Miller-Urey experiment showed the simulation of conditions on the Earth forming the idea that life, or more specifically organic molecules, could have formed by nothing more than simple chemical reactions.
Miller and Urey created the condition like early Earth atmosphere with a mixture of methane, hydrogen, ammonia and water vapor. This mixture, was then exposed to sparks which simulated lightning, that led to the formation of amino acids.
This experiment effectively proved that origin of life on the planet Earth had occurred because of the some chemical conditions that went through the process of Abiogenesis.
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What is the electron configuration of the element in group 13 and period 3 of the periodic table?.
the result of an infection by a microbe called a superantigen can cause an excessive, uncontrolled release of cytokines called a(n) which can lead to a dangerous decrease in blood pressure, shock, multi-organ failure, and potentially, death.
Superantigen type toxins lead to the release of excessive amounts of cytokines stimulating a hyperactive immune response that can lead to shock and death in the affected individual.
In the field of biology, such a kind of antigen that is responsible for the production of an excessive immune response is referred to as a superantigen.
As a result of superantigen-type toxins invading the body, more cytokines will be produced. This is because cytokines are sites of the body that are involved in the production of immune cells.
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what do natural killer cells do and why are they considered a bridge between the innate and acquired immune response
It should not be assumed that NK cells are innate immune cells based on how quickly they react to an infection.
True, when a pathogen is encountered, innate immune cells typically react fast; but, this trait alone should not be used to define innate immunity. Indeed, while memory CD8+ T cells have the same potential to release cytokines in the absence of cognate antigen as NK cells do in response to high amounts of type I-IFN or IL-12 and IL-18 in the environment, no one would argue that the latter cell type should be categorized as "innate" Furthermore, NK cells and CD8+ T cells have similar functional properties.
An NK cell mediates cytotoxicity (usually by directing release of perforin and granzyme) and secretes effector cytokines (such as IFN-) in a manner that is remarkably similar to that of effector and memory CD8+ T cells when it comes into contact with its corresponding receptor on a target cell.
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during metamorphosis, echinoderms undergo a transformation from motile larvae to a fairly sedentary (and sometimes sessile) existence as adults. what should be true of adults, though not of larvae? adults should
The adults should have radial symmetry or something close to it.
What is metamorphism ?Through the process of metamorphism, previous rocks are transformed into new forms as a result of rises in temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Igneous, sedimentary, and other metamorphic rocks may all be affected by metamorphism.
Although they began as a different kind of rock, metamorphic rocks have undergone significant alteration from their igneous, sedimentary, or previous metamorphic forms. When rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures, high pressures, hot mineral-rich fluids, or, more frequently, some combination of these conditions, metamorphic rocks are created.
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When a behavior is highly resistant to extinction, the organism takes longer to stop responding after a reinforcement is no longer given.
a. true
b. false
The assertion is True statement.
What does it mean when something is extinction-resistant?The degree to which reacting continues during extinction is known as resistance to extinction. Response with a high resistance to extinction is particularly persistent. Response with a low resistance to extinction will vanish soon.
What is the name for the reemergence of an extinguished reaction after a rest interval following extinction?The term "spontaneous recovery" describes when a conditioned response that had been extinct for some time suddenly reappears after the unconditioned stimulus has been removed. After these two forms of conditioning have taken place, this phenomenon can still happen.
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The sorting that occurs during blank______ separates homologues from each other.
Answer:
Meiosis 1
explain
Is knowing about the physical and chemical changes of food important for a molecular gastronomy chef? explain why or why not, using evidence from the passage.
Answers may differ, but everyone should agree that understanding how food changes physically and chemically is crucial for a molecular gastronomy cook.
What function does molecular gastronomy serve?Because it connects the social, artistic, and technical aspects of food and food preparation, molecular gastronomy is significant. Chefs and scientists can better understand why particular results occur by researching the science underlying various culinary techniques or widely utilized approaches.
What are the objectives of cooking using molecular gastronomy?As with any science, molecular gastronomy's primary goal is to identify novel occurrences and mechanisms. This explains why culinary precisions are so crucial because historically, cooks could see but not interpret events that required further investigation by scientists.
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light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors.
True, light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors.
The retina is the mild-touchy layer of tissue behind the eyeball. Pictures that come through the eye's lens are centered at the retina. The retina then converts those photos to electric-powered signals and sends them along the optic nerve to the brain.
The retina is a layer of photoreceptors cells and glial cells within the attention that captures incoming photons and transmits them alongside neuronal pathways as both electric and chemical indicators for the mind to understand a visual image.
The retina converts mild that enters into your eye into electric alerts your optic nerve sends to your mind which creates the photos you spot.
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The two groups of bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation are found in Choose. And in the roots of Choose.
Leguminosae make up the roots of Choose.
What do microorganisms do?A few bacteria aid in food digestion, assist the body absorb vitamins, and eliminate disease-causing cells. Additionally, yogurt and cheese are produced using bacteria. However, you can get sick from contagious microorganisms. In your body, they multiply swiftly.
What is the name of the hazardous bacteria?Bacteria that harms us are considered bad bacteria. As pathogens, we refer to them. The environment may provide us with these. Vibrio cholerae is the bacteria that causes cholera, and it can be caught by consuming food or water that has been tainted with an infected person's feces, as well as by coming into close contact with them.
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please help me ive been crying about this for an hour
DNA sequencing commonly uses a reaction mixture prepared from a primer, DNA polymerase, the DNA to be sequenced, and includes all four kinds of nucleotides, as well as the four kinds of ____ each labeled with a different colored pigment. Beginning at the ____ , the DNA polymerase ____ adds either a regular nucleotide or a dideoxynucleotide to the 3’ end of the growing strand of DNA. Synthesis continues as long as ____ are added. When a dideoxynucleotide is added the synthesis of the strand _____ there.
The blanks are highlighted below:
DNA sequencing commonly uses a reaction mixture prepared from a primer, DNA polymerase, the DNA to be sequenced, and includes all four kinds of nucleotides, as well as the four kinds of __dideoxynucleotide (ddntp__ each labeled with a different colored pigment. Beginning at the __5'__ , the DNA polymerase __continuously__ adds either a regular nucleotide or a dideoxynucleotide to the 3’ end of the growing strand of DNA. Synthesis continues as long as _nucleotides___ are added. When a dideoxynucleotide is added the synthesis of the strand ___end__ there
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The enzyme DNA BLANK joins individual BLANK to original DNA strand following the rule of BLANK pairing
Answer:The enzyme DNA Polymerase joins individual Nucleotides to the original DNA strands, following the rules of pairing.
Although levels of cfcs in the atmosphere are much lower than those of co2 , cfcs are still potent greenhouse gases because they:_____.
Answer:
CFCs remain in the atmosphere for only a brief time. CFCs are more efficient at absorbing thermal radiation.
Explanation:
According to modern evolutionary theory, genes
responsible for new traits that help a species
survive in a particular environment will usually
what will the genotypic ratio be of a monohybrid cross of two individuals who are heterozygous for a trait?
The ratio is 1:2:1 for the monohybrid cross of two individuals who are heterozygous for a trait.
Monohybrid go among natural breeding types obtains all dominant F1 which in flip produces F2 upon selfing and offers the monohybrid phenotypic ratio of 3 (dominant):1 (recessive). The monohybrid genotypic ratio is 1 homozygous tall: 2 heterozygous tall: 1 homozygous dwarf .1:2:1 ratio.
A go of F1 hybrids, heterozygous for a single trait that presentations incomplete dominance is expected to offer a 1:2:1 ratio amongst each the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspringmonohybrid go effects in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (dominant to recessive), and a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 (homozygous dominant to heterozygous to homozygous recessive).
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Provide at least five specific examples of how what a person sees can initiate a response in one of their other body systems.
Our endocrine system receives terror messages from our eyes, which can then affect other systems. Moreover, being afraid of anything might cause us to scream, stop breathing, close our eyes, and do other things.
What distinguishes the cow eye from the human eye that enables the cow to see better at night or in low light?The tapetum lucidum, an iridescent, reflective layer on the choroid that is present in many animals including the cow, deer, and cat, aids in light reflection.
What are the five bodily systems?Typically, the circulatory, respiratory, muscular, and digestive systems are covered in primary school.
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if you were able to analyze the d1580 alleles from two people,what would you expect to see if the two individuals were biological siblings? you may want to use a punnett square to justify your answer.
If you were able to analyze the d1580 alleles from two people, there appears a human D1S80 region on chromosome 1.
The biggest human chromosome was chromosome 1, which spans roughly 249 million genetic material pairs and accounts for about 8% of all the DNA in cells.
When you're born, duplicated chromosomes X and Y chromosome determine whether you are boy or a girl. Sex chromosomes were referred to as: There are two X chromosomes in females. Each male has one X and one Y chromosome.
A Punnett square seems to be a graph that makes it simple to ascertain the anticipated proportion of various genotypes in children of two - parent families. a pea plant Squares square illustration.
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When a country' export exceed it import, the nation ha a ________. Group of anwer choice
trade deficit
negative balance of trade
trade urplu and negative balance of trade
trade urplu
When a country' export exceed it import, the nation ha a trade urplu.
When a country's exports outweigh its imports, it has a?The trade balance is considered to be favorable if exports outpace imports and the nation enjoys a trade surplus. The trade balance of a nation or region is said to be negative if imports outpace exports, creating a trade deficit.
What Exactly Is a Trade Deficit?When a country imports more than it sells over a specific time frame, there is a trade deficit. A negative balance of trade is another name for it (BOT). Different sorts of transactions, including those involving products, services, and goods and services, can be used to calculate the balance.
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if a scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted, which group of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants?
If a scientist wanted to know if a forest environment had been polluted, amphibians would have been the best indicator of contaminants.
What function do forests serve for the environment?A third of the earth's surface is made up of forests, which are vital to the sustainability of our environment. For instance, woods and trees capture and store a significant amount of the carbon dioxide that would otherwise be causing climate change. About 80% of the remaining terrestrial biodiversity is found in forests.
Why is the forest so crucial?We can depend on forests for shelter, work, water, food, and fuel security. All of these activities involve forests in one way or another.
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The brachialis muscle is the prime mover of elbow flexion, while biceps brachii assists. In other words, during elbow flexion brachialis is the ______ and biceps brachii serves as the ________.
Brachialis is the agonist during elbow flexion, and biceps brachii is the synergist.
What is elbow flexion?Elbow flexion occurs when your forearm moves toward your body by bending at the elbow. The inverse movement is elbow extension. The humerus, located in your upper arm, is one of the three bones involved in elbow flexion. ulna, on the forearm's little finger side.Elbow flexion involves the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis muscles (bending). Elbow extension is controlled by the triceps (straightening the arm).The brachioradialis, brachialis, and biceps are the three elbow flexors involved in elbow flexion motion.Elbow flexion occurs when your forearm moves toward your body by bending at the elbow. Elbow extension is the inverse movement. The humerus, located in your upper arm, is one of three bones involved in elbow flexion.To learn more about elbow flexion refer to :
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in edible pea, tall (t) is dominant to short (t), and green pods (g) are dominant to yellow pods (g). the phenotype of a ttgg plant is:
In edible pea, tall (T) predominates over short (t), and green (G) pods over yellow (P) pods (g). A ttgg plant has a short, yellow phenotype.
What distinguishes a genotype from a phenotype?Genotype explains a person's genetic make-up, whereas phenotype describes their observable features. This is the major distinction between genotype and phenotype.
Which alleles are dominant and recessive?In Mendelian genetics, the terms dominant and recessive alleles are defined. Alleles are genetic variations that affect how a person behaves. Dominant alleles determine the dominant character, whereas recessive alleles determine the recessive character. This is the main distinction between dominant and recessive alleles.
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Baed on the reading about the development of learner at variou tage, what are the factor which greatly affect the ocio-emotional development of the following tage? middle childhood
Three main factors affect social-emotional development: relationships, the environment (including socioeconomic status and support), and biology (including genetics and temperament).
What aspects of adolescent social and emotional development are influenced by what?The influences on your child's decisions during these formative years include friends, family, the media, and culture. Your child will likely want more freedom in the areas of getting around, going places, occupying their time, and who they spend it with.
What element is the most crucial to social and emotional growth?The biggest influence on a child's social and emotional development is exerted by their parents and other primary caregivers because they provide the most stable relationships. Children learn about relationships and explore emotions through repeated interactions with family members, teachers, and other adults.
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Which essential molecule in the body is out of equilibrium because of a cftr gene defect?.
Answer: chloride — a component of salt
Explanation:
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein helps to maintain the balance of salt and water on many surfaces in the body, such as the surface of the lung. When the protein is not working correctly, chloride — a component of salt — becomes trapped in cells.
researchers have found a single drosophila gene that can generate about 19,000 membrane proteins that have different extracellular domains. at least 17,500 (94%) of the alternative mrnas are actually synthesized. how is this accomplished?
This case is clearly accomplished by Alternative splicing.
A molecular process called alternative splicing alters pre-mRNA structures before translation. By combining coding sequences (exons) from recently spliced RNA transcripts in various ways, this mechanism can generate a variety of mRNAs from a single gene.
Different combinations of exons from the same gene are combined in alternative splicing to produce various protein products. These various splice variants frequently express themselves in various tissues. This enables the production of a wider variety of proteins.
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if an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype it is said to be
if an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype it is said to be
Mendal's heredity "factors" are known as phenotypes in modern parlance.
Gregor Mendel uncovered the basic principles of inheritance through his study on pea plants. He concluded that genes are inherited from each parent as separate, paired units. Mendel observed how parental genes separated and if they showed up as dominant or recessive qualities in the children.What are the hereditary laws of Mendel?
Mendel's dominance principle is implemented in the heredity of a sizable number of traits in both plants and animals. This theory states that although hybrid kids inherit the traits of both parents, they only clearly display the characteristics of one parent or the other.
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the timing of a mutation during development has negligible effects on the severity of the genetic defect.
False, they have a defect in NER. Most oncogenes encode proteins that function in cell growth signaling pathways.
What is NER ?The primary route by which animals remove large DNA lesions from DNA, such as those caused by UV light, environmental mutagens, and some cancer chemotherapy adducts, is known as nucleotide excision repair (NER). Xeroderma pigmentosum, a genetic condition that is incredibly likely to cause skin cancer, is linked to NER deficiency.
A flexible DNA repair system called nucleotide excision repair (NER) is capable of eradicating a wide variety of base defects from the genome.
NER takes place through four basic steps: Recognizing DNA damage is the first step, followed by cutting both sides of the DNA lesion and removing the damaged DNA fragment, gap-filling DNA synthesis, and ligation of open DNA ends.
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The timing of a mutation during development has negligible effects on the severity of the genetic defect. Patients who suffer from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) have a defective mismatch repair system. True or False ?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system returns the body to a relaxed condition after an emergency?.
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system returns the body to a relaxed condition after an emergency.
Parasympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves. Along with bringing the body to relaxed state, it is essential for processes like digestion. More a person spends its time in parasympathetic state, more healthy he is considered.
Autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the involuntary actions of the body like breathing, digestion, heart contractions, salivating, sweating, changing pupil size, crying, secreting hormones etc. It has three further divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. There is another name for ANS called vegetative nervous system.
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I want you to create a punnett square using a person who is carrier of the sickle cell trait and a person who has the sickle cell disease.
Once you are done, I want you to tell me what is the percentage of the genotypes and phenotypes
Answer:
30%
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
30-40
the human skin plays an important role in a variety of organ systems. which organ system is least likely to have a direct interaction with the skin?
The digestive system is the substantially less likely to engage in a direct contact with the skin because all of its functions are directed by internal organs that do not involve skin to function.
The digestive system is made up of your GI tract, as well as your liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a network of hollow organs that connects your mouth to your stomach. GI tract is made up of the following organs, in order of connection: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
The digestive system is specifically designed to convert your food into the nutrition and energy you need to survive. Then, when you have a bowel movement, it tidily bundles your solid waste, or stool, for discretion.
Digestion is necessary because your body needs nutrients from the foods you eat and the liquids you drink in order to stay healthy and function properly. Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. The nutrients in the food and liquids you consume are broken down and consumed by your digestive system, which it then utilizes for stuff like energy, growth, and cell repair.
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In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
A:chloroplast
B:vascular bundle
C:mitochondrion
D:stoma
Answer: Chloroplast
Explanation:
What is the name of the structure in the inner ear which serves to maintain a sense of equilibrium and orientation in space?.
Answer:
the vestibular apparatus
Explanation: