What is unique about how fish live in groups?

Answer:

Frontal lobes

Explanation:

The key structure of the brain that is involved in reward, motivation, and addiction is ventral tegmental area. The correct option is D.

The VTA is a part of the midbrain that is important to the reward system in the brain. It has dopamine-producing neurons that send signals to the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, among other parts of the brain.

Dopamine is released once the VTA is activated, which results in sensations of pleasure, motivation, and reinforcement.

Addiction can result from dysregulation of the reward pathways in the VTA because substances or actions that cause the release of dopamine in the VTA can strongly motivate usage or engagement even in the face of negative effects.

Thus, the correct option is D.

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Your question seems incomplete, the probable complete question is:

What key structure of the brain is involved in reward, motivation, and addiction?.

a) Cerebellum

b) Hippocampus

c) Prefrontal cortex

d) Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Independent assortment shows four possible genetic arrangements of a cell that contains two chromosomes during metaphase.

According to the Principle of Independent Assortment, as reproductive cells mature, various genes separately segregate from one another. Gregor Mendel made the initial discovery of an independent assortment of genes and the qualities they influence in 1865 while doing genetic research on pea plants.

The image missing in the independent assortment is attached here:

By passing one copy of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of the other pairs, according to the laws of chance, random combinations of chromosomes and genes are formed during meiosis on various pairs of homologous chromosomes.

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The Interpretation shows that the disinfectant is more stronger towards the E.coli in its irradiation than to the Phenol.

Disinfectants:

It is a solution used to irradiate the pathogens like- bacteria, endospores, fungi etc. It is used as a disinfection method. All the disinfectants have a small amount of phenol as it is having antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Which when used kills or inhibits the growth of the pathogens.  The small concentration of the phenol in the disinfectant is known as the Phenol coefficient.

Phenol coefficient = dilution ratio of disinfectant ÷ dilution ratio of phenol

The phenol coefficient of any pathogen can be determined by phenol coefficient tests. There are two phenol coefficient tests used-

Rideal walker method and Chick Martin test.

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Answer:

The answer is true

Explanation:

It is expected to find the highest rate of primary productivity in the tropics during the fall (Option C).

The expression 'primary productivity' makes reference to the amount of biomass produced in an ecosystem by producer autotrophic photosynthetic organisms such as plants.

Primary productivity largely depends on the process of photosynthesis by which producers can generate carbohydrates by means of solar radiation.

The measure of primary productivity of a particular ecosystem is defined by the amount of energy that is transformed by photoautotrophic organisms such as plants and algae.

In conclusion, it is expected to find the highest rate of primary productivity in the tropics during the fall (Option C).

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A theory is that human species is evolutionary linked to apes and one hypothesis may be the association of this process with certain homologous structures.

The evolutionary theory is a scientific theory that explains how organisms evolve from a common ancestor.

This theory can be used to explain the presence of homologous strictures between humans and primate during embryonic development, which may be verified by establishing hypotheses that can be confirmed by experimental procedures.

In conclusion, a theory about one aspect of human development is we are evolutionary linked to apes and one hypothesis is it is associated with certain homologous structures.

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The adaptations of the red blood cells for this function include:

Red blood cells are primarily responsible for delivering oxygen to cells and tissues as well as the removal pf carbon dioxide as waste from the tissues and cells.

The adaptations of the red blood cells for this function include:

Therefore, red blood cells possess adaptation which enables them to transport gases efficiently to and from the tissues.

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Option B- Natural selection.

Option D - Gene flow.

1. The forces of evolution at work are:

This can be explained as there is no mutation taking place and only the flow of genes takes place and the alleles are continuous throughout the population irrespective of time.

2. Natural selection takes place as a result of a greater survival rate of individuals having blood groups most suitable for their environment.

3. There are four forces of evolution, they are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

A . Mutations are the changes taking place in a gene of the games of individuals so that those traits are passed over to the next offspring/generation produced.

B. Gene flow occurs when the Hardy-Weinberg equation is disturbed, that is when an individual move out or a new individual comes into the population. thus new genes are introduced into the population and the gene pool is disturbed.

C. Genetic drift is the small changes taking place in the gene of individuals in a small population.

D. Natural selection - the ultimate force of evolution that ensures the survival or destruction of a species. the fittest of a population survive while the weaker ones get eliminated.

Modern Native Americans have very high frequencies of Type O blood.

In some places in North and South America, the frequency is as high as 100%. Anthropologists believe that early Native Americans arrived in North America by crossing over the Bering Land Bridge around 15,000 years ago, from East Asia.

Modern East Asian populations, with whom modern Native Americans share ancestry, do not have high frequencies of Type O blood. Instead, they have some of the lowest frequencies of Type O blood in the world.

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The most accurate description is option (A) i.e, The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction.

A condition where the immune system destroys the nerves' protective covering.

Multiple sclerosis doesn't have a known etiology. A body's immune system attacking its own tissues is regarded as an autoimmune disease. The fatty substance known as myelin, which covers and shields the nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, is destroyed in Multiple sclerosis, which has four stages:

Common signs of multiple sclerosis (MS) include:

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The complete question is:

During physiology class, the instructor asks students to explain the pathology behind development of multiple sclerosis. Which student gave the most accurate description?

A)The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction

B)Muscle necrosis with resultant increase in fat/connective tissue replacing the muscle fibers

C)Atherosclerotic destruction of circulation to the brain resulting in lactic acid buildup that affects nerve transmission

D)Autoimmune disease where antibody loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction causes decrease motor response

Human cloning might be a possible undesirable result of embryonic stem cell research (Option B).

Human cloning refers to the molecular biology techniques aimed at generating genetically identical human beings.

Human cloning might involve human stem cells to generate new genetically identical human embryos and therefore it might be a subject of concern.

In conclusion, human cloning is an undesirable result of embryonic stem cell research (Option B).

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Some people must restrict their pollen interaction owing to hereditary causes since it irritates their respiratory mechanism.

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Answer:

1st law of thermodynamics- energy can not be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics- energy becomes less useable

-only ten percent of energy in the producer level can be transferred to the next level and so onto the next level

- the lost energy either becomes heat or waste

What is the best example of Environmental Variation?

=A. Blood group

Answer:

D. Organism size

Explanation:

Took the test

Answer:

C, CO2 --> CO2

Explanation:

Plants --> Oxygen (O2) --> Animals --> Carbon-dioxide (CO2) --> Plants

Plants absorb carbon dioxide which is used in the process of photosynthesis to make food. The plants respire (breathe out/exhale) oxygen, which is taken in by animals such as humans (us), and then use it for respiring or breathing. We breathe out carbon dioxide, which is then used to continue the cycle.

This is the reason why cutting down plants and trees are harmful for the environment; it reduces the number of trees and plants that can reduce the CO2 in our atmosphere.

The prefrontal cortex is involved in planning and decision making.

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A prolonged period of photorespiration would affect a plant, giving a significant evolutionary advantage to plant species in dry climates.

One of the basic differences between photorespiration and respiration concerns the effect of O2 on the two processes. Respiration saturates when O2 reaches approximately 2%, while photorespiration does not reach saturation in a pure O2 atmosphere.

Photorespiration is an expensive metabolic pathway that occurs when the Calvin Cycle enzyme rubisco acts on oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.

With this information, we can conclude that A prolonged period of photorespiration would affect a plant, giving a significant evolutionary advantage to plant species in dry climates.

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Answer:

Algae

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

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A Intravenous pyelogram is a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters with the use of an intravenous contrast medium.

By taking pictures of the body's internal structure and analyzing them for signs of disease, foreign objects, structural damage, or anomalies, it can be used to diagnose or treat patients. A radiographic procedure involves passing an x-ray beam through the body.

One kind of contrast media is intravenous contrast material, sometimes known as IV contrast in CT. These are a sizable set of chemical preparations created to help characterize pathology by enhancing an imaging modality's capacity to distinguish between various biological tissues.

Diagnostic imaging, or radiology, is the term for a group of procedures that include taking photos or images of various bodily parts.

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The framework for nerve tissue is created by astrocytes. They create the blood-brain barrier, which separates the blood from the brain tissue and restricts the substances that can reach the neurons, safeguarding them. The neuron is fed by them. They alter blood flow to the brain to accommodate shifting nutrition and oxygen requirements. encourage the development of synapses and new neuron proliferation. They affect the way that neurons communicate. The neurotransmitters are released. Neurons create scar tissue and fill the void when they are imaged.

A subtype of glial cells in the central nervous system is called an astrocyte. Additionally called astrocytic glial cells. Their many processes surround the star-shaped synapses created by neurons. A single astrocyte cell in a human can communicate with up to 2 million synapses at once.

In addition to controlling blood flow, astrocytes also deliver mitochondria to neurons and the raw materials for neurotransmitters, which power neuronal metabolism. Furthermore, astrocytes have the capacity to phagocytose synapses, modify neurotrophin secretion, and remove debris.

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Answer:

C. keeping the strands separated during replication.

I think

Explanation:

Dog breeders make great efforts to breed dogs that are unrelated to the dog they are trying to breed. This is because closely related individuals are likely to share the same harmful gene.

Breeding is the intentional collection of dogs during the breeding season to allow the animals to mate and give birth. Do not underestimate the variety.

Most breeders recommend waiting for dogs to breed until they are at least 18 months old. Most strains are fully grown at this point, limiting the potential for complications. However, many very small varieties can grow after a year.

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The graph predicts the effect that each factor would have on the biodiversity of the mediterranean sea in the next 10 years. however, if the government introduces laws prohibiting hunting, it would somewhat reduce the impact (eutrophication, exploitation, pollution) would have on the biodiversity. similarly, if laws prohibiting introduction of new plant or animal species within the country are passed, it will curb the effect (exploitation, climate change, invasive species)would have on the seas biodiversity.

In an aged aquatic habitat like a lake, eutrophication is the progressive rise in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients.

Because hunting is primarily done for amusement or to obtain treasures from animals such skin, horn, ivory, and venome for selling on the global market and reaping enormous profits from them, hunting would have a somewhat smaller influence on biodiversity if the government passed laws outlawing it. The introduction of a hunting ban will lessen the killing and use of animals as commodities.

The impact that invasive species would have on the waters would be reduced if regulations limiting the entrance of new plant or animal species within the nation were implemented. Living things that invade or migrate to new areas in quest of resources are known as invasive species. Native species suffer due to competition from these species, which causes a fall in native species. As a result of the fall in native marine species and potential extinction of native species, this will affect the actual biodiversity of the ocean.

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Answer: exploitation, invasive species

Explanation:

we're science experiments took place

This drug  destroys the mitochondria within the cell. Hence, this drug will interfere with the citric acid cycle and electron transport system of cellular metabolism.

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This drug destroys the mitochondria within the cell. Hence, this drug will interfere with the citric acid cycle and electron transport system of cellular metabolism.

The Krebs cycle sometimes referred to as the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle, is a chain of enzyme-catalyzed processes that happens in the mitochondrial matrix and involves oxidizing acetyl-CoA to make carbon dioxide and reducing coenzymes to produce ATP for the electron transport chain.

The organic molecules that make up the electron transport system allow electrons to travel through and release energy through a series of redox events. These organic molecules are attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane by a set of proteins.

The energy released by the protein ATP-synthase is used to build a proton gradient, which is then used in chemiosmosis to generate a considerable amount of ATP.

As these processes take place in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the medication will interfere with the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system.

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The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected in D)all of the above.

i)The presence of color vision in most species.

Good vision is a hallmark of the primate order. Maximum primates typically have shade vison which may be dichromatic and others trichromatic. they've binocular imaginative and prescient and ahead-dealing with closely spaced eyes that permit overlap between the visual view of every eye. This gives them a stereoscopic imaginative and prescient and a good feel of depth notion.

ii)A more forward-facing position of the eyes relative to other mammals.

Any photograph formed inside the retina of the attention is despatched as electric signals via the optic nerve to the visible centers in each of the hemispheres of the mind, which in the end technique the image and allow us to peer.

iii )The reduction of the size of structures related to the sense of smell.

Even though the imaginative and prescient of the primates is enormously advanced, they have shortened muzzles and hence a discounted experience of scent.

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Answer:

The temperature of the water approaches the temperature of it's surroundings as heat is transferred from the warmer object (either the air or the water) to the colder.

Explanation:

Answer:

so when whater is not in the heat waves the whater will turn cold

Answer:

Digestion occurs when the animal’s body gets busy breaking down the food. Two types of digestion exist in all animals: Mechanical digestion physically breaks down food into smaller and smaller pieces.

To begin, morphological similarities existing among groups of species support evolution. When different organisms exhibit the same characteristics or convergent evolution, they are often from the same ancestral line.

Morphological evidence makes use of the form and structure of organisms (morphology), where homologous structures discuss the inherited frame parts that came from a common ancestor which have been modified in another way into distinct traces of descent. Thus, they are more intently related.

Morphological traits are beneficial for tracing the evolutionary relationships with a group of organisms due to the fact they can be discovered and measured in fossils in addition to in dwelling organisms.

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