The correct answer is D. Switch. Switches are network devices that connect directly to endpoints, such as computers or printers, and use MAC-based filtering to limit traffic flows. They are used to create a local area network (LAN) by providing multiple ports to connect devices.
Unlike hubs, switches are able to limit traffic flows by filtering based on the MAC addresses of the devices connected to them, which helps to improve network devices performance and security.
Devices used for network connectivity are those that receive and transmit data signals in analogue or digital format to and from other devices connected to the network using wired or wireless connections.
1) A computer can connect wired to an external network thanks to the network interface card.
2) To connect two or more networks, a router routes packets to the various networks.
3) A network hub sends data received through one port to all of the hub's other ports and the reverse is also true.
4) The modem, whose name is an acronym for modulator demodulator, is a device that converts digital impulses into analogue signals and vice versa and is used to send and receive data over telephone lines.
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Those who break into systems to steal or destroy data are often referred to as ____________________.
Those who break into systems to steal or destroy data are often referred to as "hackers" or "cybercriminals".
However, it's important to recognize that not all hackers are malicious. Some hackers engage in ethical hacking, which involves identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities in computer systems with the owner's permission and knowledge, in order to improve the system's security. Ethical hacking is an important part of modern cybersecurity, as it helps identify weaknesses in computer systems before malicious hackers can exploit them.
Therefore, it's essential to distinguish between malicious hackers and ethical hackers, as the latter play a critical role in improving online security.
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When a user is deleted and a new user is created using the same UID, what is the status of the files owned by the previous user?
When a user is deleted and a new user is created using the same UID, the status of the files owned by the previous user depends on the settings of the file permissions. If the files were owned by the previous user and had restrictive permissions, the new user may not be able to access or modify them.
However, if the files were owned by the previous user with open permissions, the new user can access and modify them without any issues. It is important to note that creating a new user with the same UID as the previous user can cause conflicts and security issues. It is recommended to use a unique UID for each user to avoid such problems.
Permission attributes specify exactly what a user is permitted to do with a specific file or directory.
User is authorised to do with a specific file or directory in a file system is specified by the permission attributes. The read, write, and execute rights for the owner of the file or directory, the individuals in the group to whom the file or directory belongs, and all other users are specified by the permission attributes.
Read (r), write (w), and execute (x) are the three fundamental authorization qualities. The owner of the file or directory, the group to which the file or directory belongs, and all other users (sometimes known as "world" or "others") can be given access to them.
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What other info is in pagetable entries besides translation?
Most Page attributes entries include more details than just the conversion of virtual to physical addresses. Other details that might be kept in a page table entry include the following:
Page attributes: Information regarding a page's properties, such as whether it is readable or executable, whether it is a kernel or user page, whether it should be cached, and other details, may be found in the page table entry.
Access rights: Details regarding who and how to access the page may be found in the page table entry. It might say, for instance, if a certain person or group can access the page, whether it can be read or written to, and so forth.
Management information for the page table: The operating system may utilise the information in the page table entry to manage the page table itself. This might contain details on the size, structure, and location of the page table in memory, among other things.
Information related to the processor: Some processors may contribute extra data to the page table entry, including cache properties or TLB tags.
Information regarding how the page is maintained in the virtual memory system may be found in the page table entry, such as whether it is a part of a larger memory-mapped file, if it has been swapped out to disc, and so on.
Overall, the specifics of a page table entry will vary depending on the operating system and architecture being used.
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True/false: GPU kernels that encounter an error terminate the program with an error message.
True: GPU kernels that encounter an error often terminate the program with an error message.
A kernel is a small program that runs on the GPU and performs a specific computation. When a kernel encounters an error, such as a divide-by-zero error or an out-of-bounds memory access, it will often terminate the program with an error message. This is because the GPU operates asynchronously with respect to the CPU and other system components, so errors that occur on the GPU can be difficult to diagnose and fix. In some cases, the error message may be produced by the GPU driver or runtime system rather than the kernel itself. However, regardless of where the error message originates, the result is typically the same: the program is terminated and the error is reported to the user. It is then up to the programmer to analyze the error message, identify the source of the problem, and modify the program accordingly to avoid the error in the future.
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The variable in the method declaration that accept the values from the actual parameters are _____ parameters.
The variable in the method declaration that accept the values from the actual parameters are called formal parameters.
Formal parameters are the variables listed in the method declaration, which are used to accept the values from the arguments passed by the caller. They are also known as method parameters or function parameters.
Formal parameters can be of any data type, such as int, float, string, or any other data type, and they are used to receive values from the arguments passed to the method.
These parameters can also have default values, which are used when the caller does not provide a value for that parameter.
Formal parameters act as local variables within the method, and they are initialized with the values passed by the caller.
These variables are then used within the method to perform the necessary computations or operations.
It is important to note that the number and types of formal parameters must match the number and types of actual parameters passed by the caller.
If there is a mismatch between the number or types of parameters, a compile-time error will occur.
They are used within the method to perform the required operations, and their types and numbers must match the types and numbers of the actual parameters.
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your cloud-hosted public website experiences more traffic during the holiday season. you need to design a configuration that responds to application requests to add or remove back-end virtual machines as required. the maximum number of vms should never exceed four. which cloud characteristic does this most closely relate to?
the characteristic of scalability in the cloud. By designing a configuration that can add or remove virtual machines as needed based on traffic, the website can scale up or down to handle varying levels of demand.
This allows for efficient resource utilization and cost savings while ensuring the website remains highly available and responsive during peak holiday season traffic. The limitation of a maximum of four virtual machines ensures that resources are not overprovisioned, optimizing the scalability and cost-effectiveness of the cloud solution. The cloud characteristic that most closely relates to the configuration you need for your cloud-hosted public website, which adds or removes back-end virtual machines based on application requests and traffic during the holiday season, is "Elasticity." Elasticity allows your infrastructure to automatically scale up or down to accommodate varying workloads, ensuring that the maximum number of VMs never exceeds four in your case.
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The following names of students are stored in an array with the identifier studentnames.
studentnames = ["Rob", "Anna", "Huw", "Emma", "Patrice", "Iqbal"]
Describe the steps that a linear search would take to find Anna in studentnames
Answer:
A linear search algorithm would take the following steps to find Anna in the studentnames array:
Start at the beginning of the array, which is the first element "Rob".
Check if the first element matches the target name "Anna". If it does, return the index of the element (which is 1, since array indexing starts at 0).
If the first element does not match the target name, move on to the next element in the array "Anna".
Check if the second element matches the target name "Anna". If it does, return the index of the element (which is 1, since array indexing starts at 0).
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each remaining element in the array until either the target name is found or the end of the array is reached.
If the target name is not found in the array, return a message indicating that it is not present.
Therefore, in this case, a linear search would take two iterations to find "Anna" in the studentnames array.
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How can threads enforce ordering across operations?
Threads can enforce ordering across operations using synchronization mechanisms like locks, semaphores, and barriers.
These mechanisms provide a way for threads to coordinate their execution and ensure that certain operations are executed in a specific order. Locks, for example, can be used to enforce mutual exclusion and prevent multiple threads from accessing a shared resource simultaneously. By acquiring a lock, a thread can ensure that it has exclusive access to the resource and can perform its operations without interference from other threads. The order in which threads acquire and release locks can also be used to enforce ordering across operations.
Semaphores and barriers are other synchronization mechanisms that can be used to enforce ordering across operations. Semaphores allow threads to wait for a certain condition to become true before proceeding with their operations, while barriers require all threads to reach a certain point in their execution before any of them can proceed further.
Overall, the key to enforcing ordering across operations is to use synchronization mechanisms that provide a way for threads to coordinate their execution and ensure that certain operations are executed in a specific order.
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What protocol is responsible for assigning IP addresses to hosts on most networks?A. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)B. Transport Layer Security (TLS)C. Virtual LAN (VLAN)D. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
The protocol that is responsible for assigning IP addresses to hosts on most networks is the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network, making it easier for administrators to manage and maintain a large number of IP addresses.
The protocol responsible for assigning IP addresses to hosts on most networks is A. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP automates the process of assigning and managing IP addresses for devices on a network, making it easier for network administrators to maintain and control IP address allocation.
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What are the tag attributes? give example
Tag attributes change the style or function of a tag.
One example is the style attribute. It allows you to change things such as the color, size, and font of a text.
A paragraph without any attributes would look like this:
<p>
Your text here...
</p>
A paragraph with attributes might look like this:
<p style="color:blue;font-size:60px;">
Your text here...
</p>
7. Which "channels" are available in the default Channels report? (select all answers that apply)A. Organic SearchB. DeviceC. DisplayD. Direct
The "channels" available in the default Channels report are A. Organic Search, B. Device, and D. Direct.
The Channels report in G**gle Analytics shows the sources of traffic to a website, categorized into different channels. "Organic Search" refers to traffic coming from search engines like G**gle or Bi#g. "Device" categorizes traffic based on the type of device used, such as desktop or mobile. "Direct" refers to traffic that comes directly to the website, either by typing in the URL or through bookmarks. "Display" is not included in the default Channels report, but can be added as a custom channel if needed.
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True/False : The threads with IDs 80 through 111 belong to the same warp.
True. The threads with IDs 80 through 111 belong to the same warp. Threads, in the context of computing, refer to individual sequences of instructions or sets of instructions that can be executed independently by a CPU.
Threads are the smallest units of a program that can be scheduled for execution by the CPU, and they allow for concurrent execution of multiple tasks or processes within a single program or application.
Threads can be thought of as lightweight processes that share the same memory space as the parent process and can access the same resources, such as files, sockets, and variables. Threads within a process can communicate with each other more easily and quickly compared to separate processes, as they share the same memory and do not need to rely on inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms.
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With just a URL, you can determine:
Web server, OS, names of IT personnel
A URL can reveal web server software, operating system, and names of IT personnel through HTTP response headers or staff directories. Ethical use is essential.
With just a URL, it is possible to determine the web server software and operating system being used by the website. This information can be obtained by using tools that analyze the server's HTTP response headers. Additionally, if the website includes staff directories or contact information, it may be possible to determine the names of IT personnel associated with the website. However, it is important to note that not all websites will provide this information and some may use techniques to obfuscate their server software and operating system to prevent this type of analysis. It is also important to use this information ethically and not engage in any malicious activities.
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What attempts did Hoover make to offer federal relief? How would you evaluate the success or failure of these programs?
During the Great Depression, President Herbert Hoover attempted to offer federal relief through a series of programs. One such program was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), which provided loans to struggling banks, railroads, and other businesses.
Another program was the National Credit Corporation (NCC), which aimed to coordinate lending between banks to provide additional credit to the economy. Hoover also established the Federal Farm Board, which was designed to support farmers by stabilizing crop prices.
However, despite these efforts, Hoover's programs were largely unsuccessful in combating the effects of the Great Depression. The RFC and NCC, for example, were criticized for being too limited in scope and for not doing enough to help small businesses and individuals.
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Which characteristic describes the default gateway of a host computer?
the logical address of the router interface on the same network as the host computer
the physical address of the switch interface connected to the host computer
the physical address of the router interface on the same network as the host computer
the logical address assigned to the switch interface connected to the router
The characteristic that describes the default gateway of a host computer is: "the logical address of the router interface on the same network as the host computer." (option a)
The default gateway is the IP address of the router that a host computer uses to send traffic to destinations outside of its own local network. When a host wants to send a packet to a remote destination, it checks its routing table to see if the destination is on the local network. If the destination is not on the local network, the host forwards the packet to its default gateway, which is the router that connects the local network to other networks.
The default gateway IP address is typically configured on the host by the network administrator, and it should be set to the logical address of the router interface that is on the same network as the host. This allows the host to send traffic to the router to be routed to other networks.
The physical address of the router interface is not typically used as the default gateway address, since the IP protocol operates at the network layer and uses logical addresses, rather than physical addresses, to identify devices on the network.
Option a is answer.
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1. Adding a node to an empty chain is the same as adding a node to the beginning of a chain.
In a linked list, a chain of nodes is used to represent a sequence of elements. Each node in the chain contains a reference to the next node in the chain, forming a "link" between the nodes.
When a new node is added to an empty chain, there is no existing chain to connect to. Therefore, the new node becomes the first and only node in the chain. This is the same as adding a node to the beginning of a chain, since there are no other nodes that come before it.
To add a node to an empty chain, the new node is simply assigned as the head of the chain, with its next reference set to null to indicate that it is the last node in the chain. For example:
sql
Node newNode = new Node(data); // create a new node with some data
head = newNode; // set the new node as the head of the chain
newNode.next = null; // set the next reference to null
After this code is executed, the head variable points to the new node, which is the first and only node in the chain.
In contrast, when a new node is added to a non-empty chain, the new node must be inserted between two existing nodes.
This involves updating the next reference of the previous node to point to the new node, and the next reference of the new node to point to the next node in the chain.
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When the ++ and -- operators are written after their operands it is called ____________.
a. prefix mode
b. suffix mode
c. appendix mode
d. postfix mode
When the ++ and -- operators are written after their operands it is called postfix mode. In programming, operands are the values or variables that are being operated on.
while operators are the symbols or keywords used to perform operations on those operands. The postfix mode of the ++ and -- operators means that they are applied to the operand after the current expression is evaluated. In computer programming, operators are symbols or keywords that perform specific operations on data or variables. They are used to perform mathematical or logical computations, assign values to variables, compare values, and more. Arithmetic operators such as +, -, *, and / are used for basic mathematical operations, while comparison operators such as ==, !=, >, and < are used to compare values and return a true or false result. Logical operators are such as AND, OR, and NOT are used to combine or negate expressions, and bitwise operators are used for low-level operations on binary data. Operators are a fundamental concept in programming and are used extensively in programming languages such as C, Java, Python, and more.
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________ is the process of converting a data model into tables, relationships, and data constraints. Database designDatabase querying Data miningDatabase aggregationDatabase cross modeling
Database design is the process of converting a data model into tables, relationships, and data constraints. This process is crucial for creating an efficient and well-structured database that meets the needs of the users and applications accessing it.
Database design is a critical process that involves transforming a conceptual data model into a physical database schema that can store, organize, and retrieve data efficiently. The process typically involves identifying the data elements required to support the intended application or system, and defining the relationships and constraints between them.
The first step in database design is to gather requirements and create a conceptual data model. This model defines the entities, attributes, and relationships that make up the system's data structure. The conceptual data model is then translated into a logical data model, which specifies the data elements and relationships needed to support the system's functionality.
Once the logical data model is complete, the next step is to transform it into a physical database schema. This involves defining tables, columns, and data types that match the logical data model, as well as specifying keys, constraints, and indexes to ensure data integrity and optimize performance.
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True/False:Producer/consumer problems are frequent in systems
The given statement "Producer/consumer problems are frequent in systems" is true because producer/consumer problems are frequent in systems.
Producer/consumer problems are a common synchronization problem in computer systems where one or more processes (producers) generate data and put it into a shared buffer or queue, while one or more other processes (consumers) retrieve and process that data. Synchronization is needed to ensure that producers do not overwrite data that has not yet been consumed, and that consumers do not try to consume data that has not yet been produced. Failing to properly synchronize can lead to issues such as data corruption or deadlocks.
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True/False : The GPU's memory performance is typically higher than the PCI-Express bus' performance.
True. The GPU's memory performance is typically higher than the PCI-Express bus' performance. This is because the GPU's memory is specifically designed for handling and processing large amounts of data quickly, whereas the PCI-Express bus is designed for general-purpose data transfer between devices.
This is because the GPU's memory is designed for high-speed data access and processing, while the PCI-Express bus is mainly used for data transfer between different components within the computer system.
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) memory performance refers to the speed and efficiency with which a GPU can access and manipulate data stored in its memory. GPU memory performance is a critical factor in determining the overall performance of a GPU, especially in graphics-intensive applications such as gaming, video editing, and 3D rendering.
GPU memory performance is typically measured by several key metrics, including:
Memory bandwidth: Memory bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transferred between the GPU and its memory in a given period of time. It is usually measured in gigabytes per second (GB/s) and represents the speed at which data can be read from or written to the GPU memory. Higher memory bandwidth generally results in faster data transfer and processing capabilities.
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A database is used instead of a spreadsheet when ________. Lists of data involve a single theme Structures of data lists are simpleLists involve data with multiple themes Users do not want to store all data in one placeUsers have a small amount of data to store
A database is used instead of a spreadsheet when data involves multiple themes and has complex structures.
Unlike spreadsheets, which are ideal for simple lists with a single theme, databases can efficiently manage, organize, and retrieve large volumes of data with multiple relationships and hierarchies. Additionally, databases provide robust storage solutions and are well-suited for users who want to store their data securely and avoid placing all their data in one location.
While spreadsheets may be suitable for users with a small amount of data, databases offer better scalability and performance as the volume of data grows. Overall, databases are the preferred choice when dealing with complex data structures and multiple themes, ensuring efficient data management and security.
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ARP ________________________ is a technique that is used to send fake ARP messages to other hosts in the LAN. The aim is associate IP addresses to the wrong MAC addresses.
ARP Spoofing is a technique used by attackers to send fake Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) messages to other hosts in the Local Area Network (LAN).
The main objective of this attack is to associate the IP addresses of the victim's computer to the wrong Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. By doing this, the attacker can intercept the data packets meant for the victim's computer and redirect them to their own computer, which allows them to monitor, steal, or manipulate the data transmitted over the network.
To perform an ARP Spoofing attack, the attacker sends fake ARP messages to the LAN, which associates their MAC address with the IP address of the victim's computer. Once the attacker's MAC address is associated with the victim's IP address, the attacker can intercept the victim's network traffic by pretending to be the victim's computer.
To prevent ARP Spoofing attacks, network administrators can implement several measures such as using secure ARP protocols, monitoring network traffic for suspicious activities, and using network intrusion detection and prevention systems. It is also recommended to keep software and operating systems up-to-date to reduce the chances of successful ARP Spoofing attacks.
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Which connection provides a secure CLI session with encryption to a Cisco switch?
a) a console connection
b) an AUX connection
c) a Telnet connection
d) an SSH connection
The secure CLI session with encryption to a Cisco switch is provided by an SSH (Secure Shell) connection. SSH is a protocol used to establish a secure connection between two devices, enabling secure remote access to network devices such as switches, routers, and servers.
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creating a web application which allows users to post articles. Each article can be tagged with one or more categories. Describe how you would structure a relational database to effectively store this application's data.
To effectively store the data for a web application that allows users to post articles with one or more categories, a relational database can be structured with at least two tables: one for articles and another for categories, connected through a many-to-many relationship using a junction table.
In the relational database structure, the first table can be created for articles, with columns such as article ID, title, content, and other relevant attributes. The second table can be created for categories, with columns like category ID and category name. To establish a relationship between articles and categories, a third table, known as a junction table or mapping table, can be created. This table will have columns for article ID and category ID, forming a many-to-many relationship.
Each record in the junction table represents a combination of an article and a category, linking them together. This structure allows an article to have multiple categories, and a category to be associated with multiple articles. By utilizing this relational database structure, the web application can effectively store and manage the data related to articles and their associated categories.
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For LW and SW instructions, the ALU function _____.
is the same
differs
For LW and SW instructions, the ALU function Differs. Differs. The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) function differs for LW (Load Word) and SW (Store Word) instructions.
LW involves reading data from memory and placing it in a register, while SW involves writing data from a register to memory. Therefore, the ALU function for LW calculates the memory address to read from, while the ALU function for SW calculates the memory address to write to.
In summary, the ALU function for LW and SW instructions differ because they perform different operations on memory - LW reads from memory, while SW writes to memory. This requires different calculations to determine the memory address for each operation.
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Pressing a combination of keys - such as Ctrl + Home to move to the top of the document - is referred to as a:
Answer: A shortcut
Explanation:
along with the from line, what is the most important factor in ensuring your business message is read?
The subject line is the most important factor in ensuring your business message is read, along with the "from" line.
The subject line is the first thing that recipients see when they receive an email, and it is the most important factor in determining whether or not they will open the email. A clear and concise subject line that accurately reflects the content of the email can increase the likelihood that the recipient will read the message. In addition, the "from" line can also impact the open rate of an email, as it indicates the sender's identity and can establish trust and familiarity with the recipient. However, if the subject line does not capture the recipient's attention, it is unlikely that the email will be opened, even if it is from a trusted source.
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How to convert pdf to word without losing formatting.
Use a specialized PDF to Word converter software like Adobe Acrobat, which preserves formatting during conversion. You can also try online tools like Small PDF or Ni n is to copy and paste the text from the PDF into a new Word document and adjust the formatting manually.
What are some reliable tools to convert a PDF to Word without losing formatting?Converting a PDF to Word can be tricky as the two file formats are structured differently. However, there are several ways to maintain formatting during conversion. One option is to use a specialized PDF to Word converter software, such as Adobe Acrobat. This software can preserve the layout and formatting of the original PDF file. Online tools like Small PDF or Nitro PDF can also be used, but it's important to be aware of the privacy and security risks of uploading sensitive documents to third-party websites.
Another option is to manually copy and paste the text from the PDF into a new Word document. This method is less reliable but can be effective for simple documents with minimal formatting. It's important to remember that images, charts, and other non-text elements may not transfer properly and may need to be added manually. Overall, the best approach will depend on the complexity of the original document and the level of formatting required in the final Word file.
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A ____________ contains data that has been encoded as text using a scheme such as ASCII.
a. document (as on MS-Word or Open-Document Format)
b. spreadsheet (as in Excel)
c. binary file
d. text file
A text file contains data that has been encoded as text using a scheme such as ASCII.
A text file is a file containing text, but there are several ways to think about that, so it's important to know the kind of text document you have before dealing with a program that can open or convert it.In the general sense, a text file refers to any file that has only text and is void of images and other non-text characters. These sometimes use the TXT file extension but don't necessarily need to. For example, a Word document that is an essay containing just text can be in the DOCX file format but still be called a text file.
Another kind of text file is the "plain text" file. This is a file that contains zero formatting (unlike RTF files), meaning nothing is bold, italic, underlined, colored, using a special font, etc. Several examples of plain text file formats include ones that end in these file extensions: XML, REG, BAT, PLS, M3U, M3U8, SRT, IES, AIR, STP, XSPF, DIZ, SFM, THEME, and TORRENT.
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____ takes penetration testing to a higher level.
a. Hacking c. Security testing
b. Cracking d. Packet sniffing
Hacking takes penetration testing to a higher level. However, it's important to note that hacking should only be done with the permission and consent of the target organization, and should be conducted in a responsible and ethical manner.
Other forms of security testing include security testing and packet sniffing, while cracking is an illegal activity.A commonly used hacking definition is the act of compromising digital devices and networks through unauthorized access to an account or computer system. Hacking is not always a malicious act, but it is most commonly associated with illegal activity and data theft by cyber criminals.
Hacking in cyber security refers to the misuse of devices like computers, smartphones, tablets, and networks to cause damage to or corrupt systems, gather information on users, steal data and documents, or disrupt data-related activity.
A traditional view of hackers is a lone rogue programmer who is highly skilled in coding and modifying computer software and hardware systems. But this narrow view does not cover the true technical nature of hacking. Hackers are increasingly growing in sophistication, using stealthy attack methods designed to go completely unnoticed by cybersecurity software and IT teams. They are also highly skilled in creating attack vectors that trick users into opening malicious attachments or links and freely giving up their sensitive personal data.
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