GDP comprises the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a years time. It is a tool commonly used measure of economic activity.
The formula, C+I+G+(X₋M) in GDP (Expenditure Method) stands for -
1. Private Consumption Expenditure (C) - It refers to total expenditure incurred by households on purchase of goods and services during an accounting year. It is directly influenced by the level of disposable income.
2. Investment Expenditure (I) - It is the total expenditure incurred by all private firms on capital goods like machinery, equipment, buildings,etc. It is assumed to be autonomous.
3. Government Expenditure (G) - It is the total expenditure incurred by government on consumer goods and capital goods to satisfy the common needs of the economy. Also includes investment expenditure made by government in economy.
4. Net Exports (X-M) - Exports is demand for goods produced within the domestic territory of a country by the rest of the world and Imports are demands made by residents for goods that have been produced abroad. Thus, the difference between values of exports and imports is termed as net exports.
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THE PDSA (PLAN, DO, STUDY, ACT) MODEL IS HELPFUL TO DETERMINE THE AIM OF A PROJECT
Yes, the PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) model is a helpful tool for determining the aim of a project. The model is commonly used in quality improvement initiatives and involves a cyclical process of planning, implementing, evaluating, and making adjustments.
During the "Plan" phase of the PDSA model, the aim of the project is established, along with the specific goals and objectives that need to be achieved. This involves defining the problem, gathering data, and analyzing it to determine the root cause. From there, the team can develop a plan of action to address the problem and achieve the desired outcomes.
In the "Do" phase, the plan is put into action, and the changes or interventions are implemented on a small scale to test their effectiveness.
In the "Study" phase, the team evaluates the results of the intervention and measures progress towards the established goals and objectives. This involves analyzing data and identifying trends and patterns to determine the impact of the changes.
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A provision in a real estate financing instrument that allows the lender to declare the remaining indebtedness due and payable on the happening of certain conditions, such as the sale of the property or the borrower's default in payment.
An estate financing instrument is a legal agreement between a lender and a borrower that outlines the terms and conditions of a loan for the purpose of purchasing real estate. This agreement may include a provision that allows the lender to declare the remaining indebtedness due and payable on the occurrence of certain conditions.
These conditions may include the sale of the property or the borrower's default in payment.
This provision is designed to protect the lender's investment in the event that the borrower is unable to repay the loan. If the borrower defaults on their payment, the lender can declare the remaining indebtedness due and payable. This means that the borrower will have to repay the entire amount owed, plus any interest and fees that have accrued.
The provision may also be triggered if the borrower sells the property before the loan is fully paid off. This is because the lender wants to ensure that they are repaid before any proceeds from the sale are distributed to the borrower.
In summary, a provision in a real estate financing instrument that allows the lender to declare the remaining indebtedness due and payable on the occurrence of certain conditions is a standard practice in the lending industry. It is designed to protect the lender's investment and ensure that they are repaid in full.
Borrowers should be aware of these conditions when entering into a real estate financing agreement to avoid any surprises down the road.
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the use of self-managed work teams allows a single team to produce ______ product.
The use of self-managed work teams allows a single team to produce high-quality products that meet customer needs
Self-managed work teams have become increasingly popular in today's business world. They are groups of employees who work together to complete a project or produce a product, and are responsible for managing themselves, setting their own goals, and making their own decisions. The use of self-managed work teams allows a single team to produce high-quality products that meet customer needs, as each team member can contribute their unique skills and expertise to the project.
One of the key benefits of self-managed work teams is that they are highly efficient. Each team member has a specific role to play in the production process, and is responsible for completing their tasks on time and to a high standard. This means that the team can produce products more quickly and with fewer errors than a traditional hierarchical organization.
In addition, self-managed work teams are highly adaptable. They can quickly respond to changes in customer needs or market conditions, as they are able to make decisions and implement changes without having to wait for approval from higher-level managers. This means that the team can stay ahead of the competition and produce products that are in line with current market trends.
Finally, self-managed work teams are highly motivated. They are given more autonomy and responsibility than traditional teams, which can lead to a greater sense of job satisfaction and pride in their work. This, in turn, can lead to higher levels of productivity and better quality products.
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In the market for Oregon State Beavers baseball tickets, a determinant of demand would be ______ while supply determinants would include _______a. The price of the tickets; household wealth in the Corvallis, Oregon area. b. The number of sellers and consumer tastes, input costs of producing tickets. c. The price of other goods that could be supplied by Oregon State University; d. The price of substitutes for these tickets.
In the market for Oregon State Beavers baseball tickets, a determinant of demand would be (d) The price of substitutes for these tickets, while supply determinants would include (b) The number of sellers and input costs of producing tickets.
In the market for Oregon State Beavers baseball tickets, the price of substitutes for these tickets is a determinant of demand. The demand for Oregon State Beavers baseball tickets would be influenced by the availability and price of substitutes, such as other sports events, concerts, movies, or other entertainment options that people might choose instead of attending a baseball game. If the price of substitutes is low, people might choose to attend other events instead of buying a ticket for a Beavers game, reducing the demand for Beavers baseball tickets. Alternatively, if the price of substitutes is high or there are no close substitutes available, people might be more willing to buy tickets for the Beavers game, increasing the demand for Beavers baseball tickets.
On the other hand, the number of sellers and input costs of producing tickets are supply determinants in the market for Oregon State Beavers baseball tickets. The number of sellers would affect the overall supply of tickets available in the market. If there are more sellers, there would be more tickets available, and the supply curve would shift to the right. Similarly, if there are fewer sellers, there would be fewer tickets available, and the supply curve would shift to the left. The input costs of producing tickets, such as the cost of printing, distribution, and labor, would also affect the supply of tickets. If the input costs are high, it would be more expensive to produce tickets, which could lead to a decrease in the supply of tickets.
Overall, in the market for Oregon State Beavers baseball tickets, the price of substitutes for these tickets is a determinant of demand, while the number of sellers and input costs of producing tickets are supply determinants.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. The price of substitutes for these tickets and b. The number of sellers and consumer tastes, input costs of producing tickets.
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Suppose we have an ISLM-PC model with short run equations C = 30 + 1/2 (Y − T )
T = 10 + 1/10Y
G = 20
I = 10 + 1/4 Y − 100r
Y =C+I+G r=r
where r is the real interest rate. In the medium run, π = π^e − 20u + 1
L = 200
a ) What is the natural rate of unemployment? What is potential output?
b ) Calculate the natural rate of interest rn
c) How might a high rate of deflation prevent the central bank from achieving the natural rate of interest rn?
d ) If the central bank alone cannot achieve the natural rate of interest, what policies can be used to restore the economy to potential output?
a) The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemployment at which the economy is at its potential output. To find the natural rate of unemployment, we need to set u=0 in the medium-run Phillips curve.
Doing so, we get π = π^e - 1. This means that inflation is equal to expected inflation minus 1. At the natural rate of unemployment, inflation is stable, so expected inflation is equal to actual inflation. Therefore, we can set π^e = π, giving us π = π - 1. Solving for π, we get π = 1, which implies that the natural rate of unemployment is u = 5%.
Potential output is the level of output that the economy can produce at the natural rate of unemployment. We can find potential output by substituting the natural rate of unemployment into the short-run production function:
Y = C + I + G
where C = 30 + 1/2(Y - T), I = 10 + 1/4Y - 100r, and T = 10 + 1/10Y. Substituting the equations for C and I, we get:
Y = 30 + 1/2(Y - 10 - 1/10Y) + 10 + 1/4Y - 100r + 20
Simplifying this equation, we get:
Y = 460 + 9/8Y - 100r
Solving for Y, we get:
Y = 920 - 800r
This equation gives us potential output, which depends on the real interest rate.
b) The natural rate of interest is the real interest rate that is consistent with potential output. To find the natural rate of interest, we need to set the real interest rate to rn in the equation for potential output:
Y = 920 - 800r
and then solve for rn. Doing so, we get
rn = (920 - Y)/800
Subtituting the equation for Y, we get:
rn = (920 - (30 + 1/2(Y - 10 - 1/10Y) + 10 + 1/4Y - 100r + 20))/800
Simplifying this equation, we get:
rn = 0.025 + 0.00125Y - 0.125r
This equation gives us the natural rate of interest, which depends on output and the real interest rate.
c) A high rate of deflation can make it difficult for the central bank to achieve the natural rate of interest by increasing the real interest rate. If the real interest rate is already high, a further increase in the real interest rate due to deflation can lead to a decrease in investment and consumption, which can lead to a decrease in output and inflation. This can create a vicious cycle of falling output and falling inflation, making it difficult for the central bank to achieve its inflation target.
d) If the central bank alone cannot achieve the natural rate of interest, fiscal policy can be used to stimulate the economy. For example, the government can increase its spending, decrease taxes, or increase transfer payments. This can increase aggregate demand and output, which can help restore the economy to potential output. Additionally, structural policies such as labor market reforms, education and training programs, and investment in infrastructure can increase the economy's productivity and potential output over the long run.
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The market demand culve for labor O is determined by adding up the demand for labor by each firm at each wage, holding constant the other variables that affect the willingness of firms to hire workers. O is the same as the market demand curve for the product labor produces because it is a derived demand. O is perfectly inelastic because there is a finite number of workers in the market for labor. is determined by adding up the quantity of labor demanded by each firm at each wage, holding constant the other variables that affect the willingness of firms to hire workers
The market demand curve for labor O is perfectly inelastic because there is a finite number of workers in the market for labor.
In economics, the market demand curve for labor represents the total quantity of labor that all firms in a given market are willing to hire at different wage rates, holding other factors constant. The market demand curve for labor is derived from the demand for the final product that the labor produces. Therefore, the demand for labor is a derived demand, meaning that it is not a direct demand for the labor itself, but for the product that the labor produces.When the market demand curve for labor is perfectly inelastic, it means that the quantity demanded of labor does not change with changes in the wage rate. In other words, firms in the market for labor are willing to hire a fixed quantity of labor regardless of the wage rate. This occurs when there is a finite number of workers available in the market, and firms are unable to increase their demand for labor beyond that fixed quantity.
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A perfectly competitive firm will benefit by spending some of its revenues advertising the product it produces. A True B False
The answer is B : False.
A perfectly competitive firm will not benefit from spending its revenues on advertising the product it produces.
In a perfectly competitive market, all firms sell identical products and are price takers, meaning they cannot influence the market price.
Advertising would not provide any competitive advantage or increase the firm's revenue, as consumers see all products in the market as identical and make their decisions based on price alone.
Therefore, spending on advertising would only increase the firm's costs without providing any additional benefits.
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Evaluate each one of the following statements by True/False/Uncertain. Justify your answer in a few lines. Re- member that Y_C+I+G+XM. 1. Trade deficits (XM <0) are evidently bad for the economy because they decrease GDP. 2. By construction, nominal GDP must always be greater or equal than real GDP. m 3. Since cars are durable goods, buying a used car increases GDP because durable goods are measured in the household consumption component of GDP. 4. If a firm sells a product from its inventory, that transaction does not affect GDP. 5. Gross National Product (GNP) cannot be greater than GDP.
1. False. 2. False. 3. False. Buying a used car does not increase GDP because it is not a newly produced good. 4. False. 5. False. GNP can be greater than GDP if there are significant net income inflows or outflows from abroad.
1. Uncertain. Trade deficits (XM < 0) occur when a country imports more goods and services than it exports. While this can decrease GDP, it doesn't necessarily mean it's bad for the economy. Trade deficits can lead to benefits, such as lower prices for consumers, access to better quality products, and increased foreign investment. Trade deficits (XM <0) do not necessarily decrease GDP. In fact, they can lead to increased investment and consumption which can actually stimulate economic growth.
2. False. Nominal GDP is the value of goods and services produced in a country at current market prices, while real GDP is adjusted for inflation. It is possible for real GDP to be greater than nominal GDP if there is deflation, meaning prices are decreasing over time. Nominal GDP includes inflation whereas real GDP does not. Therefore, nominal GDP must always be greater or equal to real GDP.
3. False. Buying a used car does not increase GDP because it is a second-hand transaction and not a newly produced good. GDP only measures the value of new goods and services produced within a given period.
4. False. When a firm sells a product from its inventory, that transaction affects GDP in the sense that it reduces the inventory, which is considered investment. As a result, the investment component of GDP will decrease, and the consumption component will increase, leaving the overall GDP unaffected. If a firm sells a product from its inventory, that transaction does affect GDP. It is counted as a final sale of a good, even though it was produced in a previous period.
5. False. Gross National Product (GNP) measures the value of goods and services produced by a country's residents, regardless of whether they are located within the country or abroad. If a country's residents earn significant income from abroad, it's possible for GNP to be greater than GDP. GNP includes the income earned by domestic residents both domestically and abroad, while GDP only measures domestic production.
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8. Hofstede's cross-cultural research found that Japanese managers valued:
a. high risk taking
b. group decisions
c. a short-time perspective
d. individualism
Hofstede's cross-cultural research found that Japanese managers valued group decisions. So the correct option is B .
In his research, Hofstede identified five dimensions of national culture that can be used to compare different cultures. One of these dimensions is individualism-collectivism, which refers to the extent to which individuals see themselves as part of a group or as individuals.
Japanese culture is generally considered to be collectivistic, meaning that individuals tend to see themselves as part of a larger group, such as their family or their company. This collectivistic culture is reflected in the way that Japanese managers make decisions. Rather than making decisions on their own, Japanese managers tend to value group decisions that involve input from all relevant stakeholders.
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Periodic Inventory Accounting and Perpetual Inventory Accounting-are two different bookkeeping systems-are two different fairy tales
Periodic Inventory Accounting is a bookkeeping system used to record inventory transactions at the end of an accounting period. This system keeps track of the total number of units of inventory purchased and sold during the accounting period, and the cost of each transaction.
It does not track individual inventory items until the end of the period.
Perpetual Inventory Accounting is a more detailed bookkeeping system that records inventory transactions as they occur.
This system tracks the individual inventory items purchased and sold, as well as the cost associated with each transaction. It is useful for companies that need to keep a close eye on their inventory levels and costs.
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Manufacturers may want to promote a new product and encourage retailers to carry the products, therefore, the manufacturer may use promotions such as: 2 of them
Manufacturers may want to promote a new product and encourage retailers to carry the products as is common practise among producers of consumer goods, Frito-Lay rewards retailers for carrying and promoting its goods by giving them discounts.
A pull approach is a marketing tactic that uses advertising and promotion to draw customers to a good or service. A pull strategy aims to make customers want the good or service and ask for it from merchants. A push strategy entails directing a product through distribution channels towards customers.
A pull approach does not.Manufacturers of consumer goods, like Frito-Lay, frequently utilise a pull technique to market their goods. Frito-Lay may entice shops to carry its products and market them to consumers by giving them discounts. This could improve sales by generating demand for the goods.In order to get merchants to stock and advertise Frito-Lay products, the company uses a pull strategy that entails giving them discounts. This may increase customer awareness of the products and boost demand for them.
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Block-cyclic partitioning requires a minimum calculation if the block size is not an integer multiple of the total number of iterations. true or false
This given statement "Block-cyclic partitioning requires a minimum calculation if the block size is not an integer multiple of the total number of iterations." is true because calculation depends on block size.
Block-cyclic partitioning is a technique used in parallel computing to distribute data among multiple processors for efficient processing. It involves dividing the data into blocks of a certain size and distributing them in a cyclic manner among the processors.
This technique is particularly useful when the data is too large to fit in the memory of a single processor.
However, when the block size is not an integer multiple of the total number of iterations, some processors will have to perform more calculations than others. This can result in load imbalance and reduced performance.
To avoid this, the block size should be chosen carefully so that it is an integer multiple of the total number of iterations. If this is not possible, the partitioning scheme should be modified to ensure that each processor performs an equal amount of work.
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True. Block-cyclic partitioning requires a minimum calculation if the block size is not an integer multiple of the total number of iterations. This is because the remaining iterations must be distributed among the blocks in a way that ensures that each block has an equal number of iterations. This requires additional calculations to determine the appropriate distribution of iterations.
Block-cyclic partitioning is a technique used in high-performance computing to efficiently distribute data and computation across multiple processors or nodes. This method partitions data into small, regularly shaped blocks and distributes them cyclically among a set of processors or nodes in a regular pattern. The block-cyclic partitioning method is particularly useful for large data sets that cannot fit into the memory of a single processor or node and can improve performance by minimizing communication overhead between processors. Block-cyclic partitioning can be used in a variety of applications, including numerical linear algebra and image processing, and can be implemented using software libraries or specialized hardware architectures.
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3. The rate of return required by investors in the market for owning a bond is called the: A) Coupon. B) Face value. C) Maturity. D) Yield to maturity. E) Coupon rate.
The yield to maturity refers to the rate of return that market participants want in order to own a bond.
The rate of return required by investors in the market for owning a bond is called the yield to maturity. This is the rate that investors demand in order to invest in a particular bond, and it reflects the market's assessment of the risk associated with the bond. Factors that can affect the yield to maturity include the creditworthiness of the issuer, the prevailing interest rates in the market, and the maturity date of the bond. Overall, the yield to maturity is an important measure of the attractiveness of a particular bond to investors, and it can have a significant impact on the price of the bond in the market.
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Discuss, with appropriate examples, why a monopolistic competition market is better than a perfectly competitive market a
Monopolistic competition is a type of market where many firms offer similar but differentiated products. In this type of market, firms have some market power, but there is still competition, unlike in a monopoly. Monopolistic competition is better than a perfectly competitive market because it allows for product differentiation, innovation, and a better experience for consumers.
Product differentiation means that firms can offer unique features or qualities that differentiate their products from their competitors. For example, in the smartphone market, Apple offers unique features such as Face ID and a seamless integration with other Apple products. This differentiation allows firms to charge a premium price for their products and creates brand loyalty among consumers.
Innovation is also encouraged in monopolistic competition because firms are constantly looking for ways to improve their products and differentiate themselves from competitors. This leads to a faster pace of technological advancements and product improvements that benefit consumers
In a perfectly competitive market, there is no differentiation between products, and firms are only focused on price. This leads to a race to the bottom in terms of price, which can be harmful to firms and consumers alike. Firms may have to cut corners to offer the lowest price, which can lead to lower quality products.
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A monopoly sets a market price that is higher than the marginal cost of production. This fact implies that a monopoly's allocation of resources is: a. unfair. b. inefficient. c. discriminatory. d. excessive.
This fact implies that a monopoly's allocation of resources is inefficient. Option B
When a monopoly sets a market price that is higher than the marginal cost of production, it creates a deadweight loss, which is the loss of consumer and producer surplus that occurs when the market is not operating at its optimal level.
This means that the monopoly is not allocating resources efficiently, as it is producing less than what would be produced in a perfectly competitive market. In a perfectly competitive market, firms would produce up to the point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, resulting in an efficient allocation of resources.
Furthermore, a monopoly's pricing strategy can also lead to reduced consumer welfare, as consumers are forced to pay a higher price for the product than they would in a competitive market. This pricing strategy may also prevent potential competitors from entering the market, further reducing efficiency and limiting consumer choice.
In conclusion, a monopoly's allocation of resources is inefficient when it sets a market price that is higher than the marginal cost of production. This can result in a deadweight loss and reduced consumer welfare, and can also discourage potential competitors from entering the market. Option B is correct.
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Explain how the M1 and M2 money supply related and explain whois responsible for tracking the amounts of Each.
M1 and M2 are measures of the money supply in an economy. M1 includes currency in circulation, demand deposits, traveler's checks, and other checkable deposits.
M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds.
Explain in detail how the M1 and M2 money supply are related?The M1 money supply is considered a more narrow definition of the money supply because it includes only the most liquid forms of money.
On the other hand, M2 includes less liquid assets that can be quickly converted into cash.
The Federal Reserve, also known as the central bank of the United States, is responsible for tracking the amounts of M1 and M2 money supply.
The Fed uses various data sources, including surveys and financial reports from banks and other financial institutions, to track the money supply and make monetary policy decisions based on its findings.
The Fed also uses a variety of tools to influence the money supply, including open market operations, reserve requirements, interest on reserve balances, and the discount rate.
Open market operations involve buying or selling government securities to affect the level of reserves in the banking system, while reserve requirements specify the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold in order to meet their obligations to depositors.
Interest on reserve balances is the rate that the Fed pays to banks on their reserve balances held at the Fed, and the discount rate is the interest rate at which banks can borrow money from the Fed.
Overall, the Fed's tracking of the M1 and M2 money supply is important for its ability to make monetary policy decisions that can affect economic growth, inflation, and employment levels.
By using various tools to influence the money supply, the Fed can help to promote a stable and healthy economy.
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8. What are the counter-arguments against the criticism of theminimum wage?PLEASE ANSWER CORRECTLY THIS IS THE SECOND TIME I POST THISQUESTION!
Critics counter that rather than improving welfare ,minimum wages are counterproductive because they distrupt the market for labour
The counter-arguments against the criticism of the minimum wage include what?
1. Reduced poverty: Critics argue that minimum wage increases unemployment, but supporters claim that a higher minimum wage helps lift low-income workers out of poverty, providing them with a more stable income.
2. Increased consumer spending: Opponents of minimum wage argue that it leads to higher prices, but proponents say that when low-income workers have more money, they spend it in the local economy, stimulating growth.
3. Reduced employee turnover: Critics claim that raising the minimum wage results in job losses; however, supporters argue that higher wages lead to more satisfied workers, which reduces employee turnover and saves businesses money on recruitment and training.
4. Fairness: Critics often argue that the minimum wage interferes with the free market; however, proponents claim that it is essential to ensure fair pay for workers, reducing income inequality and promoting social justice.
5. Boosting worker productivity: While opponents argue that minimum wage increases might lead to reduced hours or automation, supporters counter that better-paid workers are more motivated and productive, which benefits businesses in the long run.In summary, the counter-arguments against the criticism of the minimum wage emphasize the potential benefits for low-income workers, the economy, and overall fairness in the labor market.
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Question 1: The demand function of the peanut butter market is given as Qp=40-2P, and the market equilibrium price is $10. (25%) I. If the price increased to $11, compute the (point) elasticity at $10 II. Compute the arc elasticity between $10 and $11. III. If the price increased to $15, compute the (point) elasticity at $10, and the arc elasticity between $10 and $15. Is the point elasticity different from your previous answer? IV. The average income of the neighborhood increased from $50,000 to $60,000. We observe the peanut butter sales dropped from 20 to 16 units. Compute the income elasticity of peanut butter. (When not specified, you should compute the point elasticity) V. What type of good is peanut butter given its income elasticity? Question 2: In a perfectly competitive market, the demand curve is given as: Q=100-5P, the supply curve is given as Q=3P-12. (30%) I. Compute the total social surplus of this market. II. If the government impose a tax on the producers, and the tax rate is $2 per unit produced. Graphically show the tax revenue and the deadweight loss (DWL). III. Compute the new producer surplus and the DWL. IV. Instead of taxing the producers, if the government impose the same tax ($2 per unit) on the consumers, graphically show the change in the market equilibrium and the DWL. V. Does it really matter whether the tax is imposed on consumers or the producers?
Question 1:
I. The point elasticity at $10 when the price increased to $11 is -2.5.
II. The arc elasticity between $10 and $11 is -2.38.
III. The point elasticity at $10 when the price increased to $15 is -5. The arc elasticity between $10 and $15 is -3.33. The point elasticity is different from the previous answer.
IV. The income elasticity of peanut butter is -2.5/5 = -0.5.
V. Peanut butter is an inferior good given its negative income elasticity.
Question 2:
I. The total social surplus of this market is $270.
II. The tax revenue is $120 and the DWL is $60.
III. The new producer surplus is $90 and the DWL is $80.
IV. If the tax is imposed on consumers, the market equilibrium price increases to $14/3 and the new DWL is $80.
V. It matters whether the tax is imposed on consumers or producers because it affects the market equilibrium price and quantity, tax revenue, and DWL. However, the total tax revenue remains the same regardless of who the tax is imposed on.
Question 1 deals with the concept of elasticity in economics. The elasticity measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded or supplied of a good to a change in its price or income. Part I and II of the question ask to calculate the point elasticity and arc elasticity respectively.
Part III explores how the elasticity changes when the price changes to $15. Part IV calculates the income elasticity of peanut butter, which is used to determine what type of good it is. Part V concludes that peanut butter is an inferior good given its negative income elasticity.
Question 2 is about the analysis of taxes in a perfectly competitive market. Part I asks to calculate the total social surplus of the market. Part II explores the effect of imposing a tax on producers and graphically shows the tax revenue and DWL.
Part III calculates the new producer surplus and DWL after the imposition of the tax. Part IV analyzes the impact of imposing the same tax on consumers instead of producers and shows the change in market equilibrium and DWL graphically. Part V concludes that the tax incidence matters, but the total tax revenue remains the same.
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After need recognition, a business develops __________ that suppliers might use to develop their proposals.a. derived demandb. initiator instructionsc. determinant attributesd. product specificationse. focal alternatives
After need recognition, a business develops product specifications that suppliers might use to develop their proposals.
Product specifications are a detailed description of the features and characteristics of the product or service that the business requires. This includes the dimensions, materials, quality standards, and any other specific requirements that the business has. By developing detailed product specifications, the business can communicate its requirements clearly to suppliers, who can then develop proposals that meet the business's needs.
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Question 3 In the light of Eli Lilly's response to COVID-19, make a judgement in terms of the absorptive capacity of the company. In your answer, you need to explain the dimensions that determine the absorptive capacity of an organisation, evaluate Eli Lilly in terms of each dimension and then reach a conclusion with regards to the company's absorptive capacity. (10 marks, of which one mark will be awarded to the correct explanation of each dimension, one mark to the correct application of each dimension to Eli Lilly and 2 marks for making a judgement)
Absorptive capacity refers to an organization's ability to identify, assimilate, and apply new knowledge and technology. There are four dimensions that determine an organization's absorptive capacity: acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation.
Acquisition refers to the organization's ability to identify and acquire new knowledge from external sources. Assimilation is the organization's ability to understand and integrate the new knowledge into its existing knowledge base. Transformation is the organization's ability to reconfigure its resources and processes to take advantage of the new knowledge. Finally, exploitation is the organization's ability to apply the new knowledge to create value.
Eli Lilly's response to COVID-19 demonstrates a strong absorptive capacity. The company quickly acquired new knowledge about the virus and potential treatments through partnerships with other organizations and through its own research efforts. The company also demonstrated its ability to assimilate this new knowledge by developing a potential treatment for COVID-19 in a short amount of time.
The company's transformation capabilities were also evident in its ability to quickly shift resources and processes to focus on COVID-19 research and development. Finally, Eli Lilly's exploitation of the new knowledge is demonstrated by its ongoing clinical trials of the potential COVID-19 treatment.
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what is the purpose of a price fence? group of answer choices to determine the optimum price at which to sell a product or service to minimize the sale of low priced products or services to establish the actual amount of available product inventory to identify who is and who is not eligible for a special pricing offer
The purpose of a price fence is to minimize the sale of low priced products or services. It is a strategy used by businesses to establish a price point that acts as a barrier for customers who are only interested in purchasing a product or service at a lower price.
This can help to maintain the perceived value of the product or service and prevent price erosion. Price fences can also be used to identify who is eligible for a special pricing offer, such as a discount or promotional deal, based on certain criteria. However, determining the optimum price at which to sell a product or service and establishing the actual amount of available product inventory are separate strategies that may not necessarily involve the use of price fences. The purpose of a price fence is to identify who is and who is not eligible for a special pricing offer. A price fence is a criteria or condition that a customer must meet in order to qualify for a special price or discount, such as being a student, a member of a particular organization, or making a large purchase. By setting up price fences, businesses can limit the availability of special pricing offers to certain customers or groups, while still maintaining higher prices for others who do not meet the criteria. This allows businesses to target specific customer segments and increase their sales while maintaining their overall profitability.
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Scenario a ed а out of Suppose you own and are the only employee of a company. Last year your total revenue was $90,000. Your costs for equipment, rent, and supplies were $50,000. To start this business you invested an amount of your own capital that could pay you a $40,000 a year retum. Which of the following statement is TRUE? I. During the year your economic costs were $90,000. II. Your accounting profit last year was $40,000. III. Your economic profit last year was $0. question Select one: O a. Il and Ill only O b. I, II and III O c. I and II only O d. I and III only
The correct answer is (d) I and III only.
To start this business you invested an amount of your own capital that could pay you a $40,000 a year retum.these are the following solutions
I. During the year your economic costs were $90,000. This statement is true because economic costs include both explicit costs (such as equipment, rent, and supplies) and implicit costs (such as the opportunity cost of using your own capital instead of investing it elsewhere). Therefore, the economic costs of running the business would be the total revenue of $90,000 minus both explicit and implicit costs, which in this case would be $90,000 - $50,000 - $40,000 = $0.
II. Your accounting profit last year was $40,000. This statement is false because accounting profit only takes into account explicit costs and ignores implicit costs. Therefore, the accounting profit of running the business would be the total revenue of $90,000 minus only the explicit costs of $50,000, which in this case would be $40,000.
III. Your economic profit last year was $0. This statement is true because economic profit takes into account both explicit and implicit costs. Therefore, the economic profit of running the business would be the total revenue of $90,000 minus both explicit and implicit costs, which in this case would be $0.
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In the context of corporate governance, the U.K. and U.S. systems have been termed _____ systems because of dispersed ownership of corporate equity among a large number of external investors.
In the context of corporate governance, the U.K. and U.S. systems have been termed "outsider" systems due to the dispersed ownership of corporate equity among a large number of external investors.
These systems differ from "insider" systems, which are characterized by concentrated ownership and strong relationships between corporations and their investors.
In outsider systems, shareholders often hold smaller stakes in companies, leading to a lower level of direct control and involvement in management decisions. This dispersed ownership structure encourages a more market-oriented approach, where corporate governance mechanisms primarily rely on external factors like competition and market forces to ensure efficient management.
Key principles of corporate governance in outsider systems include the separation of ownership and control, the protection of minority shareholders' rights, and a strong emphasis on transparency and disclosure. The U.K. and U.S. systems place significant importance on the role of independent directors and the establishment of various board committees, such as audit, remuneration, and nomination committees, to enhance accountability and ensure that the interests of all shareholders are considered.
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Answer the following: (6%) (A) If wages are sticky in the short-run, the short-run Phillips curve is downward sloping. TRUE / FALSE (B) A downward sloping Philips curve implies that output increases as inflation rises. TRUE / FALSE
(A) 'The given statement is true brcause the short-run Phillips curve shows the relationship between inflation and unemployment'. B) 'The given statement is false because a downward sloping Phillips curve does not necessarily imply that output increases as inflation rises.'
A)When wages are sticky in the short-run, it means that wages do not adjust immediately to changes in the labor market. This leads to an increase in the demand for labor, which decreases unemployment and increases production. This, in turn, leads to an increase in prices and inflation. Therefore, an increase in inflation is associated with a decrease in unemployment, resulting in a downward-sloping Phillips curve.
(B) . A downward sloping Phillips curve does not necessarily imply that output increases as inflation rises. It implies that there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the short-run. However, this trade-off is only valid in the short-run. In the long-run, the Phillips curve becomes vertical, implying that there is no trade-off between inflation and unemployment.
Therefore, the relationship between output and inflation is not necessarily clear from the slope of the Phillips curve. It depends on other factors, such as the level of aggregate demand, the state of the labor market, and the overall health of the economy.
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An example of an automatic stabilizer that takes effect when the economy contracts is aa) rise in tax receiptsb) fall in government purchasesc) discretionary decrease in government purchasesd) rise in government transfers as more people receive unemployment insurance benets
The correct answer is d) rise in government transfers as more people receive unemployment insurance benefits.
An automatic stabilizer is a feature of the government budget or tax system that helps to stabilize the economy without any explicit action from policymakers. In the case of an economic contraction, such as a recession, there is likely to be an increase in unemployment, which in turn leads to more people receiving unemployment insurance benefits. This increase in government transfers helps to boost consumer spending and supports those who have lost their jobs, thereby helping to stabilize the economy.
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Money demand is мd/P = 0.5Y - 250(r + π^e) where the expected rate of inflation,π^e , is 0.1. The nominal supply of money M=9890. 6) Find the price level that clears the asset market if the real interest rate, r, is equal to the goods market equilibrium real interest rate in question (1) (Hint: follow the steps below and fill blanks.) Answer) (1) the real money supply is Ms/P= ____ /P (2) Set the real money demand = the real money supply 0.5Y + 250(r+ π^e) = ____/P plug in π^e=0.1 and Y=1000 into the equation above. Then the equation will be 500-250r - ____ = 9890/P (3) Use the goods market equilibrium real interest rate, r*, from question 1. Plug in r* value into the equation above. (use the numerical value instead of the value in %) 475-250* ____ = 9890/P (4) Solve ____ = 9890/P, then P* = ____
Therefore, the price level that clears the asset market is P* = 44.044.
(1) the real money supply is Ms/P= 9890/P
(2) Set the real money demand = the real money supply 0.5Y + 250(r+ π^e) = 9890/P (plug in π^e=0.1 and Y=1000 into the equation above. Then the equation will be 500-250r - 99 = 9890/P)
(3) Use the goods market equilibrium real interest rate, r*, from question 1.
Plug in r* value into the equation above.
(use the numerical value instead of the value in %) 475-250*0.05 = 9890/P
(4) Solve 225 = 9890/P, then P* = 44.044
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3. Unable to merger with one of his competitors James would like to know how he can acquire one of his competitor’s business even though his competitor does not want to sell it to him. Cite your sources
a. Explain to James what it means to acquire another company in the chosen state and the laws that govern. (California state)
To acquire another company in California, even if the competitor does not want to sell, James may consider a hostile takeover. A hostile takeover occurs when one company tries to buy a controlling stake in another company without the target company's consent.
In California, acquisitions are governed by the California Corporations Code. The process usually involves purchasing a majority of the target company's outstanding shares, making a tender offer, or initiating a proxy fight. Each of these methods has its own legal implications and requirements.
1. Share purchase: James can buy a majority of the target company's shares on the open market. If he acquires over 50% ownership, he can effectively control the company. However, this method can be challenging if the target company has a large shareholder base or if the shares are not publicly traded.
2. Tender offer: James can make a public offer to buy a certain number of shares from the target company's shareholders at a premium price. If enough shareholders accept the offer, he can gain control of the company. In this case, the Williams Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulate tender offers, and the SEC requires specific disclosures for such offers.
3. Proxy fight: James can persuade the target company's shareholders to vote for a new board of directors that supports his acquisition. This is done by soliciting proxies from the shareholders to vote on his behalf. Proxy fights are regulated under federal securities laws and California Corporations Code.
James should consult with legal and financial advisors to determine the best approach and ensure compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.
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if the monopolist produces the allocatively efficient level of output rather than the profit-maximizing level of output, consumer surplus will
If a monopolist produces the allocatively efficient level of output instead of the profit-maximizing level, consumer surplus will increase, while the monopolist's profits will decrease.
A monopolist is a single firm or entity that has complete control over the production and distribution of a particular good or service within a given market. This means that there are no close substitutes available for consumers to choose from, and the monopolist is able to dictate the price and quantity of their product without fear of competition.
Monopolists can achieve this dominance through a variety of means, including owning essential resources, gaining exclusive access to distribution channels, or engaging in predatory pricing practices that drive competitors out of business. While monopolies can result in significant profits for the monopolist, they often come at the expense of consumers, who may be forced to pay higher prices for a lower-quality product.
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I. Define shirking and give the different forms it can take. II. Principal Agent 1. Define the principal agent problem and what are the solutions to the principal agent problem? 2. Which of the following is an example of the principal-agent problem? a. A flower man offers a bouquet of flowers for $25. You believe that the price offered is too high and try to convince him to lower the price to $15, but he won't move the price down. b. A car dealer is selling you a car. The dealer lowers the price and throws in some fake parts but what the dealer doesn't know is that the price of the car is beyond your budget and there is no way you will purchase the car. c. Your family doctor could diagnose your symptom herself as part of your regular visit. But she receives a bonus for referrals, so she recommends you make an appointment with a specialist. d. You select a hotel over another one because the advertisement shows a pool as part of the amenities. Upon your arrival, you notice a sign indicating that the pool is closed for the rest of the season. If you had known this, you would have selected another hotel. III. In each of the following two scenarios, what type of transaction is involved? (spot exchange, contract, or vertical integration). Explain your answer. 1. ABC, Corporation is a fast food company that grows or produces all the ingredients it needs to make its very popular Burger 2. XYZ Corporation a big automobile company purchases 4 million dollars of tires from Mich, a local tire company.
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I. Shirking is a situation where employees or agents avoid carrying out their assigned tasks or responsibilities. Different forms of shirking can include reduced effort, absenteeism, or purposely working inefficiently.
II. 1. The principal-agent problem occurs when a principal (such as an employer) and an agent (such as an employee) have misaligned incentives, leading the agent to act in their own interest rather than the principal's interest. Solutions to this problem include aligning incentives through performance-based pay, monitoring and enforcing performance standards, and establishing clear communication between the principal and agent.
2. The example that best illustrates the principal-agent problem is c. Your family doctor could diagnose your symptom herself as part of your regular visit. But she receives a bonus for referrals, so she recommends you make an appointment with a specialist. This is because the doctor's incentive (receiving a bonus) is misaligned with the patient's best interest (efficient and cost-effective treatment).
III. 1. The transaction involving ABC Corporation is an example of vertical integration. This is because the company is growing and producing all the ingredients needed for its popular burger, controlling multiple stages of the production process.
2. The transaction between XYZ Corporation, an automobile company, and Mich, a local tire company, is an example of a contract. This is because XYZ Corporation is purchasing a specific quantity of tires from Mich for a specified price, with both parties agreeing to the terms of the transaction.
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Andrew lives in Philadelphia and runs a business that sells boats. In an average year, he receives $842,000 from selling boats. Of this sales revenue, ne must pay the manufacturer a wholesale cost of $452,000; he also pays wages and utility bills totaling $301,000. He owns his showroom; if he hooses to rent it out, he will receive $38,000 in rent per year. Assume that the value of this showroom does not depreciate over the year. Also, if Andrew does not operate this boat business, he can work as an accountant, receive an annual salary of $48,000 with no additional monetary costs, and rent out his showroom at the $38,000 per year rate. No other costs are incurred in running this boat business.Identify each of Andrew's costs in the following table as either an implicit cost or an explicit cost of selling boats. Implicit Cost / Explicit Cost The salary Andrew could earn if he worked as an accountant The wholesale cost for the boats that Andrew pays the manufacturer The rental income Andrew could receive if he chose to rent out his showroom ololo The wages and utility bills that Andrew pays Complete the following table by determining Andrew's accounting and economic profit of his boat business. Profit (Dollars) Accounting Profit Economic Profit
Andrew's accounting profit is $89,000 & Andrew's economic profit is $3,000.
Andrew's costs and calculate his accounting and economic profit.
Implicit Costs:
1. The salary Andrew could earn if he worked as an accountant ($48,000)
2. The rental income Andrew could receive if he chose to rent out his showroom ($38,000)
Explicit Costs:
1. The wholesale cost for the boats that Andrew pays the manufacturer ($452,000)
2. The wages and utility bills that Andrew pays ($301,000)
Now let's calculate Andrew's accounting and economic profit:
Accounting Profit:
Revenue - Explicit Costs = ($842,000) - ($452,000 + $301,000) = $89,000
Economic Profit:
Accounting Profit - Implicit Costs = ($89,000) - ($48,000 + $38,000) = $3,000
So, Andrew's accounting profit is $89,000 and his economic profit is $3,000.
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