant genotypes becoming the most common in the population," is incorrect because natural selection does not favor any particular genotype (the genetic makeup of an individual) over others.
what effect might the bicylic ring system of cephalosporin have on their chemical and biological properties
Cephalosporins are a group of broad-spectrum semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. Cephalosporins kill bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Cephalosporins are fungicides that directly kill bacteria. They do this by interfering with the bacterial cell wall structure. Cephalosporins are divided into five generations based on when they were developed. Each generation is generally effective against a specific type of bacteria.
Cephalosporins have low toxicity and are generally safe. The most common side effects of cephalosporins are nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. Cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics cause proximal tubular necrosis in humans and experimental animals. Selective toxicity for PCT occurs due to high intracellular concentrations achieved by active transport by organic anion transporters.
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Cephalosporins have low toxicity and are generally safe. The most common side effects of cephalosporins are nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain.
Cephalosporins are fungicides that directly kill bacteria. They do this by interfering with the bacterial cell wall structure. Cephalosporins are divided into five generations based on when they were developed. Each generation is generally effective against a specific type of bacteria.
Cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics cause proximal tubular necrosis in humans and experimental animals. Selective toxicity for PCT occurs due to high intracellular concentrations achieved by active transport by organic anion transporters.
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