Areas of the brain are most responsible for activating the body’s defense cascade the extended
amygdala
, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (
PAG
), ventral pontine tegmentum, ventral and dorsal medulla, and spinal cord.
Evolution has endowed all humans with an innate, wired, automatically activated continuum of defensive behaviors called the defensive cascade.
Arousal
is the first step in activating the defense cascade. Flee or fight is an active defensive reaction to deal with threats. A freeze is a frozen flight or fight response. Anky Fudo and Collapsed Fudo are last resorts against inevitable threats when active defense fails. And quiet
immobility
is a state of rest that promotes rest and healing.
Each of these defense responses has unique neural patterns mediated by common neural pathways: the amygdala,
hypothalamus
, periaqueductal gray matter, and specific functional components of the sympathetic and vagus nuclei. activation and suppression of Unlike animals, which can resume normal functioning once the danger has passed, humans often do not, sometimes repeating the same reaction patterns associated with the original danger or
trauma
.
To learn more about
brain
brainly.com/question/20532637
Amygdala, periaqueductal grey, and hypothalamus are the main areas of the brain which are most responsible for the activation of the body's defense cascade.
What is the body's defense cascade?Body's defense cascade is a continuum of automatic, survival-based behaviors, which are activated in response to danger or the perception of the danger. This includes the stages of freeze, fight or flight, tonic mobility, and the collapse immobility.
The parts of the brain which are responsible for the activation of the body's defense cascade includes the amygdala, it is the part of the brain which is associated with fear, and one of the primary arbiters of the defense cascade of the body. Amygdala signals the body to flood the bloodstream along with the adrenaline and cortisol hormones, which narrow the blood vessels, this causes a spike in the body temperature.
Learn more about Defense cascade here:
https://brainly.com/question/28274451
#SPJ2
The ___________ is a layer of gases that includes oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, and ozone, and that surrounds Earth.
A)
geosphere
B)
biosphere
C)
atmosphere
D)
lithosphere
E)
hydrosphere
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
E
Answer:
C is the correct answer..
Atmosphere
4
What is TRUE about race?
A.
It is easy to define in most cultures.
B.
It ignores biological characteristics.
C.
It is socially constructed.
D.
It never changes over time.
Answer:
Explanation:
i think it A
what portion of the flower will be purple
Answer: the light lilac to deep violet.
Explanation:
gerusa is a company of former soviet scientists who use a special chemical to kill cancer cells. while the scientists have the knowledge, they are short on equipment, money, and marketing know-how. it would seem that gerusa should
While the scientists have the knowledge, they are short on equipment, money, and marketing know-how. it would seem that gerusa should Find a partner with whom they can work together.
They should look for an investor or partner with whom they can work together to improve and develop their product.
Gerusa has developed a distinct chemical that can kill cancer cells, giving it a competitive edge in the market. If it chooses to work with a partner, it will have to share all of its resources and the technology for its chemical. This will make it less able to control the technology because the partner will also have information about the method and the solution. As a result, Gerusa has complete command of the technology when it decides not to partner with anyone else.
Know more about marketing here: https://brainly.com/question/14083500
#SPJ4
what relatively recent fossil discovery has helped us understand the transition between the lobe-finned fishes and the tetrapods?
Tiktaalik's recent fossil discovery has helped us understand the transition between the lobe-finned fishes and the tetrapods.
Early lobe-finned fishes are hard fish with plump, lobed, matched blades, which are joined to the body by a solitary bone.
The discovery of well-preserved pelves and a portion of the pelvic fin from Tiktaalik roseae, a 375 million-year-old transitional species between fish and the first animals with legs, indicates that improved hind fins were the actual starting point for the evolution of hind legs.
The non-tetrapod Osteichthyes (bony fish) Tiktaalik was discovered in the Arctic of Canada. It has scales and gills, but it has a triangular, flattened head and unusual, cleaver-shaped fins.
know more about Tiktaalik roseae here: https://brainly.com/question/23433591
#SPJ4
Pathogens of the skin often enter via hair follicles and ducts of the sweat glands.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
Explanation:
FILL IN THE BLANK. animals that can detect ultraviolet (uv) light differ from humans by having ________.
Thicker retinas that can capture UV light more efficiently and UV-specific opsins that extend their visible light spectrum.
In general, light having wavelengths between 380 and 700 nanometers may be seen by humans (nm). Within that range are all the hues of the rainbow, from red all the way to violet. UV light, however, has wavelengths that are shorter than 380 nm. They are hence invisible to the human sight.
Is everyone blind to UV light? No, actually. Aphakia is a condition that causes people to be able to see UV light rays. Aphakia is the absence of an eye lens, which is frequently the result of surgery or heredity. They can see beyond the visible spectrum of light since they don't have this lens, but it also results in fuzzy vision and farsightedness.
To know more about ultraviolet light click below :
https://brainly.com/question/23342892#
#SPJ4
Consider a population in which the frequency of allele AA is p=0.7p=0.7 and the frequency of allele aa is q=0.3q=0.3, and where the alleles are codominant. What will be the allele frequencies after one generation if the following occurs?wAA=1wAA=1 , wAa=0.9wAa=0.9 , and waa=0.8waa=0.8 . Enter your answers in the following order: qg+lqg+l , pg+lpg+l .
The answer to this question is q[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = 0.278 and p[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = 0.722
The population given is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The principle applies if a population follows conditions such as no mutation, no selection, large population size, no migration, and random mating. If all conditions are followed by a population, its genotypic and phenotypic frequencies remain constant from generation to generation.
The HWE equation is as follows:
p² + 2pq + q² =1
Where p² = homozygous dominant frequency, pq = heterozygous frequency, q² = homozygous recessive frequency.
The allele given is codominant. The allele frequency after one generation can be calculated using the formula:
q = [tex]\frac{(W_{Aa})(p)(q) + (W{aa)}(q^2)}{W_{AA}(p^2) + (W_{Aa})(2pq)+(W_{aa})(q^2)}[/tex]
here
p = 0.7
q = 0.3
W[tex]_{AA}[/tex] = 1
W[tex]_{Aa}[/tex] = 0.9
W[tex]_{aa}[/tex] = 0.8.
So:
q[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{(W_{Aa})(p)(q) + (W{aa)}(q^2)}{W_{AA}(p^2) + (W_{Aa})(2pq)+(W_{aa})(q^2)}[/tex]
q[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{(0.9)(0.7)(0.3) + (0.8)(0.3)}{(1)(0.7) + (0.9)(2(0.7)(0.3)+(0.8)(0.3)}[/tex]
q[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = 0.261/0.94
q[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = 0.278
p[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = = 1 - 0.278
p[tex]_{g+1}[/tex] = 0.722
Learn more about Hardy Weinberg equilibrium at https://brainly.com/question/16823644
#SPJ4
how could having too many growth factor receptors on the surface of the cell make a more aggressive cancer
The cell makes a more aggressive cancer High levels of a growth factor increase the risk for several cancers.
Overactivation of these signaling pathways resulting from amplification, overexpression, or mutation of growth factor receptors occurs in various cancers. These alterations in growth factor signaling pathways contribute to cancer development, progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
Cancer is a disease that occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and spread to surrounding tissue. Cancer is caused by changes in DNA. Most of the DNA changes that cause cancer occur in sections of DNA called genes. These changes are also called genetic alterations. Tumor growth inhibitors are also called cancer growth inhibitors. They are a type of targeted cancer drug.
Learn more about The cell here:- https://brainly.com/question/13123319
#SPJ4
a plant homozygous for the unlinked dominant alleles a, b and g is crossed with another plant that is homozygous for the recessive alleles a, b and g. how many different genotypes in the f2 population will give rise to the abg phenotype?
The abg phenotype is produced by 4 distinct snps in the f2 population.
What are the three genotype types?There are three distinct genotype types: homozygous dominant (PP), homozygous recessive (PP), and homozygous (Pp). The traits are the same in homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes.
What are the four genotype types?Humans have four different hemoglobin genotypes, or hemoglobin pairings and formations: AA, AS, SS, and AC (uncommon). The aberrant genotypes or sickle cells are SS and AC. Each of us have a particular pair of these hemoglobin, which we acquired from both parents, in our blood.
To know more about genotypes visit :
https://brainly.com/question/12116830
#SPJ4
How do you explain the basis for classification of organisms using evidence from morphology, anatomy, physiology, behavior, molecular biology, genetics, or evolution?
Organisms can be classified based on a wide range of evidence.
What is molecular biology?Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the structure, function, and interactions of molecules in living systems. It combines chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics to study the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. It also looks at how cells in different organisms interact to form complex systems, as well as how they interact with their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field of study that helps to explain how living organisms work at the molecular level.
Morphology involves the study of shape and form, while anatomy studies the internal structure of organisms. Physiology looks at the processes and functions of the organism, and behavior examines how the organism interacts with its environment. Molecular biology studies the structure and function of molecules within the organism, genetics looks at the inheritance of traits, and evolution examines the changes that occur over time. Collectively, these aspects provide important evidence for the classification of organisms.
To know more about molecular biology click-
https://brainly.com/question/30037578
#SPJ4
The pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from the neuron cell bodies housed within the lateral gray matter of the ______ spinal cord segments.
The neuron cell bodies seen in the posterior gray matter of the S2-S4 brain stem segments are the source of the pelvic splanchnic nerves. The nervous system includes them.
The nerve is an organ system that receives and translates sensory data from the environment to coordinate bodily movements.
The systemic nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
The 31 parts of the spinal cord include 8 cervicals, 12 disseminate, 5 lumbar, 5 caudal parts, and 1 coccyx.
The sacrum & coccyx, in addition to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine parts, divide the spine's 33 bones, or vertebrates, into five sections.
Learn more about the spinal cord at
https://brainly.com/question/29493513?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
lacunae can hold what type of cells? osteoblasts and osteoclasts fibroblasts and chondroblasts chondrocytes and osteocytes chondroblasts and osteoblasts
Lacunae can hold chondrocytes and osteocytes types of cells. Osteocyte bone cells are found in the lacuna, which is the area between these rings.
The bone cells (osteocytes), which are situated between the rings of matrix, are found in regions known as lacunae.
Lacunae are home to osteoblasts. The lacunae known as Howship's lacunae are occasionally observed to contain enormous multinucleated osteoclasts, which break down bone. These are easily located in the growth plate's ossification zone. In this slide, the spongy bone and marrow cavity are encircled by the solid bone.
A lacuna in bone or cartilage serves primarily as a home for the cells it contains, preserving their viability and functionality. Osteocytes are enclosed by lacunae in bones, and chondrocytes are enclosed by lacunae in cartilage.
For more information on lacunae kindly visit to
https://brainly.com/question/12993295
#SPJ4
receptors that bind the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic cell membrane are voltage-gated. t or f
Receptors that bind the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic cell membrane are voltage-gated.
This statement is false.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your frame can not function with out. Their process is to hold chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cellular) to the following goal mobile. the following goal cellular may be another nerve mobile, a muscle cellular or a gland.
Despite the fact that there are numerous unique minor and principal neurotransmitters, we can cognizance on those important six: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate.
Glutamate (Glu) is the maximum effective excitatory neurotransmitter of the relevant nervous device which guarantees homeostasis with the effects of GABA.
Learn more about Neurotransmitters here:- https://brainly.com/question/26387085
#SPJ4
Scientists mate two parrots from different populations to see if speciation has occurred. The parrots mate over and over again, but the male sperm never fertilizes the female egg. What type of reproductive barrier might be operating?
The male sperm never fertilizes the female egg despite the parrots' repeated mating. Gametes mate, yet they are unable to combine. This is an illustration of a prezygotic reproductive barrier known as gametic isolation.
When one species splits into two, what form of natural selection is at play?The process through which one species divides into two or more species is known as adaptive radiation. Different populations become reproductively isolated from one another as a result of adjusting to various circumstances, which typically happens.
What is the most likely way for two separate species to diverge from a single ancestor species?By means of speciation, which occurs when an ancestor population divides into two or more genetically separate descendant populations, new species are created. Within the original population, speciation entails the reproductive isolation of groups and the development of genetic variations between the two groups.
to know more about reproduction here:
brainly.com/question/14329745
#SPJ4
when checking a shipment of fresh salmon filets, a food handler notices that the flesh is soft and leaves an imprint when touchewhat should be done with the fish?
The best way to check the temperature of a delivery of fresh fish is to insert a thermometer probe into the thickest area of the fish.
Fresh fish's perishability has emerged as a serious issue for both customers and participants in the fish industry. Fish loses its qualitative trait and deteriorates if it is not handled and preserved properly.
Bright gills are ideal. and ought not to have a directive The eyes should not appear sunken and should instead be lively. and should not have a movie playing or be glassy-eyed. Ideal gill color is bright.
The eyes shouldn't appear sunken but rather dazzling, and there shouldn't be an order. and shouldn't be distracted by a movie or have blurry eyes.
Learn more about " fish " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/20594595
#SPJ4
Which of the following bases is not present in DNA Mcq? A
Quinoline
B
Adenine
C
Cytosine
D
Thymine
Pooja has green eyes while her parents and brother have black eyes. Pooja’s husband Ravi has black eyes whil his mother has green eyes and his father has black eyes.
On the basis of the above given information, is the green eye colour a dominant or a recessive trait? Justify your answer.
What is the possible genetic makeup of pooja’s brother’s eye colour?
50% of the offspring of Pooja’s brother are green eyed.with the help of cross show how this is possible.
The green eye color is a recessive trait because Pooja's parents and brother have black eyes, and recessive traits are expressed only in homozygous (parents are heterozygous). The possible genetic makeup of Pooja’s brother’s eye color is homozygous dominant AA or heterozygous Aa.
What is a homozygous dominant individual?A homozygous dominant individual is one that has a domain allele by duplicated instead of another allele for the same locus. In a heterozygous individual, the dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele that causes the trait such as occurs in green eyes that are expressed in recessive homozygous individuals.
In the cross here we can be denoted the domain black eye alle as 'A' and the recessive green eye alle as 'a', thereby the cross between heterozygous parents is:
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the green eye color is recessive.
Learn more about homozygous recessive individuals here:
https://brainly.com/question/29981732
#SPJ1
identify the space that can be surgically accessed through the posterior fornix of the vagina.
Answer:The rectouterine pouch
Explanation:The rectouterine pouch is a low point in the peritoneal cavity and may be a location of infection, pooled blood, and serous fluid. The rectouterine pouch can be drained surgically through the posterior fornix of the vagina.
I hoped i have help u have a wonderful day or night!
the endocrine system is closely linked with the nervous system. which neurotransmitter can also act as a hormone?
Sometimes the distinction between hormones and neurotransmitter is not entirely clear. Some neurotransmitters also act as hormones, such as catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine, and dopamine).
Our body employs neurotransmitters, which are chemicals, to convey information from one neuron to another through the synaptic gap that serves as a conduit between them. These signals move back and forth between the central nervous system and the rest of the body with the goal of coordinating our bodies, controlling muscle movement, bodily secretions, and various organ functions. Commonalities among chemical messengers that function as neurotransmitters include their storage in synaptic vesicles, their release in response to the action potential, their binding to membrane receptors on the post-synaptic cell, and their release when calcium ions (Ca2 +) are introduced into the terminal axon. According to the type of receptor they operate on, neurotransmitters' primary job is to either block or promote post-synaptic cell activity. This is done by altering the permeability of the neuronal membrane and its enzymatic activity, which is mediated by other neuromodulators (such as cAMP and cGMP). Sometimes it can be difficult to tell a neurotransmitter from a hormone. Some neurotransmitters, like catecholamines, also function as hormones (adrenaline, norepinephrine, and dopamine).
To learn more about neurotransmiters please click on the given link: https://brainly.com/question/28233603
#SPJ4
the different geometries that a molecule can attain by bond rotations and bends are called conformations.A. TrueB. False
Referring to: Conformations are the various shapes that a molecule can achieve through bond rotations and bends. True. A.
Other names for it include angular and V-shaped. Examples of molecules with a bent geometry include water (H 2 O), sulphur dichloride (SCl 2), methylene (CH 2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). Because it is not linear and instead has a curved or deformed v-shaped shape, it is called bent. There are two bond pairs and two lone pairings in it. The three-dimensional configuration of the atoms that make up a molecule is known as molecular geometry. It provides details regarding the molecule's overall shape as well as bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles, and any additional geometrical elements that affect the position.
To learn more about Conformations please click on below link
https://brainly.com/question/17285900
#SPJ4
Compare/contrast DNA and RNA, be sure to include the following:
shape
sugars found
bases found
purpose
Answer:
C or Bases Found
Explanation:
(DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose) and base molecules.
I really hope this helps! Please tell me if it is wrong on your side.
During the proce of Meioi, there i a wide variety of genetic variation that occur. What i the caue of uch variation?
Meiosis is a process that occurs in the life cycle of living organisms and helps them to reproduce. During this process, a wide variety of genetic variation can occur. This variation is caused by several factors, which ultimately contribute to the overall diversity within a species.
One of the main causes of genetic variation during meiosis is the phenomenon of crossing over. During crossing over, chromosomes that are held together by a spindle during meiosis will physically break and switch genetic material with one another. This allows for different combinations of genetic material to be created and passed on to the next generation.
Another factor that contributes to genetic variation during meiosis is the random selection of homologous chromosomes. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes that contain the same genetic material will pair up and form a pair; one chromosome from each pair will be randomly chosen and passed on to the next generation. This random selection can lead to changes in the genetic material that is passed on, creating new variations.
Finally, mutation is another cause of genetic variation during meiosis. During the process of meiosis, mutations can occur in the form of changes in the genetic material. These changes can cause drastic changes in the genetic material, which can lead to new variations in the offspring.
Learn more about Meiosis at : https://brainly.com/question/29383386
#SPJ4
Which two of the following phrases describing the synthesis of amino acids are accurate? Select all the true statements. Hint (for one case below): lactate is a reduced form of pyruvate; an amine is at the same oxidation state as an alcohol.
1. Lysine is an essential amino acid and is synthesized in the human boy by the transamination of alpha-ketoglutarate.
2. Synthesis of the amino acid alanine involves reduction (that is, the precursor is reduced) its degradation involves oxidation
3. The carbon sources for nonessential amino acid synthesis include metabolic pathway intermediates and alpah-keto acids.
4. The synthesis of alanine from pyruvate, an alpah-keto acid, involves the oxidation of pyruvate.
5. The carboxyl groups of all the non essential amino acis are derived from glutamate.
Carbon sources for nonessential amino acid synthesis include the metabolic pathway intermediates and alpha-keto acids.
An alcoholic beverage is a drink that incorporates ethanol, a sort of alcohol that acts as a drug and is produced through the fermentation of grains, culmination, or other sources of sugar. The consumption of alcoholic beverages frequently referred to as "ingesting", plays an essential social position in many cultures.
Over the years, excessive alcohol use can cause the improvement of persistent sicknesses and other serious issues such as excessive blood pressure, heart ailment, stroke, liver disorder, and digestive troubles. most cancers of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, voice container, liver, colon, and rectum.
It influences impulse control and the ability to make recollections, leading to “blackouts.” Alcohol can purpose numbness, weak point, and transient paralysis.
Learn more about alcohol here:-https://brainly.com/question/947751
#SPJ4
Which proportionality does Kepler’s third law describe?
Answer:
According to my search
Explanation:
Kepler's Third Law. Kepler's third law states that the square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers are found in the horn of gray matter in the spinal cord.
Answer: True , cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord grey matter between T1-L2.
Explanation:
the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as Weber's law.
The historically significant psychological law known as Weber's law, also known as Weber-Fechner law, quantifies the perception of change in a given stimulus. According to the law, the slight modification of a stimulus is a constant ratio of the initial stimulus. There is evidence that it does not hold at high levels of stimulation.
The German scientist Ernst Heinrich Weber first proposed the rule in 1834 to describe his studies on weight lifting. Gustav Theodor Fechner, Weber's student, then used the law to measure sensation, which led to the creation of the field of psychophysics. The law told Fechner that there is actually only one world, the spiritual, and that there is a relationship between the spiritual and physical realms. Others saw the law as opening the door to a quantitative, scientific psychology. The joint work of Weber and Fechner has been beneficial, particularly in the study of hearing and vision, and it has affected testing and theoretical advancements such as attitude scaling.
To know more about Stimuli visit:
https://brainly.com/question/7765678
#SPJ4
Name the previous phase
Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
when using dna center, what is it called when you are leveraging the rest api or the gui interface of dna center?
When using the DNA center's rest API or GUI interface, northbound APIs are used.
Describe northbound REST API.In contrast, a southbound interface allows a higher-level component to send commands to lower-level network components. A northbound interface is an application programming interface (API) or protocol that enables communication between lower-level and higher-level or more central network components.
The communication channel between the applications and the SDN controller is provided by northbound APIs. Applications can inform the network of their resource requirements (data, storage, bandwidth, etc.), and the network can communicate what it has or deliver the resources requested. Numerous applications are supported by these APIs.
To know more about DNA center visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29455636
#SPJ4
suppose that a single dna base change of an ""a"" to a ""t"" occurs and is copied during replication. is this change necessarily a mutation?
a. Traffic Congestion
b. Device Manipulation
c. Attack Surface
d. Environmental Monitoring
The above options are incorrect as it is a change in the DNA sequence, during replication. is this change necessarily a mutation
A gene variation is an replication to a gene's DNA sequence that takes place throughout time. Gene variation is regarded to be a more accurate word for this sort of genetic change than gene mutation since changes in DNA do not necessarily result in illness. A mutation is a change to an organism's DNA sequence. Mutations can be the consequence of viral infection, exposure to mutagens, or mistakes in DNA replication during cell division.
The whole question is provided below for reference.
learn more about mutation here:
https://brainly.com/question/17031191
#SPJ4