What was the Anti-Federalist stance on people's rights and the Constitution?
Responses

The Constitution should remove the social contract, which forced citizens to do things against their will.

The Constitution did little to protect the rights of citizens.

The Constitution gave too many rights to common people.

The Constitution ensured that the government would be limited in its power.

Answers

Answer 1

The anti-Federalist position on citizens' rights and the Constitution is that the Constitution did little to protect citizens' rights. Thus the correct option is the Constitution did little to protect the rights of citizens.

What are anti-Federalist means?

The Anti-Federalists opposed the adoption of the 1787 United States Constitution because they believed that the new national government would be too powerful, jeopardizing individual liberty in the absence of a bill of rights. Federalists favored the Constitution and a more powerful national republic. Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution's ratification in favor of a limited, localized government. The Anti-Federalists were concerned with safeguarding the liberties of individuals and states.

To learn more about anti-Federalists, click

https://brainly.com/question/29496480

#SPJ1


Related Questions

explain why some Americans grew more concerned about the new immigrants ability or willingness to assimilate in the late 1800s and the early 1900s?

Answers

Answer:

Because new immigrants were not as culturally similar as old immigrants were when they made their voyage to the US.

Explanation:

What practice by retreating Soviet troops prevented resource gains for German troops? The Soviets froze the oil inside the military tanks. The Soviets initiated a blitzkrieg against the Germans. The Soviets enacted a scorched earth policy. The Soviets cut off the supply lines from the Axis powers.

Answers

Answer: The soviets enacted a scorched earth policy

Explanation: Option A (The Soviets froze oil inside military tanks) is invalid, as oil can't freeze. Option B (The Soviets initiated a blitzkrieg against the Germans) is not true either, as only the Germans used the blitzkrieg tactic in the invasion of Poland, France, etc in WW2. The Blitzkrieg was used as an offensive attack, and at that time, the Soviets were defending their Empire (The Soviet Union was an empire). Option C (The Soviets enacted the scorched Earth policy) is accurate, as the Soviets burned up all farms to that if attacked Germans would starve to death by being short of supplies. Also, the chances of survival for a German soldier in the battle of Stalingrad was 2%. Option C (The Soviets cut off the supply lines from the Axis powers) is wrong as Romania supplied the Germans with oil until 1944.

So the answer is Option C, The Soviets enacted the scorched Earth policy.

The practice of retreating Soviet troops prevented resource gains for German troops The soviets enacted a scorched earth policy. Thus the correct option is C.

What are resources?

Resources are referred to as things or physical substances which are essential for the survival of mankind. This resource helps in sustain by providing food, water, shelter, and so on.

To prevent the Germans from gaining anything, the Russians adopted the "Scorched Earth" policy, abandoning the communities and damaging all of their crops, factories, factories, and even houses. Whatever the enemy might use, the Red Army should destroy it.

The Russians assassinated or imprisoned a large number of Germans. In addition to the deaths of civilians and troops from both sides, the war was economic and caused enormous damage to property.

Therefore, option C is appropriate.

Learn more about scorched earth policy, here:

https://brainly.com/question/988947

#SPJ2

What language have you never heard of before?

Answers

Answer: Xhosa

Explanation:

Only 8 million people speak this language and most of them are centered in South Africa. (Fun fact, this is Nelson Mandela's native language.) The language is known by clicks and tonal variations to differentiate word meanings. A single word could have several meanings just based on tone.

Following World War I, the United States experienced a period of successful advances in industry and an economic boom that improved the standards of living for many Americans. Technological innovations resulted in social and cultural changes in the United States.
Identify the TW)O effects of Increased Automobile Ownership.

A) greater circulation of the news
B) growth of suburbs
C) development of mass advertising
D) expansion of the rubber industry

Answers

Answer:

Growth of Suburbs, and development of mass advertising.

Explanation:

Growth of Suburbs: People could travel further and further from large population centers with the use of automobiles.

Development of mass advertising: Corporations could now set up billboards on streets advertising their products while automobiles drove by.

The answer of this question is option B and C

Around 1250 bc many of the event and ___ of the Old Tetament were being written on croll

Answers

Around 1250 bc many of the event and Hebrew Bible of the Old Tetament were being written on croll

Much of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament could have been compiled in the fifth century BCE. The New Testament books were largely written in the second half of the first century CE. The Deuterocanonical books are mostly in the middle. The Jewish Bible, known as the Old Testament, was written almost entirely in Hebrew, with a few brief passages in Aramaic. Many scholars disagree on the dates, but the Old Testament was written between 1500 BC and 400 BC. During the Old Testament period, the writings were divided into three categories: the law, the prophets, and the writings.

Learn more about Old Testament here:

https://brainly.com/question/2434269

#SPJ4

Question «
Section 1- Question 13
Which statement describes conditions for soldiers in World War I?
A
B
C
Normal
D
Soldiers were fighting with better weapons and training due to industrialization.
Soldiers were able to receive medical attention quickly as needed for injuries.
Soldiers were confined to trenches and underground bunkers by the constant threat of artillery, infantry gunfire, and poison gas.
Soldiers were able to use transportation technology to keep their offensive strategy going.

Answers

Soldiers were confined to trenches and underground bunkers by the constant threat of artillery, infantry gunfire, and poison gas.

What circumstances existed throughout the First World War?

There were numerous army movements and conflicts in the east, which led to numerous casualties. Losses were embarrassing and discouraging. Losses were embarrassing and discouraging. Russia's soldiers suffered significant losses in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916.

Which of the following scenarios most accurately describes how World War 1 got started?

The fundamental cause of the Great War's outbreak was the murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914. (World War I). Following the murder, the following chain of things happened: Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28.

To know more about trenches visit :

https://brainly.com/question/28145439

#SPJ1

What is the name of the top division in Italy?

Answers

Serie A

Serie A is :

one of the best football leagues

most tactical and defensively sound national league

according to a cloudy history of time, honeywell, ibm, and xerox the dominant companies in what industry in 1975?

Answers

IBM developed market several of the key technologies that allowed computers to become commonplace in business during the 1950s and 1960s. Up to the development of the microprocessor.

It produced the functioning vacuum tube computer, which served as the foundation for all computers. When IBM acquired Electromatic Typewriters, Inc. in 1933, it entered the market for electric typewriters and went on to dominate it. IBM contributed to the development of multiple high-speed electromechanical calculators used in World War II that served as the basis for electronic computers.  Over time, the business has also played a significant role as a corporation engaged in research and development.

To learn more about IBM, click here.

https://brainly.com/question/17156383

#SPJ4

was the president who supported the compromise of 1850 and who has inherited the office rather than running for it

Answers

The Compromise was announced as being in favor by President Fillmore. He recommended that Texas be compensated in order to give up her claims to a portion of New Mexico in a letter to Congress that was sent on August 6, 1850.

who did not seek election but has inherited the position

From modest roots, Fillmore was born in New York in 1800. Only two men have taken over as president following a deceased president, including Fillmore. The first was John Tyler, who succeeded William Henry Harrison as president in 1841 when Harrison passed away from pneumonia 30 days into the job.

To know more about The Compromise of 1850 visit: https://brainly.com/question/18367808

#SPJ4

Which type of federalism is the US?

Answers

Answer:

Cooperative Federalism

Explanation:

The federal and state governments collaborate with one another and are considered "partners".

Which of these choices is not one of the pieces of advice John Bidwell gave future travelers?
bring 100 lbs of flour and 50 lbs of bacon
bring some extra goods to trade for a horse
bring as much money as possible
bring extra clothing

Answers

The choice that is not one of the pieces of advice John Bidwell gave future travelers is option D. bring extra clothing

Who is John Bidwell?

John Bidwell was a Californian pioneer, politician, and soldier. Bidwell is identified with the city of Chico, California. John Bidwell was born in New York then migrated at the age of 22 to Alta California (then a some places in Mexico) as part of the Bartleson which was Bidwell Party, one of the first expeditions of American emigrants along the California Trail.

Therefore, the correct answer is as given above.

learn more about John Bidwell: https://brainly.com/question/10065128

#SPJ1

PLEASE HELP!! Study the cartoon below: (ten thousand miles tip to tip - philadelphia press. image)

Political cartoon labeled "1898" with a bald eagle standing on a globe. The eagle's feet are on the United States and the wings are spread wide to each end of the globe. There are islands noted as "Manila" "Ladhones" "Carolinas" "Hawaii" "Sanida Islands" and "Porto Rico". The key of the map is noted to be a map of the United States in 1798. The caption under the picture says "Ten thousand miles from tip to tip. - Philadelphia Press"

Which statements support the perspective shown in the political cartoon published in the Philadelphia Press, a newspaper published between 1857 and 1920? Select all that apply. MULTIPLE CHOICE!!!!

Group of answer choices

A. The United States should steer clear or alliances with foreign powers.

B. The United States should seek out new natural resources for the benefit of its businesses.

C. The United States should intervene to support countries that desire a democratic government.

D. The United States should remain isolated to protect economic and military development.

E. The United States should look solely inward and not concern itself with its closest neighbors.

Answers

The statements support the perspective shown in the political cartoon is

The United States should intervene to support countries that desire a democratic government.The United States should remain isolated to protect economic and military development.The United States should seek out new natural resources for the benefit of its businesses.

What is Cartoon?

A cartoon is refers to an animation or graphic creation which is used to portray any serious or challenging issue in a satirical or humorous manner in order to create awareness or educate poeple.

According to the cartoon, the United States needs to step in and assist nations that long for a democratic system of government. To safeguard its growing economy and military, the United States should maintain its independence.

Learn more about Cartoon, here:

https://brainly.com/question/24144273

#SPJ1

Answer:

The answer is c

Explanation:

How much of the 30 year increase in life expectancy since 1900 can be attributed to public health?.

Answers

Answer:yes

Explanation: becuase i am teacher

the people of France were divided into three estates based mainly on th

Answers

Answer:

First Estate : Clergy

Second Estate : Nobility

Third Estate : Commoners

Explanation:

What effect did zebulon pike have on american settlement?
he led settlers into what is now the pacific northwest.
he helped establish the wilderness road in the 1700s.
his findings encouraged settlers to move to texas.
his findings established the oregon trail.

Answers

Option c is correct. The effect that Zebulon pike have on American settlement was his findings encouraged settlers to move to Texas.

Zebulon Pike entered New Mexico as a result of his illegitimate journey through the southwest of the United States.

He learned a lot during his ordeal, even though he was later detained while traveling and taken to the border between the United States and Spain via Texas. He noted and recorded a number of things, including the Santa Fe post's military shortcomings and the rich potential of trade with Mexico. This information bolstered the concept of an expansionist push towards Texas.

Therefore, in this instance, the right response is "His findings inspired settlers to settle in Texas."

To know more about Texas click here:

https://brainly.com/question/28366256

#SPJ4

Briefly describe Thomas Jefferson's relationship with the institution of slavery. How did Jefferson's public and private beliefs and actions differ?

For this assignment, you will complete the following steps:
Respond to Short-Answer Questions
Respond to a Long-Answer Question

Answers

During his time as president, Jefferson abolished the worldwide slave trade and spoke out against it frequently. He called that all slaves who were already living in the United States to be gradually freed and colonised as ideas for future generations to adopt.

The majority of the restrictions on slavery in the US, however, were opposed by him, and he also had issues with voluntary manumission.

During his adult life, Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, held more than 600 African Americans in slavery. Two of the slaves that Jefferson held during his lifetime were freed.

After his death, five more people were set free, including two of his children that he had with his sister-in-law Sally Hemings, who had been sold into slavery. His two other children by Sally Hemings were let to flee without being pursued. the remaining populace

To learn more about Thomas Jefferson's:

https://brainly.com/question/7439325?referrer=searchResults

Answer: Madison opposed slavery even as he simultaneously was racist, anti-black, and owned enslaved people. Like Madison, Monroe condemned the institution of slavery as evil and advocated its gradual end, but still owned many slaves throughout his entire adult life, freeing only one of them in his final days. In result, James Madison responded by pointing out that slavery was the cause of the South's economic woes; slavery led to poor farming practices and the exploitative development of lands. Madison opposed the African slave trade throughout his career, yet late in life he defended the westward expansion of slavery.

Explanation: us history test on apex

why is the election of 1800 historically and politically significant

Answers

Answer:

Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated incumbent president John Adams of the Federalist Party. The election was a political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership.

Explanation:

The sine qua non of political
participation, vis-a-vis the marginal
utility model is quid pro quo.
True or False

Answers

The sine qua non of political participation, vis-a-vis the marginal utility model is quid pro quo.

It is true.

What is political participation?

Political participation encompasses a wide range of activities through which people develop and express their views about the world and how it is governed, and seek to participate in and shape the decisions that affect their lives. These activities range from developing thinking about disability or other social issues at an individual or family level, joining disability organizations or other groups and organisations, and campaigning at local, regional or national level, to a formal policy process such as vote., joining a political party or like running for office.Ordinary people can always participate in politics, and every individual has the right to participate in it, including people with disabilities.

To know more about political participation, click the link given below:

https://brainly.com/question/502680

#SPJ1

True or false: the largest percentage of the Jamestown settlers were gentleman

Answers

Answer: true all the way to 1607

Explanation: hope this helps

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The first settlers that established Jamestown in 1607 were all male.

10 ways
Niccolo Machiavelli
influence the Italian
the
Culture during
Renaissance!!

Answers

Answer:

1. "Machiavelli’s past is intertwined with his writing, especially towards the end of the book during the recommendation to the Medici. He takes knowledge from his missions such as his trip to France where the king directly told him his opinion on Italy."

2. "His writings would be used by many modern politicians and philosophers and marked the transition into modern politics at the time. It would later be studied by Antonio Gramsci, a prominent Italian Marxist philosopher, and many today still consider it important to read for even modern politicians."

3. "No matter how controversial the writings of Machiavelli, it is undeniable that the ideas presented in The Prince are still being used today in nations such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, and North Korea."

4. "He also walks the line of morality when he discusses things like being loved or hated, or if rulers must keep their word. He says that rulers “cannot always act in ways that are considered to be good” because doing so would undermine their own power and or state. "

5.  "Machiavelli’s views on morality show the change that was taking place during the renaissance. As Harvey Mansfield said in an interview about Machiavelli;

“morality wants always to be absolute, it never makes exceptions for necessity but that’s really impossible.”

Harvey Mansfield"

6. "In 1510 the pope declared war on France, which concerned Machiavelli as he saw it as very irresponsible. He believed that Italy was not equipped for such a war and could not survive against a sizable modern nation.

ETC...

Explanation:

Here is the site I found the information on, I hope this helps a little. :)
https://nuitalian.org/2022/05/02/who-was-niccolo-machiavelli-and-how-did-he-represent-a-change-in-political-ideology

Why did Parliament eventually repeal the Stamp Act, which taxed goods such as newspapers and playing cards?

Question options:

The colonists began boycotting British goods


The colonists established a blockade against British goods.


The colonists were able to produce their own goods.


The colonists started destroying British goods
PLS HELP ASAP

Answers

The colonists began boycotting British goods

meaning of shonadzimbadzemawe​

Answers

Answer:

I think this is the answer

Many sources hold that "Zimbabwe" derives from dzimba-dza-mabwe, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as "houses of stones" (dzimba = plural of imba, "house"; mabwe = plural of bwe, "stone").

10. What did the U.S. do when Colombia did not give permission to build in Panama

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

by dispatching warships

Answer:

When the US failed to negotiate with Colombia, the US decided to take action. In 1903, the US supported a revolution in Panama, which resulted in the country becoming an independent nation. The new Panama government gave the US the permission it needed to build the canal.

Select the correct answer. What country hosted the memorable 2008 summer olympics? a. Greece b. England c. China d. United states.

Answers

The correct answer is China hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics in their capital city, Beijing.

Beijing will host both the Summer and Winter Olympics starting this week, making it the first city in the world to do so. A type of coming-out party for communist China, the 2008 Summer Games were a stunning celebration and a chance for the world to fall in love with the quickly expanding superpower. 99 medals in total, including 48 gold, 22 silver, and 30 bronze, were won by China, giving it its highest-ever medal total in Olympic history. The opening and closing ceremonies for both the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics were held in the Beijing Zone of the 2022 Winter Olympics, which featured six competition locations.

To learn more about Olympics click the link below:

brainly.com/question/29376067

#SPJ4

Who did George Washington learn from during the French and Indian War?

Answers

Answer:

George Washington served as a British officer during the French and Indian War, which took place in North America between 1754 and 1763. During this time, he served under a number of experienced British officers, including Brigadier General Edward Braddock and Major General John Forbes. Washington also learned from his own experiences as a military officer during this time and developed his own skills and knowledge as a leader. He is widely considered to have been an effective and skilled commander during the war and played a key role in helping the British achieve victory.

Explanation:

Click to review the online content. Then answer the question(s) below, using complete sentences. Scroll down to view additional
questions.
Online Content Site 1
Explain the structure of states' judicial system by identifying the types of courts states have.

Answers

In the United States, each state has its own judicial system, which is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws of that state. The structure of a state's judicial system may vary somewhat from one state to another, but most states have a hierarchy of courts, with different courts responsible for hearing different types of cases.

At the lowest level of the state court system are trial courts, which are responsible for hearing cases involving criminal offenses, civil disputes, and other matters. These courts, also known as courts of general jurisdiction, typically include:

District courts: These are the main trial courts in most states, and they handle a wide range of criminal and civil cases, including lawsuits, divorces, and criminal charges.Municipal courts: These courts, also known as city or town courts, handle cases involving offenses that occur within the jurisdiction of a particular city or town, such as traffic violations and minor criminal offenses.Superior courts: These courts, also known as courts of common pleas, handle a wide range of civil and criminal cases, including more serious criminal offenses, as well as appeals from lower courts.

Above the trial courts are intermediate appellate courts, which review decisions made by the trial courts. These courts, also known as courts of appeal or courts of special jurisdiction, typically include:

Court of Appeals: This is the highest level of intermediate appellate court in most states, and it reviews decisions made by the trial courts and other intermediate appellate courts.

At the highest level of the state court system is the state's supreme court, which has the final say on all cases that come before it. The state supreme court, also known as the court of last resort, hears appeals from the intermediate appellate courts and occasionally reviews decisions made by the trial courts.

In addition to these general jurisdiction courts, many states also have specialized courts that handle specific types of cases. These may include courts that handle juvenile cases, family law cases, probate cases, and other types of cases.

1. Why do some individual rights need special protection in the Constitution?
CI
Dill of Rights what amendment (1-10

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Individual rights need special protection in the Constitution because they are fundamental to the concept of a free and democratic society. The Bill of Rights, which is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was added to the Constitution to protect the fundamental rights of American citizens from being infringed upon by the government.

The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution and includes provisions such as the freedom of speech, religion, and the press; the right to bear arms; the right to a fair and speedy trial; and the prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures. These rights are considered fundamental because they are essential to the freedom and dignity of individuals, and they are protected from infringement by the government.

Overall, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights protect individual rights by setting limits on the power of the government and ensuring that the government cannot interfere with the fundamental rights of citizens.

What was the significance of the impeachment of President Andrew
Johnson?
OIt threatened the constitutional separation of powers.
It accelerated postwar economic growth in the North.
It helped white Southerners recover their losses from the Civil War.
OIt showed the Presidency had become more powerful than Congress.

Answers

The significance of the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson was it showed the Presidency had become more powerful than Congress.

Why is Johnson's impeachment crucial?

President Andrew Johnson was impeached by the house of representatives for firing a government employee who was covered by the Tenure of Office Act and for bringing disrepute upon the office of the presidency. By one vote, he avoided being removed from his position. In response to Stanton's termination, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson.

Johnson was on impeachment trial for six weeks in the Senate. The trial case was founded on shaky evidence and lacked legal support. By a single vote, Johnson was declared innocent. Johnson was cleared by the Senate, and the court of impeachment was dismissed. Before the articles of impeachment were formally presented, an impeachment resolution was passed.

To learn more about impeachment trial, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/1255865

#SPJ1

Why was Calvin Coolidge known as the modern conservative ?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

He presided over a strong economy and sought to shrink the regulatory role of the federal government. Along with Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, Coolidge won the passage of three major tax cuts

what change did ronald reagan advocate in how the united states should protect itself from nuclear weapons?

Answers

The change Ronald Reagan advocate in how the united states should protect itself from nuclear weapons Reagan was using dubious claims of Soviet superiority and resisting calls to re-engage the Soviets.

What is Soviet?The Soviet is the political  and governmental organization of the former Russian Empire primarily associated with the Russian Revolution, which gave its name to the latter states of the Soviet Union.In the English-speaking world, the Soviet Union informally also referred to Russia and its citizens as Russians, but this was not strictly correct, as Russia was only one of the Soviet republics.Soviet comes from the Russian word soviet, "board of directors," and its root, the Greek symbol, "advisory board." After the Russian Revolution, the term Soviet came to be used for local governments elected by  the workers and for high councils elected by the local Soviets. was the largest country in  the world by area. It was also one of the most diverse countries, with over 100 different nationalities living within its borders.

To learn more about Soviet from the given link:

https://brainly.com/question/29443962

#SPJ4

Other Questions
. Which of the following is a "simple sentence"?*1 pointLife under the sea is mysterious, because there is a whirlwind of activity we cannot see.Some marine biologists study ocean animals, and others study ocean plant life.If you are interested in sharks, you could become a marine biologist, or you could volunteer at an aquarium.There are many types of fish in the ocean, including cod, marlin, and sturgeon. The rate of which disease decreases with increasing acculturation of Japanese in America?a. cardiovascular diseaseb. type 2 diabetesc. stomach cancerd. obesitye. colon cancer One example of a civic responsibility that is not a requirement is Find the length of one leg of a right triangle if the length of the hypotenuse is 18 ft and the length of the other leg is 14 ft. Round to the nearest tenth What are some possible solutions for the following inequality?-3x+5x-2>-4x+1 Brad gave a boring presentation to the team. Valentina made fun of brad in front of everyone. This is an example of ____________. A rectangle has a length of 12 inches and a width of 2 inches whose sides are changing. The length is increasing by 10 in/sec and the width is growing at 4 in/sec. What is the rate of change of the perimeter? which drug increases the risk of colonization by candida albicans and the subsequent development of systemic infection? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct. which best describes the reason for increased european sailing voyages during the age of discovery? responses explorers were seeking to find the lost ark of the covenant. explorers were seeking to find the lost ark of the covenant. , , explorers were seeking to find new routes to australia and the philippines. explorers were seeking to find new routes to australia and the philippines. , , explorers were seeking to find new routes to the spice markets of asia. explorers were seeking to find new routes to the spice markets of asia. , , explorers were seeking to find the land bridge that connected europe to the americas. Enter segments in the blanks provided that would result in a true equation. In MLA format, how should the following parenthetical citation for a book written by a single author appear?A. (Carter, p. 23)B. (Carter 2004, p. 23)C. (Carter 23)D. (Peter Carter 23) an emergency department nurse is assessing a 17-year-old soccer player who presented with a knee injury. the client's description of the injury indicates that his knee was struck medially while his foot was on the ground. the nurse knows that the client likely has experienced what injury? approximately of ninth grader enrolled in public schools graduated from high school four years later. explain software redundancy techniques two equivalent fractions to 7/8 Use the gizmo to explore whether the number of atoms present affects the half-life that you measure. describe your findings below: An independent variable that studied using related samples in all conditions is called a [5-TI] 4. The layout of Joe's yard is shown below. Joe must spread out topsoil to a depthof 15 inches over the entire yard. One truckload of topsoil costs $67.89 andcontains 10 cubic yards of topsoil. How much will the topsoil cost to completethis job?75 feet64 feet36 feet53 feet19 feet22 feet ellen has trouble controlling her impulses to eat, especially at night. once she starts, she cannot stop. often, she will eat an entire pizza or gallon of ice cream before bed. she does not try to compensate for this excess caloric consumption; as such, she is gaining weight. ellen probably suffers from: which zone is generated in coastal sediments bring nutrients to the middle layers of the ocean, sandwiched between the upper and lower oxygenated layers?