Answer:
The ancestors of Native American populations from the tip of Chile in the south to Canada in the north, migrated from Asia in at least three waves, according to a new international study published online in Nature this week that involved over 60 investigators in 11 countries in the Americas, plus four in Europe, and Russia.
In what they describe as the most comprehensive survey of genetic diversity in Native Americans so far, the researchers studied variation in Native American DNA sequences. They found that while most Native American populations descend primarily from one migration, there were two later ones that also made a significant genetic contribution.
The first migration, that led to the majority of Native American populations, was of a single group called the “First Americans” that crossed from Asia to America in a land bridge called Beringia, that existed during the ice ages more than 15,000 years ago, say the researchers, whose efforts were co-ordinated by Professor Andres Ruiz-Linares of the department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment at University College London (UCL) in the UK.
The later migrants probably arrived in boats, after the land-bridge disappeared at the end of the ice ages.
In a press statement, Ruiz-Linares explains that for years there has been a debate about whether the settlement of the Americas came from one or several migrations out of Siberia.
“But our research settles this debate: Native Americans do not stem from a single migration. Our study also begins to cast light on patterns of human dispersal within the Americas,” he adds.
The findings confirm what linguist Joseph Greenberg proposed in 1986. From studying language differences among Native Americans, he said the Americas must have been populated in three waves of migration.
For the study, the researchers searched more than 300,000 specific DNA markers or “snips” (SNPs, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups, looking for similar and different patterns of genes.
Co-author David Reich, Professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School in the US, says they found evidence of at least three “deep lineages”:
“The Asian lineage leading to First Americans is the most anciently diverged, whereas the Asian lineages that contributed some of the DNA to Eskimo-Aleut speakers and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada are more closely related to present-day East Asian populations,” says Reich.
It appears that 50% of the DNA of Eskimo-Aleut speakers comes from the First Americans, while in the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyans, 90% of their DNA descends from the First Americans.
The analysis also showed that once these waves of migrations arrived in the Americas, the groups expanded southwards, hugging the coastline, splitting off along the way. After they split off, the groups mixed very little with each other, especially the ones that ended up in South America.
But while non-mixing appeared to be the general pattern after dispersal, the researchers found two striking exceptions. One shows a North-South re-mix, and the other a West-East re-mix.
In the North-South re-mix, it looks like there was some back-migration from South America northwards, and this is reflected in the genomes of Central American Chibchan-speakers, which contains DNA from two widely separated strands of Native ancestry.
In the West-East re-mix, it seems some Eskimo-Aleut speakers migrated back to Asia, as the genomes of Naukan and coastal Chukchi populations of north-eastern Siberia carry some “First American” DNA.
The analysis was not straightforward, because the researchers had to find a way to rule out genes from the European and African populations that arrived in the Americas from the late 15th century onwards.
Ruiz-Linares says they managed to develop a method to “peel back” the addition of those genes to the mix, which he says “allowed us to study the history of many more Native American populations than we could have done otherwise”.
The team included researchers from: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, and the US.
Written by Catharine Paddock PhD
What did Spain, France, and England accomplish in their exploration of South Carolina and North America?
Answer:
To capture new land and get new goods from those places.
Answer: C) Although all three colonies established settlements in South Carolina, only the English settlement lasted.
ILL GIVE YOU THE BRAINILEST ANSWER
What the biggest lake
A. Lake Huron
B. Lake Ontario
C. the Great Salt Lake
D. Lake Superior
E. Lake Erie
Answer:
d lake superior is the largest at 31,700 Square miles
Simplify 22 – 5(2x + 4).
–10x + 26
–10x + 2
34x + 4
34x + 68
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22-5(2x+4)22-10x-20-10x+22-20-10x+2What was the primary purpose of the mounds built by the mound builder cultures? A. Mounds builders used them to perform rituals and burials. B. Mounds builders used them to deposit artifacts. C. Mounds builders used them to hide gold and silver. D. Mounds builders used them to mark military victories.
the answer is:
a. mounds builders used them to perform rituals and burials.
How does culture spread from one place to another give an example of each of three types of cultural diffusion explain your answers in at least 2 to 3 sentences
Answer:
Cultural diffuson can occur due to close contact among social groups or trade.
Explanation:
One example of cultural diffusion occured in Palestine before World War II. Jewish People who lived there were in close contact with the Arab Palestinian population, and despite still being Jewish, they spoke Arabic as a mother tongue.
Another example is the Columbian exchange, one of the most important cultural exchanges in history. Trade between the Americas and Europe brought important American goods like corn, tomatoes, and potatoes to Europe, and crucial European goods like wheat, oats and barley, to the Americas.
Answer:
First, culture can spread through conquest. When one group of people conquers another, they often bring new traditions to the area they’ve defeated. They also take new traditions from this area. Next, culture can spread through technology. Through the Internet and television, people learn ideas, beliefs, and traditions that they may not be able to see face-to-face. Finally, culture spreads through migration. When people move to new places, they always carry their traditions with them.
Explanation:
EDGE 2021
match each term with its correct definition or description
The dichotomous key was created with questions about physical characteristics. Each question in the dichotomous key has only answer choices. The answer choices can be answered only with .
Answer:
The dichotomous key was created with questions about permanent
physical characteristics.
Explanation:
The answer is permanent. I took the test on edge 2020.
When designing the dichotomous key, concerns about perpetual physiological traits.
What are the traits?Character qualities include things like honesty, loyalty, charity, and impatience. These are only a few of the numerous character traits that could aid in your understanding of yourself or those around you. Traits are characteristics and attributes that contribute to making you a distinct person. They are frequently formed during life and may hold true in a variety of scenarios.
The dichotomous key was created with questions about physical characteristics. Each question in the dichotomous key When designing the dichotomous key concerns perpetual physiological traits.
Therefore, concerns about perpetual physiological traits.
Learn more about the traits here:
https://brainly.in/question/7287811
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Massachusetts, Virginia, Maryland, and Florida were some of the original 13 British colonies. * True or false
Answer: true
Explanation:
Answer:
that is false
hope this helps!
Revenue in a Sentence
More then 6 Words
Answer:
The amount of currency you earned minus expenses (MATH)
Explanation:
The amount of currency you earned after expenses are payed off.
Why are the fundamental orders of Connecticut important
Hey guys. I need help on something. TERRIBLE at American History and I need help! PLEASE HELP!
Question 14 : Math the term to the correct description.
: Descriptions :
1. Power is help by an economic elite, the people who control the "means of production".
2. Power is held by bureaucrats.
3. Power is concentrated among a 'power elite' made up of leaders from the military, government, and business.
4. Theory of government that makes the case that no single group of people controls the majority of government decisions.
5. Theory of government that argues that power is held by a small group of people.
: Terms :
1. elitist theory
2. pluralist theory
3. Karl Marx's theory
4. Max Weber's theory
5. C. Write Mills' theory
Please help! 10+ pts are rewarded! You all will be saving my day if this gets answered!
Answer:
1-1,4-3,2-4,3-2,5-5
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
The terms of history is to controls the government.If I’m wrong this is what my teacher told me to say.
35. Buddhism and Christianity spread for which of the following reasons?
Explanation:
Monks and nuns founded monasteries everywhere they came to practice their religion freely.
The propagation of these religious traditions was common in their means and ends. Christian faith expanded when the western roman empire accepted the Edict of Milan, encouraging Christians to exercise their religion freely in the Roman Empire.
What did Nelson Mandela meant when he wrote “May your choices reflect your hopes not your fears”
Answer:
To act in a way that you wish the worl would act, similar to treat people how you want to be treated.
Explanation:
If you're scared of someone, your actions will reflect that, but if you push aside your fears and hope that there's nothing to be scared of, then your actions will reflect that as well and affect the other person
Answer:what do you think nelsa mandela meant t Nelson Mandela said, and tell how overcoming fear
Explanation:
What main reason did the French explore the new world?
The French first came to the New World as travelers, seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth. Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I, King of France.
which form of government do you think is the best? Democracy, Dictatorship, Direct Democracy, Anarchy, Monarchy, Oligarchy, Autocracy, Representative Democracy Theocracy. Give 2 reasons why you think that form of government is the best.
Answer:
Democracy
Explanation:
You should just think of 2 sentences mine might sound dumb
between 1959 and 1962, 200,000 cubans immigrated to the united states to thus day , many cubans attempt to immigrate to the u.s. what is the primary reason why Cubans immigrate to the US??? PLZ HELP ASAP!!!!!
Answer:
because of the great depression in 1929
what do u mean by history
Why does soft money tend to exert more influence in elections than hard money?
a.Soft money can only be used for ads that are not directly endorsed by political campaigns.
b.Soft money tends to involve larger amounts of money than hard money raised by a politician.
c.Soft money helps a candidate finance campaign space, pay employees, and reimburse travel expenses.
Answer:
"Soft money is not monitored by the election commission, so it can be used for anything" was the best option on my exam. (EDUCATIONAL GUESS)
Explanation:
"Soft money helps a candidate finance campaign space, pay employees, and reimburse travel expenses." was wrong for me on the exam.
c. What are some of the pros and cons of economic activities on the environment?
Mention TWO points each.
Answer: Some pros of economic activities on the environment are that individuals have a greater ability to devote resources into protecting the environment as well as mitigating the effects of pollution. Economic growth caused by improved technology can enable output with less pollution. Some cons of economic activities on the environment are increased consumption on non-renewable resources and global warming.
Is September 11 a national holiday I saw that today is 9/11 :(
Answer:
Yes and no
Explanation:
People at school and work jobs usally celebrate it with the kids so you know what happened but now on virtual they might not celebrate it so its a matter of Do they want to celebrate it, do they have to celebrate it, or they don't have too but if they want too they can so its a matter of what the teacher does.
An indentured servant moving to the American colonies
had to pay for room and board.
eventually became an enslaved person.
O agreed to work for a set period of time.
O paid a high price to be transported to the colonies.
Answer: C. agreed to work for a set period of time.
Just did the unit test review.
why were the farmers upset?
Answer:
they were upset because of the declining prices, decreasing purchasing power, and monopolistic practices of (moneylenders, railroad corporations,and other middlemen.
Explanation:
i hope this help ;)
Greek philosophers believed that the universe was governed by what
Answer:
greek philosophers believed the universe was governed by four natural elements: water,fire,earth, and air
if you were a government leader at the end of the Civil War, what problem do you think you would have needed to solve first?
Answer:
The moral issue of slavery
Explanation:
Which freedom has its roots in the colonial period?
What was so important about the English Bill of Rights?
The bill outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy. Many experts regard the English Bill of Rights as the primary law that set the stage for a constitutional monarchy in England. It's also credited as being an inspiration for the U.S. Bill of Rights
How many people are killed as a result of the attack on the North Tower?
Martin Luther king jr help organize a famous bus boycott in Alabama during the winter of 1955 that paved the way for civil rights victorious in the south
Question: What was the Albany Plan of Union and was it successful? Why or why not?
Answer:
I don't think it was cause
Explanation: The Albany Plan of Union was not a plan for independence; in fact, it still subjected the colonial governments to British control. However, many British and Americans still considered the plan too extreme, so it was ultimately never implemented.
Suggested by Ben Franklin, the Albany Plan was a plan to create a unified government for all of the 13 colonies. The Albany Plan was a failure because the colonies were afraid of losing their own autonomy.
Which statement below best describes the period from A.D. 500-1450?
Answer:
A
Explanation: