plasma membranes
Explanation:
Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell, while preventing harmful material from entering and essential material from leaving. In other words, plasma membranes are selectively permeable—they allow some substances through but not others.
if action potentials are all-or-nothing, then a) explain what is the function of graded excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials? b) explain how are postsynaptic potentials generated?
Postsynaptic potentials are spatially and temporally summed. When sodium channels open in response to a stimulus, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) arises.
What are the purposes of graded excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) push the potential of a neuron closer to its firing threshold. IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) shift the charge across the membrane away from the firing threshold. Postsynaptic potentials are spatially and temporally summed.
Explain how postsynaptic potentials are produced.When sodium channels open in response to a stimulus, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) arises. Sodium rushes into the cell due to the electrochemical gradient. When sodium introduces its positive charge into the cell, the membrane potential of the cell increases, or depolarizes.
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: one possible indicator of some earlier horizontal gene transfer event is . . . choose one: a. pathogenicity via gene loss. b. a gc base ratio different from flanking chromosomal dna. c. uniform codon usage throughout the genome. d. gene duplication.
One possible indicator of some earlier horizontal gene transfer events might be gene duplication.
So, the correct option is D.
We rely on the fact that, in contrast to a gene recently acquired by HGT, a translocated (or duplicated) gene has been in its hosting genome since its split from another genome in order to distinguish it from translocations or duplications. Newly acquired DNA is integrated into the recipient's genome via horizontal gene transfer, either through recombination or insertion.
Recombination is essentially the regrouping of genes in which homologous regions of native and foreign (new) DNA are edited and joined. Gene duplication is the process of copying a section of DNA that codes a specific gene. A retrotransposition event or a recombination mistake are both potential causes of gene duplication.
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Which of the following is NOT a factor in enzyme kinetics? A. Straining the substrate bonds B. Forming a favorable microenvironment for the substrate C. Moving the bond angle between hydrogens D. Orienting the substrate(s)
Orienting the substrates is NOT a factor in enzyme kinetics because these factors involve the enzyme catalysis rate in a chemical reaction (Option D).
What is the enzyme kinetics in a chemical reaction?The enzyme kinetics in a chemical reaction refers to the factors that alter the rate of conversion by an enzyme from reactants to products, which include the conditions in the substrate as well as its bonds.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the enzyme kinetics in a chemical reaction is not associated with orientation or substrate because it does not change the enzyme catalysis rate in a chemical reaction.
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You discover a population of seals and find it to be at hardy–weinberg equilibrium with respect to the a locus. Suppose that there are two alleles at this locus and the frequency of one of those alleles is 0. 4. Of the individuals that carry at least one copy of that allele, what percent are homozygotes?.
Individuals that carry at least one copy of the allele, percent of homozygotes are 25%.
What is Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is a fundamental principal of population genetics, that states : “genotype frequencies in population remain constant between generations in the absence of disturbance by outside factors".
p is frequency of S
q is frequency of s
We know p + q = 1
q is given 0.4, then
p = 1- q
= 1 - 0.4
p = 0.6 and q = 0.4
If the population of seals is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, then we can find how many heterozygotes and homozygotes are using:
p² + q² + 2pq = 1
p² = frequency SS
q² = frequency ss
p q = frequency Ss
2p*q= 2 * 0.6 * 0.4
2pq = 0.48
q² = (0.4)² = 0.16
To find the fraction of homozygotes (ss) of the individuals that carry at least one s allele, we divide the frequency of homozygotes ss by the frequency of heterozygotes Ss
= 2pq/q²
= 0.48/0.16
= 0.25 or 25%
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which of the answer choices is true of a cross involving a sex-linked gene but not of a cross involving an autosomal gene?
The phenotype outcomes of female offspring compared to males can be different, In sex-linked gene but not of a cross involving an autosomal gene.
Sex-linked, In term related to genetics, refers to traits that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes. In humans, the term often refers to traits or disorders influenced by genes on the X chromosome, as it contains many more genes than the smaller Y chromosome .
Sex-linked cross involves mating a male with two recessive k genes with a female that has the dominant form of the gene. Hence, sex linked traits. is controlled by genes located on the X chromosome.
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What describes outdoor conditions at a specific time and place?
Answer:
The term weather describes the state of the atmosphere at a given point in time and geographic location.
Explanation:
Which of the following statements does not provide evidence that differences in mice coat color could have evolved through natural selection.
(A) Evidence suggests that the mice have lived in the area for very long periods of time, so they have had enough time to evolve.
(B) Evidence from genetics indicates that the color differences between the mice can be inherited
(C) Evidence from embryology suggest that lighter mice are not related to darker mice.
(D) Evidence from the sites shows that owls provide a plausible mechanism for natural selection.
The statement in question that does not provide evidence to support that mice coat colors could have evolved through natural selection is option A.
What is natural selection?In simple terms, Natural selection is the method by which evolution takes place. It implies that over time, traits that are beneficial to the survival of an individual will be inherited from generation to generation. option B provides possible evidence of this in that it links the coat color of mice to heritage, therefore showing that it may be passed from generation to generation.
Option C also provides evidence to support this by showing that mice with varying coat colors are not related. In natural selection, if a trait is beneficial to survival, most if not all of the population will posses that trait. If coat color is linked to natural selection, mice of distinct colors would have had to evolve separately, and therefore would not be related.
Finally, option D brings about the influence of the natural predator of mice as a driving factor and catalyst of this evolution by natural selection.
Therefore, we can confirm that of the options listed, the one that does not provide any form of evidence to promote the theory that natural selection is how mice coat colors have evolved is option A.
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any time dna is damaged, a mutation will result
Whenever Ian "The Thorpedo" Thorpe swims laps, lactic acid builds up in his Olympic gold medal-winning muscles. It is then transported through his Olympic gold medal-winning blood to his Olympic gold medal-winning __________, where it is converted back into glucose. What organ completes the sentence
Liver is a organ where it is converted back into glucose.
What is thorpedo?Thorpedo takes on the warrior Aquaman. In Sydney, Ian Thorpe was the top swimmer, but that was before Michael Phelps emerged as a fresh challenge.
It's as if the United States, humiliated by Ian Thorpe and his size 17 feet at the Sydney Olympics, gave the order to create a prototype of the world's ideal swimmer. Michael Phelps is that model, and the momentous moment of his Olympic debut has arrived.
Aquaman would need to be extremely gangly and uncoordinated on dry land in order to surpass the Thorpedo. He would have to possess a remarkable level of hyperflexibility. He would have to long for it eternally.
Therefore, Liver is a organ where it is converted back into glucose.
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Answer:liver
Explanation:
Which of the following statements about a typical plasma (cell) membrane is correct?
A. Carbohydrates on the membrane surface are important in determining the overall bilayer structure.
B. The phosphoplipids of the cell membrane allow almost all molecules to move in and out of the cell.
C. The two sides of the plasma membrane have different protein compositions.
D. The cell membrane is a tough, rigid structure that primarily functions to protect and support the structure of the cell.
E. The interior of the membrane is hydrophilic because it is composed primarily of the fatty acid tails of phospholipids.
Correct option is C : The two sides of the plasma membrane have different protein compositions.
The lipid and protein content of the plasma membrane's two halves differs. The cytoplasmic and external surfaces of the membrane perform different roles, hence the surfaces' composition and structure must differ.
The cytoplasm of the cell, which includes water and other macromolecules like proteins, is visible from one side. The substance expelled from the cell creates the extracellular matrix on the opposite side. Due to the presence of various types of biomolecules, these sides of the membrane are distinct from one another. Different kinds of proteins are present in the plasma membrane. Peripheral and integral proteins are the two primary categories of proteins.
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for coming up with the program that tells the muscles what to do.
Neurons in the spinal cord transmit information from the brain. Motor neurons are the neurons that transmit these signals to the muscles.
The motor neuron system: What is it?Motor neurons are the cerebellum and spinal cord cells that transmit instructions from the to the muscles that control our ability to move, speak, swallow, and breathe.
Where in the body can you find motor neurons?Inside the cerebral cortex and spinal cord are specialized brain cells called neurons known as motor neurons. The upper neurons as well as the lower motor nerves are their two primary subgroups. Beginning in the brain, the upper neurons descend to join the low motor neurons.
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following an oil spill in the gulf of mexico, a population of fish evolves increased tolerance to oil over a period of several generations. which statement is most likely to be true? all individuals in the initial population must have had the same degree of tolerance to oil. this should be considered a case of evolution by artificial selection because the response came rapidly. this should be considered a case of natural selection because humans were not selecting for particular desirable traits. this should be considered a case of evolution by artificial selection because it came about due to human activity. all individuals in the current population must have the same degree of tolerance to oil.
This should be considered a case of natural selection because humans were not selecting for particular desirable traits.
What is natural selection ?Populations of living things adapt and change through a process called natural selection. People in a population are naturally variable, which means that each individual is unique in some ways. This variation indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-suited than others.
Giraffes, for instance, have a competitive advantage because of their long necks, which have evolved to allow them to feed on leaves that other animals cannot reach. Those with longer necks were able to survive and reproduce, passing on the trait to the next generation as a result of a better food source.Learn more about Natural selection here:
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In a large population of plants, notches in the leaves are caused by a dominant allele n and lack of notches by a recessive allele n. Over many generations the proportion of plants in the population with notched leaves increases. What is the most likely cause?.
In a large population of plants, notches in the leaves are caused by a dominant allele n and lack of notches by a recessive allele artificial selection.
The maximum not unusual interplay between alleles is a dominant/recessive courting. An allele of a gene is stated to be dominant when it correctly overrules the opposite (recessive) allele. Eye shade and blood agencies are each examples of dominant/recessive gene relationships.
Recessive inheritance means each genes in a couple should be abnormal to purpose ailment. humans with handiest one defective gene within the pair are called carriers. these human beings are most usually now not affected with the situation. however, they can pass the atypical gene to their kids.
Dominant refers to the relationship among two variations of a gene. people acquire variations of each gene, known as alleles, from every parent. If the alleles of a gene are distinctive, one allele could be expressed; it's miles the dominant gene. The effect of the other allele, known as recessive, is masked.
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Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning?.
The reflex centers for breathing and heartbeat are located in the medulla oblongata, which is part of the brain stem.
How is the medulla oblongata functioning?Respiration, heart activity, vasodilation, and reflexes including vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing are only a few of the fundamental autonomic nervous system processes that are controlled by the medulla oblongata.
Where in the brain stem are the visual and auditory House reflex centers located?The midbrain, which is a component of the central nervous system, is situated at the top of the brainstem and beneath the cerebral cortex. The processing of visual and auditory data is greatly aided by this tiny but significant structure.
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A scientist is conducting an investigation about how
certain traits are inherited by plants. The scientist uses
logic to infer that an offspring of two pea plants is likely to
inherit a combination of traits from both parents.
Which type of scientific thinking is the scientist using to make this inference?
OA. Describing
B. Interpreting
C. Reasoning
OD. Questioning
Answer:b
Explanation:
what is the role of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate in the regulation of metabolism. where is it synthesized and how are the enzymes that synthesize fructose 2,6 bisphosphate regulated? g
The role of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate in the regulation of metabolism is as ATP's inhibition is removed, glycolysis may continue giving to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is synthesized in the glycolysis process.
Enzymes that synthesize fructose 2,6 bisphosphate are regulated in order to control the amount of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an enzyme with two distinct functions must be present. As the glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate acts as a strong allosteric activator. As a result, inhibiting glycolysis causes the pentose phosphate pathway shunt to become the new site of cellular glucose metabolism. As the glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate acts as a strong allosteric activator.
Pase-2 controls the synthesis and breakdown of Fru-2,6-P2, thereby regulating the amount of the compound in cells. The main regulators influence the enzyme through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes.
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millions of years ago, the ancestors of giraffes had short necks and used to eat leaves from the bushes on the ground. a genetic mutation caused one giraffe's neck to be taller. this long-necked giraffe was able to eat leaves that were higher up on trees. this gave it an advantage as it was able to access more food than other giraffes. over millions of years, all of the giraffes became long-necked. which type of environmental factor caused this mutation to be inherited? (1 point) responses exercise requirement exercise requirement food availability food availability radiation exposure radiation exposure polluted environment
This mutation was brought about by the giraffe's environmental evolution.
The giraffe is a long-necked, herbivorous animal that can be found over most of the world. Its neck has adapted to enable it to access the highest points of the trees. The giraffe family's ancestors used to eat the grass leaves on the ground millions of years ago.
What hypothesis explains why giraffes have longer necks than their ancestors do?According to the Darwinian theory of evolution, some giraffes developed longer necks than others due to random variation. They were able to reach leaves high up in the trees in their environment because of their long necks.
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true or false: approximately 1500 ml of fluid moves into the lumen of the small intestine each day by osmosis, attracted by osmotic particles in chyme and by secreted na , cl-, and hco3-.
Approximately 1500 ml of fluid will move into the lumen of the small intestine each day by osmosis process, attracted by osmotic particles in chyme and by secreted Na, Cl-, and HCO3-. This statement is true.
The chyme moves into the small intestine. Infiltration takes place here. The chyme is more concentrated than the epithelial cells lining the intestine. Therefore, water enters these cells through semi-permanent membranes to achieve homeostasis.
The small intestine carries water from the bloodstream into the gastrointestinal tract, helping to break down food. The small intestine also absorbs water along with other nutrients. colon. In the colon, more water moves from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
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which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? responses after an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity. after an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity. habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.
The best explanation of the effect of environmental stressors upon biodiversity in an ecosystem is: ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.
Biodiversity is defined as the presence of the varying species of plants and animals in an area. More are the number of species in an area, richer is the biodiversity of that area considered.
Ecosystem is composed of all the living components and non-living objects present in an area depending upon each other. The ecosystem also takes into consideration the climate and the landscapes of the region.
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in pea plants, the gene for round seed (r) is dominant and wrinkled seeds (r) are recessive. the endosperm of the pea is also either starchy, a dominant gene (s) or waxy (s). what can be said of a fully heterozygous dihybrid cross?
In a dihybrid cross, all of these options are potential combinations.
What genotype does a pea plant have if the round seeds are heterozygous recessive and the green seeds are homozygous recessive?RrYy is the genotype of a plant pea with heterozygous round seeds and homozygous recessive green seeds. A dihybrid cross's starting genotype would be RrYy and RrYy.
The pea wrinkled seed allele is a recessive allele, so why?Garden peas' gene for wrinkled seed shape is regarded as recessive because heterozygotes do not express the characteristic it is linked to. Heterozygotes are people with two distinct alleles at the same gene locus.
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What amino acid chain results from this DNA code?
mRNA:
TAC GCA CCA TGC AAT CGC
which of the following statement(s) is true? i. prokaryotes have fewer origins of replication than eukaryotes. ii. prokaryotes have longer okazaki fragments than eukaryotes. iii. prokaryotes have slower overall dna synthesis than eukaryotes.
Statements that are true : ii. prokaryotes have longer Okazaki fragments than eukaryotes.
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?Prokaryotic chromosomes have one origin of replication and eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins. Eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger, hence multiple origins are needed to replicate.
Prokaryotes have Okazaki fragments that are longer than those of eukaryotes.
The rate of synthesis in prokaryotes is faster than in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes undergo continuous replication whereas eukaryotes perform the synthesis during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle.
Eukaryotic DNA replication requires multiple replication forks and prokaryotic replication uses a single origin to replicate the entire genome rapidly.
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the only evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change is:
Natural selection is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution.
Natural selection allows adaptation in a population by selecting only beneficial alleles.
It increases the allele frequencies of heritable traits.
The natural selection process decreases deleterious alleles by selecting against them, leading to adaptive evolution.
What is adaptive evolutionary change?
Evolutionary adaptation, or simply adaptation, is the adjustment of organisms to their environment in order to improve their chances of survival in that environment.
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.
Thus, natural selection is the evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change.
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What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?
Kupffer cells are the first innate immune cells and protect the liver from bacterial infections. They are phagocytic and are responsible for clearing hepatic sinus blood of bacteria and other foreign materials.
What are Kupffer cells made of?
These cells are derived from bone marrow stem cells or monocytes and are highly active in removing particulate matter and toxic or foreign substances that appear in the portal blood from the intestine.
What cell removes bacteria in the liver?
Kupffer cells rapidly capture bacteria from the blood and eliminate them, while still allowing for the induction of adaptive immunity.
Thus, kupffer cells are responsible for protecting the liver from bacterial infections.
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Who proposed that performance on a task is affected by the amount of physiological arousal in the body?.
Richard Yerkes and John Dodson proposed that performance on a task is affected by the amount of physiological arousal in the body.
According to Richard Yerkes and John Dodson's hypothesis from 1908, physiological arousal levels in the body have an impact on how well a person does a task. We often work best when we are only mildly stimulated. Performance is typically weakened by either too much or too little arousal.
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, performance increases with increasing physiological or mental excitement for simple tasks. However, if the work at hand is challenging, increasing arousal will only boost performance up to a certain extent. After that, increased arousal reduces performance since the person is too nervous and anxious to focus on the task. We normally do better at moderate levels of excitement.
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Which type of plant separates initial co2 fixation and the calvin cycle by time?.
C4 plant separates initial co2 fixation and the Calvin cycle by time.
In conditions with high levels of heat, aridity, and light, CAM metabolism in plants developed. This approach's main objective is water conservation. Recall the trade-off between respiration and photosynthesis. (paradox). Making compromises is unaffordable for plants in arid conditions since doing so results in significant water loss through open stomata during the day. By opening the stomates at night to take in carbon dioxide, CAM plants found a solution to this issue. This tactic is just "regular" plants turned around. The byproducts of light-dependent reactions like ATP and NADPH, on the other hand, are no longer accessible because carbon dioxide has been fixed. The solution to this issue was to overnight store the carbon dioxide until the following day when ATP and NADPH were available.
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A scientists wants to clone a human gene and express the corresponding human protein in bacteria. Place the following steps in order. Use restriction enzymes to cut human dna and plasmid dna transform bacteria with ligated sample isolate desired human gene and cut plasmid isolate human dna and plasmid dna identify plasmid containing the human gene mix cut human and plasmid dna and combine using dna ligase.
The correct sequence of cloning the human gene will be:
Isolate human DNA and plasmid DNA.Isolate desired human gene and cut plasmidUse restriction enzymes to cut human DNA and plasmid DNA.Cut human and plasmid DNA and combine using DNA ligase.Transform bacteria with ligated sample.Identify plasmid containing the human gene mix.Cloning is the process of making copies of DNA in genetics in the bacterial cells. This process is exploited to make the copies of desired DNA by inserting them into the bacterial plasmid.
Plasmid is the extra-chromosomal DNA present in the bacterial cells. This is a double stranded molecule which is circular in structure. The plasmid has the ability to replicate autonomously on its own.
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Kinesthesis involves:
A) the bones of the middle ear.
B) information from the muscles, tendons, and joints.
C) membranes within the cochlea.
D) the body's sense of balance.
The muscles, tendons, and joints provide information for kinesthesis.
What does "kinesthetic sense" entail?The body's position and movement can be sensed through the kinesthetic senses, which we can only become aware of through introspection. Muscle vibration is a technique used to research kinesthesia because it activates the afferents in muscle spindles, which cause sensations of movement and altered position.
What precisely are kinesthesis receptors?any of the sensory receptors that keep track of how muscles are moving and where they are. These are located in tendons, joints, and muscles. We were able to confirm using magnetoencephalography that the onset of kinesthetic sensations was connected to the activation of both the Posterior Parietal cortex and the Primary Motor cortex.
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In 3-5 sentences, describe the advantages and disadvantages of using these two different images to model Mitosis.
The advantage of the first model is it used less space for showing stages of mitosis whereas the disadvantage of using this model in Mitosis is that it does not provide detailed information.
What is mitosis cell division?Mitosis is a process of cell division in cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. During this cell division, diploid daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell while on the other hand, meiosis is a process of cell division in cells that happens when a parent cell divides to form four identical daughter cells. Meiosis refers to the formation of four cells from a single parent having haploid chromosomes. The advantage of the first model is that it provides stages of mitosis by using less space whereas the disadvantage of using this model Mitosis is that it does not provide detailed information. The advantage of the second model is that it does not provide detailed information whereas the disadvantage of using this model of Mitosis is that it provides stages of mitosis by using less space.
So we can conclude that the advantage of the first model is the disadvantage of the second model and vice versa.
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Answer:
The disadvantages for both cells are that neither is an accurate representation of the cell themselves, or the processes. The first cell doesn't tell us exactly what phases the cell is currently going through, and the cell doesn't go through is phases through grey arrows either. However, it does tell us what the phases look like, and the process of how the cell goes through them. The disadvantages of the second map is that, it doesn't show what the phases look like, the advantages are that tells us what the phases are and what comes before and after them, while showing how this occurs in a cycle and keeps going until senescense.
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which of the following ecosystem types has the least amount of vegetation present? question 7 options: maritime forest dunes estuaries mud flats
Dunes has the least amount of vegetation present.
Natural vegetation is a plant community that has grown naturally without human intervention and has been left undisturbed by humans for an extended period of time. This is known as natural vegetation. Thus, cultivated crops and fruits, as well as orchards, are considered vegetation, but not natural vegetation.
Temperature and moisture influence vegetation growth. It is also affected by factors such as slope and soil thickness. Because of variations in these factors, the type and thickness of natural vegetation varies from place to place.
Plant species that colonize dunes have deep roots that reach for the water table, root nodules that produce nitrogen compounds, and fleshy stems and leaves that aid in water retention.
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