Consumer surplus can additionally be thinking of as the wealth that alternate creates for consumers in a market.
Consumer surplus is measured in dollars.
Graphically, consumer surplus is the vicinity below the demand curve and above the equilibrium price, from zero to the volume traded.
What position do consumers play in the market and how can they affect it?Consumer spending represents the simple supply of demand for products offered in the marketplace, which is half of of what determines the market prices for items and services. The different 1/2 is primarily based on decisions businesses make about what to produce and how to produce it.
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https://brainly.com/question/13573671#SPJ4Mangelo restaurant had liabilities with a carrying value of $425,000 and fair value of $600,000. How should mangelo report these liabilities on the balance sheet?.
Mangels should report the liabilities at the carrying value and disclose the fair value of the liabilities in a note to the financial statements.
Financial statements are written records that outline a company's operations as well as its financial performance. Government organizations, accounting firms, and other entities frequently audit financial statements to ensure their accuracy and for reasons related to taxes, financing, or investing. The debts owed by a company to outside creditors are known as its liabilities. Accounts payable may include bank debt and notes payable. To expand more quickly, companies take on debt. A business is stable when its assets and liabilities are in balance. Current, non-current, and contingent liabilities can all be divided into these three groups. According to financial accounting, a liability is defined as the economic benefits that an entity must give up in the future to other entities as a result of previous transactions or other past events.
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the actuary's discount rate was 5%. at the end of the year, the actuary revised the estimate of the percentage rate of increase in the compensation levels in upcoming years. what was the amount of the gain or loss in the estimate change caused?
12.85 millions was the amount of the gain or loss in the estimate change caused from projected benefits.
given data,
The projected benefit at the beginning of the year = $280 million
The projected benefit at the end of the year = $285 million
Service cost for the year = $16 million
pension benefits = $12 million
actuary's discount rate = 5%
Calculation of amount of the gain or loss the estimate change caused is
= $285 millions - $16 millions
= $269 millions
= $269 millions - $12 millions
= $257 millions
= $257 millions x 5%
= 12.85 millions
The amount of the gain or loss in the estimate change caused is 12.85 millions
the complete question is:
The projected benefit obligation was $280 million at the beginning of the year and $285 million at the end of the year. Service cost for the year was $16 million. At the end of the year, pension benefits paid by the trustee were $12 million. The actuary’s discount rate was 5%. At the end of the year, the actuary revised the estimate of the percentage rate of increase in compensation levels in upcoming years.
What was the amount of the gain or loss the estimate change caused?
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companies do not charge everyone their reservation price because companies wish to provide customers with some consumer surplus to instill customer loyalty. it is difficult for people to reveal to companies their willingness to pay. willingness to pay is private information that people have an incentive to keep hidden. a consumer's marginal benefit is fundamentally unknowable.
Common to auctions, a reserve fee or a reservation charge is the minimal amount that a vendor will receive as the winning bid. Alternatively, it is less many times known as the very best price a purchaser is inclined to pay for a suitable or service.
What is a reservation fee in negotiation?The reservation factor in negotiation is when the best possible charge at which any person is willing to buy an object is established, and the lowest price at which a seller will promote the object is confirmed, and the haggling that happens between these two negotiators.
Why is reservation fee important?Knowing your reservation rate – the absolute best price you would pay in the negotiating state of affairs – can empower you to walk away from a terrible deal and seek a better bargain. In any negotiation, your nice choice to a negotiated agreement, or BATNA, is intimately tied to your reservation price.
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https://brainly.com/question/14470025#SPJ4it is usually less expensive to rent an apartment than to purchase a similar sized home when chapter 15
It is usually less expensive to rent an apartment than to purchase similar sized home when the land in the area is overprized.
What is an apartment?An apartment, also known as a flat, is a type of residential real estate that is a self-contained living space that is typically one story high and affixed to a building. These general buildings go by numerous names; a list is below. The housing tenure of flats also varies greatly, from large-scale public housing to owner occupancy within what is officially a condominium (strata title or commonhold) to tenants renting from a private landlord (see leasehold estate). The term "apartment" is more frequently used in professional real estate and architectural circles in the UK than in other contexts, where "flat" is more frequently—though not always—used to refer to an apartment with a single level (thus, a "flat" apartment).
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how does fractional reserve banking help banks earn a profit?
With the use of fractional reserve banking, banks are able to make use of funds (i.e., the majority of deposits) that would otherwise go unused and idle in order to earn returns in the form of interest rates on new loans and to increase the amount of money that is available to support economic growth.
How is banking on fractional reserves profitable?
In fractional-reserve banking, the bank is only obligated to keep a portion of customer deposits on hand, freeing it up to lend the remainder of the money. While having enough cash on hand to cover withdrawal demands, this strategy is intended to continuously stimulate the amount of money available in the economy.How does fractional reserve banking help banks earn a profit ?
Banks maintain cash reserves that are only a portion of the total amount of liabilities related to deposits in our contemporary fractional reserve banking system. This method is essential for making money because it allows you to lend out the remaining money at interest.Learn more about fractional reserve banking
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Which of the following is one of the three facts a company should consider when marketing a product abroad?
a. the markets that have been targeted
b. the domestic policy
c. the natural resources available in the home country
d. the domestic political system
The process of generating, conveying, delivering, and trading offerings that are valuable to customers, clients, partners, and society at large is known as marketing.
What is marketing?Marketing is any activity a business engages in to draw a target audience to its goods or services through compelling messaging. In order to demonstrate product value, build brand loyalty, and eventually boost sales, marketing seeks to provide standalone value for prospects and customers through content.One overarching question should always be asked in marketing: "Where, when, and how does our consumer want to communicate with our business?" Focus groups, polls, and internet buying patterns should all be studied and constantly researched.hence, all the above options are correct.
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emma purchased a house for $300,000. after providing a 20% down payment, she borrowed the balance from the local savings and loan under a 30-year 6% mortgage loan requiring equal monthly installments at the end of each month. which time value concept would be used to determine the monthly payment?
The time value concept that might be used to determne the month-to-month charge might be Present Value of an regular annuity.
The required details about Present Value is mentioned in below paragraph.
Present Value is the idea that states an amount of cash nowadays is really well worth extra than that equal quantity withinside the destiny. In different words, cash acquired withinside the destiny isn't really well worth as a lot as an same quantity acquired nowadays
The time value concept (TVM) is the idea that a amount of money is really well worth greater now than the equal sum may be at a destiny date because of its income potential withinside the interim. The time cost of cash is a center precept of finance. A amount of money withinside the hand has more cost than the equal sum to be paid withinside the destiny. The time cost of cash is likewise known as the existing discounted cost.
Present Value of those EMIs discounted at a 6% might be identical to the mortgage quantity taken via way of means of Paula i.e. $2,40,000 (80% of $3,00,000).
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The time value concept that would be used to determine the monthly payment of Emma is the Present Value of an ordinary annuity.
Define time value of money?A foundational idea in finance is the time value of money. The idea of the time value of money holds that the money you have now is worth more than the money you will receive in the future.
The loan taken by Emma requires monthly installments (EMI) at the end of each month.
EMI would mean annuity payments due at the end of each month.
Present values of these EMIs discounted at a 6% would be equal to the loan amount taken by Emma
That is, $2,40,000(80% of $3,00,000)
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the board of directors has moved further into reviewing the liabilities of abc company. they wish to learn more about the payroll requirements of abc company. using the spreadsheet below, complete the workbook for one payroll cycle.
the spreadsheet below, complete the workbook for one payroll cycle.
Payrolling is releasing a company's responsibility for its workforce and placing its personnel in the service of a payroll organization.
The incorporation of legal and administrative obligations, such as salary administration and payment, collection of social benefits, contract management, and, for example, pensions from a payroll undertaking, is accomplished through payroll construction. Personnel that is paid in accordance with a payroll construction is covered by a different collective employment agreement (CAO) than the one that is valid in the relevant business sector.
A Unitized-CAO is frequently contacted for payroll issues. Payroll companies are nonetheless legally obligated to use a number of the Payroll Constructions' internal controls to advance worker protection. This toe passing was further hindered by the complaints of the cantons of Rotterdam and Almelo on December 21 and March 21, respectively.
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By drawing a demand curve with price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis,
economists assume that the most important determinant of the demand for a good is
A) consumer tastes and preferences. B) the price of the good.
C) the quality of the good. D) consumer income.
By drawing a demand curve with price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis, economists assume that the most important determinant of the demand for a good is the price of the good.
What is demand?
Demand is the desire of consumers to purchase goods and services and their willingness to pay the asked price to be able to buy them. Demand is one of the main building blocks of an economy.
The amount of products or services that consumers wish to purchase at any given price level. The mere desire of a consumer for a product is not demand. Demand includes the purchasing power of the consumer to acquire a given product at a given period.
The factors of demand for given products or services is related to:
The price of the good or serviceThe income levelThe prices of complementary productsThe prices of substitute productsConsumer preferencesConsumption patternsWhat is a demand curve?
The demand curve is a downward sloping economic graph that shows the relationship between quantity of product demanded by a market and the price the market is willing to pay. Quantity Demanded is always graphed horizontally on the x-axis while Price is graphed vertically on the y-axis.
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let mn be the amount of money in an investment at the end of year n. at the start of each year, the investment is found to have lost 5%. additionally, at the beginning of each year, $100 is added to the investment. what is the recurrence relation describing the sequence?
R = 5 %. Additionally, we are asked to calculate the amount of time it would take for a sum of money to double if it were invested at this rate and compounded annually: A=2P A = 2 P.
The formula that can be found below will be used because this is compound interest. The money will therefore double in 14.21 years.
How is the value of an investment determined?
Using this formula, you can use compound interest to determine the value of the future: The present value times the interest rate times n is the future value. Utilize this formula to determine the value of the future using simple interest: Future value is equal to the present value multiplied by [1] plus the interest rate multiplied by the time.
How is the investment's compound value determined?
The formula for compound interest is FV = P*(1+R/N)(N*T), where FV is the loan or investment's future value, P is the initial principal amount, R is the annual interest rate, N is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and T is the time in years.
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trade secrets: group of answer choices cannot be registered. do not carry remedies if they are taken by former employees. are not a form of property and cannot be stolen. none of the above
None of the above is the correct answer (fourth option).
What are trade secrets?A trade secret is a piece of information that is not generally known and that gives a business a competitive advantage. Trade secrets can include things like customer lists, formulas, recipes, manufacturing processes, and marketing plans. Businesses must take steps to keep their trade secrets confidential, or they risk losing their competitive advantage. There are a few ways to protect trade secrets, including through non-disclosure agreements, keeping information on a “need-to-know” basis, and physically securing information. In some cases, businesses may also register their trade secrets with the government.
Trade secrets are the ones that can be registered and there exists a remedy when it is stolen by any former employee. It is a form of property that can be stolen by another business or by an employee. Hence, it needs proper protection for its safeguard.
It can be concluded that none of the above is the correct answer (fourth option).
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Achievement of strategic goals through organization development is likely to fail if
O it involves new-direction innovation
O top managers are not committed
O leaders employ an innovation strategy
O the organization does not understand the competition
Answer: Influence is the answer
Explanation:
ou discover that every month that you make a loan payment on time, your credit score goes up 3 points. you want to raise your score from 640 to 700. how many months will it take you?
You discover that every month that you make a loan payment on time. 20 months will it takes you.
Calculating the problem:Raise the score from 700 to 640
difference in score= 700 - 640
= 60
credit score rise to 3 points .
no. of months = 60 ÷ 3
= 20 months
What makes your credit score go up?
Factors that contribute to a advanced credit score include a history of on- time payments, low balances on your credit cards, a blend of different credit card and loan accounts, aged credit accounts, and minimum inquiries for new credit.
What are 3 patterns your credit score can drop?
Credit scores can drop due to a variety of reasons, including late or missed payments, changes to your credit application rate, a change in your credit blend, closing aged accounts( which may dock your length of credit history overall), or applying for new credit accounts.
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All of the following are example of risk retention EXCEPT:_____.
A. Deductibles
B. Copayments
C. Premiums
D. Self-Insurance
All of the following are example of risk retention EXCEPT Premiums.
In business administration, Risk Retention Groups are alternative risk-taking bodies created by the Federal Responsibility Retention Act. RRG must be incorporated as a liability insurance company under the laws of at least one state (state of incorporation or home).
An example of a risk that businesses are willing to undertake could be damage to the outdoor metal roof over a shed. The company may instead choose to set aside funds for the eventual replacement of the shed roof rather than purchasing an insurance policy to pay for the replacement cost.
The most important reason for risk deduction is to protect the company and its assets. By minimizing risk wherever possible, the company's finances, branding and reputation are protected. For example, hospitals use desktops, laptops, and other mobile devices to care for patients on a daily basis.
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a deficiency that implies that there is a reasonable possibility of misstatement in the financial statements that is significant but not material is:
A deficiency that implies that there is a sensible opportunity of misstatement in the financial statements that is extensive however not material is: A. A fabric weakness.
What is the distinction between fabric weak spot and enormous deficiency?A giant deficiency is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in inside manipulate over financial reporting, that is much less severe than a cloth weakness yet essential enough to advantage attention by way of these responsible for oversight of the company's financial reporting.
What is fabric misstatement examples?Some misstatements are now not widespread by means of magnitude but are material by means of their nature. For example, a loan advanced to a director of a company, then again small, is fabric due to the fact the users of economic statements will cost such data for decision making purposes. Misstatements occur from either fraud or error.
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https://brainly.com/question/15828323#SPJ4a project network provides the basis for
A project network provides the basis for Scheduling labor and equipment.\
A project is any task, finished personally or collaboratively and possibly concerning research or layout, that is carefully planned to attain a specific purpose.
A task is a sequence of duties that need to be finished to reach a selected final results. A venture can also be defined as a hard and fast of inputs and outputs required to gain a selected purpose. tasks can variety from simple to complicated and can be controlled by using one character or one hundred.
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which of the following policies redistribute income from young to old generations? check all that apply. an increase in the budget deficit greater investments in highways and bridges an increase in social security benefits more generous subsidies for education loans
The policies that redistribute income from young to old generations are b) greater investments in highways and bridges, d) more generous subsidies for education loans.
Greater investments in highways and bridges are policies through which the older generations benefit. The older generations do not have to make investments in highways and bridges and can benefit from the investments that are made by younger people.
More generous subsidies for educational loans allows the loans to be returned with a graceful amount that can be used by the older generations. An increase in loan subsidies will mean an increased amount of loan returns that can be given to the older generations.
The question can be written correctly as:
Which of the following policies redistribute income from young to old generations? check all that apply.
a) an increase in the budget deficit
b) greater investments in highways and bridges
c)an increase in social security benefits
d)more generous subsidies for education loans
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prices and yields move in opposite directions. their company issued 10-year bonds at $1,000 each two years ago at a coupon rate of 6 percent. the bonds make annual payments. if these bonds currently sell for 90% of par value what is the yield to maturity?
Prices and yields change in the opposite directions for this reason. If the par price of these bonds is currently being sold for 90%. 7.70% is the yield till maturity.
Define the term yield to maturity?Yield to maturity (YTM) would be the overall rate of return that a bond will have earned once all interest payments are made and the principal is repaid.In essence, YTM represents the internal return rate (IRR) on a bond if held for trading.It might be difficult to calculate yield to maturity since it makes the assumption that all interest or coupon payments can really be reinvested within the same return rate as the bond.As per the stated question;
Present value PV = $1,000,
Time t = 2 years.
Current price = 90% of par value.
Coupon rate/ Annual interest rate r = 6%.
Using the financial calculator solve the amount for the future value yield to maturity for given data.
yield to maturity = 7.70%.
Thus, for the condition that prices and yields change in the opposite directions for this reason. If the par price of these bonds is currently being sold for 90%. 7.70% is the yield to maturity.
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In the above figure, point E represents the level of real GDP at which planned saving equals planned investment. At point C 1) unplanned inventories increase. 2) changes in inventories cannot be determined. 3) unused industrial capacity exists in the economy. 4) unplanned inventories decrease.
The point c represents the unplanned inventories decrease.
What is unplanned inventories?
Unplanned inventories is the difference between the inventory you have and the inventory you need for market. Unplanned inventories can be positive and negative.
Positive unplanned inventories mean you have more inventory than market need. Negative unplanned inventories mean you have less inventory than market need.
In question, at c point is the situation when unplanned inventory will disinvestment and the stocks you have will declining, at this time industry will producing more products to replace the stocks.
Your questions is incomplete, but most probably your full question was (image attached)
Thus, the point c represents the unplanned inventories decrease.
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a visual representation of the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard that enables managers to communicate their goals so that everyone in the company can understand how their jobs are linked to the overall objectives of the organization is called a
"Strategy Maps" are a visual representation of the four viewpoints of the performance appraisal that help managers convey their objectives.
Define the term Strategy Mapping?A strategy map is a straightforward diagram that depicts the relationship between strategic goals in a logical, cause-and-effect manner (shown as ovals on the map).
As it is used to swiftly demonstrate how value is provided by the organization, it is one of the most effective components of the balanced scorecard technique.Any strategy communication endeavor can be greatly enhanced by strategy mapping. A graphic of your plan will be understood a larger number of employees than with a written description will because most people learn best visually. Additionally, the act of creating a strategy map compels the team to reach consensus on their goals in straightforward, understandable words.Thus, a "strategy map" is a visual description of the four views of the balanced scorecard which it enables managers to express their goals so that all employees can comprehend how their roles relate to the overarching aims of the company.
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production of 20,000 units of its popular foldable hamper required 1,200 labor hours, 50 setups, and consumed 20% of the product-level cost pool. what amount of batch-level costs will be allocated to the product? multiple choice question.
7500 is amount of batch-level costs will be allocated to the product.
What do you mean by cost?
The cost is the sum of money that a business spends on the development or manufacturing of goods or services. It excludes the profit margin markup.The sum of money spent to create a good or product, as seen from the seller's perspective, is the cost.An expense needed to create, market, or prepare an asset for regular use is called a cost.Unit level cost (30000/12000*3000)
= 7500
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if you invested a dollar in a stock for the last four years you would have had $1.15 at the end of the four years. what is your average annual return, reported to the nearest basis point?
The common annual return (AAR) is a proportion that represents a mutual fund's historic common return, normally stated over three-, five-, and 10 years.
Before making a mutual fund investment, investors regularly assessment a mutual fund's average annual return as a way to measure the fund's long-term performance.
What is a precise average annual return?Most buyers would view an common annual fee of return of 10% or greater as a right ROI for long-term investments in the inventory market. However, hold in mind that this is an average. Some years will supply decrease returns -- perhaps even bad returns.
What is the common charge of return in 2022?For instance, the annual inflation fee in 2022 is forecasted to be around 8.2%. Since this is a down year for the market, with an average return rate of -16.15% via September 2022, inflation makes the loss harder. Not only did you lose money this year, however your cash is really worth less than it was once in 2021
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https://brainly.com/question/28259185#SPJ4Rheneas wants to ensure his management team is aware of the common causes for failed enterprise system implementations before they begin their own. He points out to the team that _____.
Rheneas informs the group that there is a 21% failure rate all enterprise resource planning EPR implementations globally.
Define the term enterprise system?A centralized database is improved by the use of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in conjunction with companies.
ERP software is used by organizations to integrate business operations, gather operational data, enhance supply-chain efficiency, encourage data-driven strategies, and enhance cross-departmental cooperation.An enterprise system, commonly referred to as a enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, would be a cross-functional information system that facilitates the integration of important business operations throughout the whole firm and aids in resource planning.The ERP software suite, a collection of integrated software modules, and a shared centralized database power an ERP system.Prior to starting their own enterprise system deployment, Rheneas wants to make sure his management team is informed about the typical reasons for failure.
Thus, Rheneas informs the group that there is a 21% failure rate overall ERP implementations globally.
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the office across from yours has been rented by a firm involved with marketing research. when you stop by to say hello, you see dozens of callers asking questions of people on the phone and recording their answers. most likely, this firm is involved with which step in the marketing research process?
The firm is most likely involved in collecting primary data in the marketing research process.
Collecting primary data is the first process of getting in touch with targeted consumers by asking relevant questions and recording their answers to know the marketability of goods and services. Two types of basic information collected comprised exploratory (lengthy interview with an individual) and specific (more precise and formal interview). Collection of primary data can be done through interviews, Interviews (phone or real-time), Surveys (online or mail), Questionnaires (online or by mail), Focus groups (targetted group), or Visits to competitors' locations.
Office employees are busy asking questions to people on calls and recording their answers which show they are involved in collecting primary data in the marketing research process.
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the correct equation to calculate the break-even price which includes fixed and variable costs is expressed as:
To calculate the break-even price in units use the formula: Break-Even price = Fixed Costs ÷ Sales price per unit – Variable costs per unit
Variable costs per unit divided by the sale price per unit. How to Work Out the Break-Even Price in Sales Dollars
Contribution Margin Fixed Costs
Fixed costs: These expenses normally don't vary or just marginally do. Monthly rent and utility charges are two examples of fixed costs a firm may have.
Contribution Margin: Contribution Margin is the price difference between a product's selling price and its manufacturing expenses.
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as the price of coffee increases, joe begins drinking more tea. this causes the quantity demanded of coffee to drop. this is an example of a select one: a. income effect b. equilibrium shift c. substitution effect d. supply curve shift
As coffee becomes more expensive, Joe starts drinking tea, and therefore quantity demand for coffee decreases. This is called the substitution effect.
In economics, the term "substitution effect" refers to a circumstance in which consumers switch from one product to another as a result of the former's price increase. When coffee prices rise and people choose to switch to tea instead, this is a prime illustration of the substitution effect. The substitution effect changes the demand for one product while decreasing the demand for the other.
When a product's price increases, consumers may switch to less expensive substitutes, which results in a decrease in sales known as the substitution effect. The substitution effect, however, is solely a reflection of thriftiness. A product may lose market share for a variety of reasons. Some customers will choose a less expensive substitute if a brand raises its price. People will eat more chicken if beef prices rise.
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the responsibility for maintaining the accounting records should be separated from the responsibility for operations
The responsibility for maintaining the accounting records should be separated from the responsibility for operations so that the accounting records can serve as an independent check on operations.
Doing what you should and accepting the consequences of your actions are both examples of responsibility. An obligation is something you have to do. Doing what you are required to do is being responsibility. Accepting accounting entails taking the credit or the rap for your actions. Accountancy, another name for accounting, is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial and non-financial information about economic entities like corporations and businesses. Although there are many rules for accountants, the creation of financial statements and accounting procedures are supported by five major principles. They are the following: the accrual principle, the matching principle, the historic cost principle, the conservatism principle, and the principle of substance over form.
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you are considering investing in a portfolio consisting of 40% electric general and 60% buckstar. if the expected rate of return on electric general is 16% and the expected return on buckstar is 9%, what is the expected return on the portfolio?
The expected return on the portfolio is 11.8%
The return that is anticipated on an investment is known as the expected return or ER. It is the overall sum of money that you can anticipate making or losing from an investment with a known rate of return. It's common to express an expected return as a percentage, with positive returns denoting profits and negative returns denoting losses.
Let the total amount invested in the portfolio be $100
Amount invested in electric general = 40% of 100 = $40
Amount invested in buckstar = 60% of 100 = $60
Expected return on electric general = 16%
So, 16% of 40 = $6.4
Expected return on buckstar = 9%
So, 9% of 60 = 5.4
Total portfolio amount after return = 100 + 5.4 + 6.4 = $111.8
Expected return on portfolio = 111.8-100/100*100 = 11.8%
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markita donated stock that she has held for less than a year to a qualified charitable organization. her basis in the stock is $1,000 and the fair market value of the stock is $1,200. in regards to the donation, the stock is
The stock is an ordinary income property. She will deduct $1,000 since her basis is less than fair market value. Ordinary income property.
In finance, inventory (additionally capital stock) includes all the stocks with the aid of which ownership of a company or agency is split.[1] (in particular in American English, the phrase "stocks" is also used to refer to stocks.)[1][2] An unmarried percentage of the stock manner fractional ownership of the corporation in percentage to the entire range of stocks. This generally entitles the shareholder (stockholder) to that fraction of the agency's profits, proceeds from the liquidation of assets (after discharge of all senior claims which include secured and unsecured debt),[3] or balloting electricity, often dividing those up in proportion to the amount of cash each stockholder has invested.
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GFI, Inc., a Hong Kong company, makes audio decoder chips, one of the essential components used in the manufacture of MP3 players. Egan Electronics contracts with GFI to buy 10,000 chips on an installment contract, with 2,500 chips to be shipped every three months, F.O.B. Hong Kong via Air Express. At the time for the first delivery, GFI delivers only 2,400 chips but explains to Egan that even though the shipment is less than 5 percent short, the chips are of a higher quality than those specified in the contract and are worth 5 percent more than the contract price. Egan accepts the shipment and pays GFI the contract price. At the time for the second shipment, GFI makes a shipment identical to the first. Egan again accepts and pays for the chips. At the time for the third shipment, GFI ships 2,400 of the same chips, but this time GFI sends them via Hong Kong Air instead of Air Express. While in transit, the chips are destroyed. When it is time for the fourth shipment, GFI again sends 2,400 chips, but this time Egan rejects the chips without explanation. Using the information presented in the chapter, answer the following questions.
1. Did GFI have a legitimate reason to expect that Egan would accept the fourth shipment? Why or why not?
2. Does the substitution of carriers for the third shipment constitute a breach of the contract by
GFI? Explain.
3. Suppose that the silicon used for the chips becomes unavailable for a period of time and that GFI cannot manufacture enough chips to fulfill the contract but does ship as many as it can to Egan. Under what doctrine might a court release GFI from further performance of the contract?
4. Under the UCC, does Egan have a right to reject the fourth shipment? Why or why not?
DEBATE THIS If a contract specifies a particular carrier, then the shipper must use that carrier or be in breach of the contract—no exceptions should ever be allowed.
Based on the Uniform Commercial Code:
GFI, Inc. DOES have a legitimate reason to expect that Egan would accept the fourth shipment if they see this batch of shipment as a replacement of the previous destroyed batch. The subtitution of carriers for the third shipment DOES constitute a breach of contract by GFI since the original contract already stated the particular carrier to be used. Morever GFI DID NOT inform Egan and ask for their agreement regarding the carrier changing decision.GFI could be released by court from further breach of contract if they could give a proper explanation and provide the conforming and acceptable goods.Yes. Basically, GFI has already breach the contract by changing the agreed carrier without noticing Egan beforehand and shipping the product in bad conditioned. Egan could decide to accept this current batch and reject the future batch based on UCC2 2-601.Let discuss further to this case.
GFI DOES have a legitimate reason to expect that Egan would accept the fourth shipment.Based on UCC 2-508 regarding The Product Replacement by Improper Tender or Delivery, GFI as the seller could deliver another batch of product to Egan to act as the replacement of the previous destroyed batch since the time of performance is not yet expired. However, GFI has to notify Egan first regarding this matter. Without any early notice, Egan has the right to reject the fourth shipment because Egan believes that the fourth shipment is count as a continuation and not act as the replacement of the previous shipment batch.
The subtitution of carrier for the third shipment DOES constitute a breach of the contract by GFI.Based on UCC 2-504 regarding Shipment by Seller, the seller has to appoint a carrier to handle and be responsible to the goods and make a contract between both parties. The seller then have to notify the buyer about this shipping contract. In the case, GFI failed to notify Egan about the subtitution of carrier beforehand. As stated on UCC 2-504, any failure to inform the buyer could be seen as a breach of contract by the seller. Hence, GFI is at fault in this matter.
GFI could be released by court from further performance of the contract.Suppose that GFI is failed to fulfill the contract in the given periode of time because of the material limitation, as long as GFI is able to make a conforming good for Egan, GFI will be save from breaching the contract. Based on UCC 2-606 regarding The Goods Acceptance of Constitutes, court will still tolerate GFI as long as GFI as the seller could provide a conforming good for Egan. The goods has to be accepted by Egan's standard first.
Egan HAS the right to reject the fourth shipment.As we know from the story, GFI changed the carrier at the third shipment that leads to the arrival of destroyed goods without informing Egan beforehand. Based on UCC 2-504 this failure already put GFI at fault for breaching the contract. Additionally, on UCC 2-601 regarding the Buyer's Right on Improper Delivery, Egan has 3 rights to do with the goods they received:
Reject the whole; orAccept the whole; orAccept any commercial units and reject the rest.In this case, Egan decided to take on the third option to accept the third shipment that arrived and reject the fourth--future--shipment.
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