which components of bile can become solids when thy interact with calcium

Answers

Answer 1

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have shown that human bile contains one or more factors that inhibit the precipitation of calcium carbonate from supersaturated solutions of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Lower concentrations of this factor have been observed in the gallbladder bile of patients with calcified gallstones. We hypothesized that gallbladder bile contains factors that inhibit calcium carbonate and these factors are present in varying concentrations in normal persons and in patients with cholesterol gallstones with and without calcium carbonate.

Methods: Gallbladder bile of patients without gallstones (n = 8) and of patients with cholesterol gallstones containing either calcium carbonate (n = 8) or other calcium salts (n = 8) was assayed for calcium carbonate inhibition. Individual components of bile (bilirubin, phospholipid, bile salts, and albumin) were tested in different concentrations in the same assay system. In addition, samples of model bile were tested.

Results: An inhibitory factor for calcium carbonate precipitation was present within all human gallbladder bile, irrespective of the absence, presence, or type of gallstones. The addition of a bilirubin-albumin solution to a supersaturated solution of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate entirely blocked precipitation of calcium carbonate from solution. In addition, serial dilutions of bilirubin exhibited a linear response between bilirubin concentration and inhibitory effect. Model bile and phospholipid dissolved in sodium taurocholate also exhibited a modest inhibitory effect on calcium carbonate precipitation.

Conclusions: We conclude that bilirubin, cholesterol, and phospholipids incrementally interfere with calcium carbonate precipitation in supersaturated solutions through the preferential formation of a soluble calcium complex.


Related Questions

The organ that is the first site of chemical digestion.

Answers

Answer:

The stomach

Explanation:

The stomach is the first place because your mouth and saliva do not do a chemical digestion, it only primes it for the chemical digestion in the stomach, plus the mouth is not a organ, it is a body part, for example the tongue or esophages are organs.

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The transaction and code set rule established a code set used to encode all of the following except

Answers

Answer:

Transaction rebates back to submitters

Explanation:

your welcome

The responsibility of the medical director to ensure that the appropriate medical care standards are met by EMTs on each call is called

Answers

Answer:

quality control.

Explanation:

The responsibility of the medical director to ensure that the appropriate medical care standards are met by EMTs on each call is called quality control.

High performers use ______ to carry out carefully focused efforts to improve performance. a. deliberate practice b. 15-minutes-a-day practice c. all-day practice d. practical practice

Answers

Answer:

a. deliberate practice

Explanation:

High performers use a. deliberate practice to carry out carefully focused efforts to improve performance.

A client taking rifampin, isoniazid, and
pyrazinamide for tuberculosis reports contact
lenses being stained orange. Which action should
the nurse perform to help this client?

Answers

Answer:

to prescribe rifapentine, instead of

Explanation:

since rifampin dyes saliva, urine, tears, sweat, etc an orange color.

hope this helps:)

The nutrient losses that occur as a result of food irradiation are _____ those lost in canning or refrigerated storage.

Answers

Answer:

The nutrient losses that occur as a result of food irradiation are The same as those lost in canning or refrigerated storage.

Explanation:

in the case of jesse gelsinger, a young man who died during gene therapy, the therapy involved delivery via a viral vector. was this germ-line or somatic therapy?

Answers

Somatic therapy is the answer

Articles that appear in the Journal of the American Medical Association are reliable sources of health information because the editors ________.

Answers

Answer:

Articles that appear in the Journal of the American Medical Association are reliable sources of health information because the editors have scientist review and react before publishing.

Articles that appear in the Journal of the American Medical Association are reliable sources of health information because the editors review them.

What is an Article?

This is referred to a piece of writing on a particular subject or topic in a newspaper etc.

Articles in the Journal of the American Medical Association are usually reviewed by peers to ascertain its validity.

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According to the Dental Board regulations, how long should sterilization monitoring records be stored

Answers

Answer:

one year

Explanation:

Component(s) of a comprehensive fitness program include intensity, progression, consistency, variety as well as ____.

Answers

Answer:

The components of a comprehensive fitness program are:

Cardiovascular Endurance.

Muscular Strength.

Muscular endurance.

Flexibility.

Body Composition.

Men have a higher incidence of __________ chronic conditions, whereas women have a higher incidence of __________ chronic conditions.

Answers

Answer:

Fatal; nonfatal

Explanation:

Men have a higher incidence of Fatal chronic conditions, whereas women have a higher incidence of nonfatal chronic conditions.

For an individual with abnormally high or low heart rates, which cardiovascular endurance test might provide the most accurate results

Answers

The cardiovascular endurance test that might provide the most accurate result is the Balke-Ware treadmill test.

What is Balke-Ware treadmill test?

Balke-Ware treadmill test is a test that is used to determine the peak volume of O2 in cardiac patients, though it can also be used to estimate cardiovascular fitness in athletes.

This cardiovascular endurance test involves walking on a treadmill to exhaustion, at a constant walking speed while gradient/slope is increased every one or two minutes.

Therefore, the cardiovascular endurance test that might provide the most accurate result is the Balke-Ware treadmill test.

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Mention at least 2 diseases managed by Obstetrics and Gynecology

Answers

Answer:

Pelvic pain

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Explanation:

Pelvic pain- Pelvic pain can arise from your digestive, reproductive or urinary system

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)- a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age

Which New York Heart Association classification of heart failure has a poor prognosis and includes symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest

Answers

Answer:

IV

Explanation:

IV has a poor prognosis and includes symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest

You need to make 350g of 15% zinc oxide. How much zinc oxide is required?

Answers

Answer:

52.5 gm

Explanation:

350 g * 15 % =   350 * .15 = 52.5 gm

You noticed someone showing all the signs of a severe allergic reaction. What is the first and most important action you should take

Answers

Answer:

The first action would obviously be to call 911 if you aren't inside a medical facility. The next most important would be to ask the individual if they are carrying an epinephrine autoinjector (AKA an EpiPen or other device.)

Explanation:

Ordered: 130mg. Available 1gr/tablet. How many tablets should be given?

Answers

1.5 g this ensures the patient gets the right amount of perscription.

Answer:

2

Explanation:

I will assume that 'gr' stands for 'grain'   and mot for 'gram' (sometimes used)

1 grain = 65 mg

130 mg/ 65 mg/tab =  2 tablets

if sylvia gonzales tells you that she ate breakfast before coming in for the test, what should you do?

Answers

Answer:

See below

Explanation:

Check to see if the test requires a fasting period ( NPO ) before proceeding.

If SYLVIA had breakfast before coming for the blood test, It doesn't mean it the test will not be performed.

As there are different types of blood tests, the fasting before the blood test  is depend on what you want to test.

What are the different types of blood tests?

Blood glucose fasting test refers to check the sugar level in an individual specifically in case of diabetic person, fasting sugar level detect the exact sugar level.

It is prescribed to patient to be on fast before 8 t0 10 hours of blood withdrawal.

For blood cholesterol test, is to detect the concentration of fatty substance mainly three types of cholesterol in body like high density, low density cholesterol and triglycerides.

Low density cholesterol are bad cholesterol for body, if the amount increases, then the person go for blood test at least for 10 hours before blood test.

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How long does a lone star tick need to be attached to transmit disease.

Answers

Answer:

around a day or 3 it does not take long

what are the three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answers

Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle and Electron transport chain.

Chose what vitamin is necessary for good vision vitamin

Answers

Answer:

Vitamin A. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in vision by maintaining a clear cornea, which is the outside covering of your eye. This vitamin is also a component of rhodopsin, a protein in your eyes that allows you to see in low light conditions ( 1 ).

Explanation:

hope this helps if not let me know have a blessed day

What's the name of the first woman who started nursing?

Answers

Florence Nightingale
Answer: Florence Nightingale!

Explanation: I hope that helps!! Have a great day :D

muscles when moving produce body____

Answers

Answer:

heat

Explanation:

id.k if this is right

hope this helps

have a good day

A patient is taking 100mg of antihistamine syrup three times daily. If the bottle contains
2400mg of drug, how many doses are in the bottle?
4
Select one:
O a. 2.4
O b. 10
O c. 24
O d. 100

Answers

C. 24

Reason: If they consume 100mg per use and the bottle contains 2,400 mg you just simply divide 100 from 2,400 which equals 24
I took this on a test the other day the answer is c. 24

A client is admitted to the cardiac care unit for an electrophysiology (EP) study. What goal should guide the planning and execution of the client's care

Answers

Answer:

Diagnose the dysrhythmia.

Explanation:

A client whose condition remains stable after a myocardial infarction is to gradually increase activity. Which sign best indicates that the activity is appropriate for the client

Answers

Pseudo-dyspnea is the sign which indicates that the activity is appropriate for the client.

What do you mean by Myocardial infarction?

Myocardial infarction may be defined as a deadly condition that involves the blockage of the blood flow to the coronary artery of the heart. It may also be referred to as a heart attack.

Pseudo-dyspnea is a condition where a client overcomes all the concerns and symptoms of myocardial infarction.

Now, a client is not suffering from shortness of breath, no pain during breathing, etc.

Therefore, pseudo-dyspnea is the sign which indicates that the activity is appropriate for the client.

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Not yet answered Points out of 1.00
1 tbsp =
mL
Select one:
O a. 5
O b. 15
O c. 30
O d. 60
Flag question

Answers

Answer:

B. 15mL

Explanation:

The unit of measurement varies by region: a United States tablespoon is approximately 14.8 ml (0.50 US fl oz), a United Kingdom and Canadian tablespoon is exactly 15 ml (0.51 US fl oz).

Answer:

The answer is B. 15

Explanation:

1 tbsp = 15ml

What are some reasons someone might not seek help for autism

Answers

Answer:

they might not seek help because they are ashamed or just cant ask for help

Q.162.A 10 years old girl presented with fever and bruises for last 2 weeks. On examination she is pale; however there is no evidence of lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Her Hb is 6g/dl, TLC is 2700 and platelets are 90000. The most appropriate investigation to clinch the diagnosis is:
a)Bone marrow aspiration
b)Retics count
c)Bleeding time
d)PT and APTT
e)Factor VIII assay

Answers

Answer:

In a bone marrow aspiration, a health care provider uses a thin needle to remove a small amount of liquid bone marrow, usually from a spot in the back of your hipbone (pelvis).

A normal PT with an abnormal aPTT means that the defect lies within the intrinsic pathway, and a deficiency of factor VIII, IX, X, or XIII is suggested. A normal aPTT with an abnormal PT means that the defect lies within the extrinsic pathway and suggests a possible factor VII deficiency

Bleeding time is a medical test done on someone to assess their platelets function. It involves making a patient bleed, then timing how long it takes for them to stop bleeding using a stopwatch or other suitable devices.

Why does John use a phr instead of one from his provider

Answers

Answer:

because he has high iQ

Explanation:

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