What is the main cause of hereditary disease?

The type of point mutation shown: a) silent mutation

b) nonsense mutation

c) missense mutation

d) Frameshift mutation

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations can be caused by mistakes in cell division or by being exposed to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or inactive.

Hereditary mutations cause cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease. Other mutations can happen on their own during a person's life. These are known as sporadic, spontaneous, or new mutations. They only affect a small number of cells.

Genetic mutations are changes to your DNA sequence that occur during cell division, or when your cells multiply. Your body's DNA coding directs it on how to create and operate. Hereditary mutations can cause genetic disorders like cancer, or they might help people adapt to their surroundings over time.

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Answer:

Try 2 sister chromatids.

Explanation:

In the ocean, For respiration, marine organisms use oxygen, which converts carbohydrates into energy and produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

For marine life, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide are essential. Through the process of photosynthesis, marine plants utilize dissolved carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to produce carbohydrates. The water gets oxygen from this process. All marine organisms respire with oxygen, which breaks down carbohydrates into energy and produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. These organs are utilized by fish and other marine animals with gills to extract oxygen from seawater.

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The purpose of this experiment is to separate the pigments to identify each pigment by their color properties and how far they travel using paper chromatography is the goal of the experiment separation of pigments by paper chromatography.

Paper chromatography is a separation method in the form of color propagation that can be seen on the chromatography paper and the spots that are there to compare the spots from the sample and the spots from the standard.

Filter paper in paper chromatography is used as a stationary phase in the separation process. The selection of filter paper used is one of the determining factors for success in chemical separation and analysis. So in paper chromatography experiments the dyes will be distributed, so that the pigments can be easily separated and identified based on their color properties.

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At its typical boiling point of 100°C, water has a vaporizing heat of 2260Jg⁻¹. This indicates that for water to convert from 1 g of liquid at 100°C to 1 g of steam at 100°C, it must absorb 2260 J of temperature.

An ecosystem, often known as the environment, is a natural system made up of all living things—plants, animals, and microbes—as well as all inanimate objects (abiotic components) that make up the environment.

The status of the environment has a direct impact on human health and wellbeing. Good natural settings provide our fundamental requirements by providing fresh water, clean air, and a hospitable climate for growing food.

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These features of seeds all have in common for They all allow for seed dispersal.

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Vegetarians and vegans who want to gain all the essential amino acids can combine two or more plant proteins.

In order to meet their daily requirements of essential amino acids, vegetarians can eat a variety of meals. Excellent sources of those amino acids are grains, peanut butter, legumes, almonds, pumpkin seeds, and legumes. The amino acids needed by the body include tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, threonine, valine, and phenylalanine. One food that has all of these amino acids is quinoa. For those who don't consume meat, fish, or dairy items, pulses are crucial. Eggs and meat substitutes such as tofu, textured vegetable protein, Quorn, and mycoprotein are other non-dairy sources of protein. To receive their protein, vegetarians should eat plant-based foods such grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, and soy products. Eggs and dairy products are good sources of protein for lacto-ovo-vegetarians.

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Pertaining to sexual reproduction. DNA mitosis, self-defense mechanisms, and multicellularity are all associated with centromeres.

The process of creating offspring is called reproduction. The two basic types of reproduction are sexual and asexual. An creature that reproduces sexually is extremely varied and carries the genetic material of its two grandparents. Asexual reproduction, which involves each parent reproducing themselves, results in children that are genetically identical.

The process of creating new members of same species is called reproduction. An organism has two ways of reproducing: asexually and sexually. Merging both male and female gametes is not considered an instance of asexual reproduction. Bacteria, amoebas, and other amoeba exhibit this.

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It draws attention to the taxon, or most recent common ancestor, of all tetrapods. The tips and nodes of the tree, respectively, represent groups of descendant taxa and common ancestors of descendants.

The evolutionary connections of biological species are described by the phylogenetic tree, often called phylogeny. The branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree illustrates how a series of shared ancestors gave rise to diverse species or groupings.

The phylogenetic tree helps us understand a person's complete life history or life.

Follow each taxon's lineage back in time (toward the base of the tree) until all the lineages meet to identify the most recent common ancestor of a group of taxa. Their most recent shared ancestor is represented by that node.

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A researcher discovers a mysterious unknown multicellular eukaryotic organism. She would be confident that it is an animal if she observed that it has specialized organs, such as eyes, ears, or a heart, or if it moved in response to its environment.

Animals are a distinct group of multicellular eukaryotes, and they are characterized by the presence of specialized organs that aid in the collection of energy and nutrients, as well as providing a means for locomotion. These organs can be as simple as a single cell like the cilium on a paramecium, or as complex as the human brain. Additionally, animals usually respond to their environment in some way, such as locomotion or behavioral responses.

The researcher's observation of specialized organs and movement in response to its environment would be a strong indication that the organism is an animal. By looking at the size, shape, and organization of the cells under a microscope, the researcher could further confirm the identity of the organism. For instance, the presence of cilia or flagella would suggest that the organism is a protozoan, while the presence of an organized nervous system could indicate that it is a more complex organism, such as an arthropod or a vertebrate.

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Abstinence may be a strategy to do this until you're ready to prevent and/or handle the risks involved with sex, such as pregnancy and STDs.

Additionally, abstinence might help you focus on other important elements of your life, such as your friends, schoolwork, hobbies, sports team, social life, and future ambitions.

enable sexual activity between you and your partner be enjoyed without leading to pregnancy. Additionally, some types of outercourse (such dry humping or bare ) don't transmit STDs. increase in faithfulness and closeness between partners Prevent pregnancy if you don't have access to another method of birth control. make it simpler for you to understand your own body (and the body of your partner) help you comprehend it.

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A young goat has downward-curved horns. One copy of the gene for horn shape was passed down to the young goat from its father and one copy from its mother is the explanation.

A ratio of dominant to recessive traits is the result of the gene combination from the parents, as stated by Mendel's second law of inheritance, which states that a pair of traits segregate independently of another pair during gamete formation. In phenotype sharing, the offspring will only exhibit the dominant trait when parents with required traits are crossed together. This suggests that the dominant mother and not the dominant father passed on the horn-shaped gene to the young goat.

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Answer:

It is D- grass, butterfly, sunflowers

The items throughout the list like grass, butterflies, and sunflowers are a component of the gardening ecosystem.

An ecosystems is an area where vegetation, animals, and certain other organisms interact with the surrounding environment, weather, and other variables to form a bubble of life. In ecosystems, biotic and abiotic factors—or nonliving ingredients. Biotic variables include plants, animals, and other types of species.

Ecological systems keep our soil healthy, purify our air, regulate our temperatures, recycle elements, and provide us with food. They provide tools and raw ingredients for producing medicines and many other goods. They form the foundation of civilization and sustain our economies.

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The pump is essentially controlling the process instead of helping it. This means that the pump is not providing any assistance with the work, but is instead taking control of the process and not allowing any manual intervention.

This can be a problem because the pump could malfunction, which would mean that the process would be stopped in its tracks. If the pump malfunctions, it could be difficult or impossible to repair it and the process could be stalled until a new pump is brought in. This means that the process would be disrupted and could take a long time to get back on track.

In addition, the malfunction could cause other problems, such as leaking or failing to provide the necessary pressure. Thus, it is important to have a reliable pump that is up to the task in order to make sure that the process is smooth and efficient.

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The plasma membrane of E. coli is about 75% protein and 25% phospholipid by weight. 26 molecules of membrane lipid are present for each molecule of membrane protein

The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is responsible for protecting the cell and also offers a fixed cell environment.

The lipid to protein ratio is 1:4 (25% lipid and 75% proteins).

An average protein has a weight of 54,000 (5.4 x 104).

54,000/3 = 18,000.

So, 1:4 ratio = 18,000:54,000.

So, for a protein (54,000 weight), there are lipids weighing 18,000.

An average lipid weighs 700. So, 18,000 weight of lipids would have 25.71 (26) lipid molecules.

That means there are 26 lipid molecules are present for each molecule of membrane protein.

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The flu vaccine is a type of vaccine that protects the body against the flu. It develops antibodies after two weeks of vaccination. These antibodies provide protection against influenza viruses.

The flu vaccine reduces the risk of flu illnesses, hospitalization, and flu-related death. It only protects the body against influenza, not any other illnesses.

The pancreas uses its multiple hormones, primarily glucagon and insulin, to keep blood glucose levels within a very narrow range of 4-6 mM. This is accomplished by the opposing and balanced actions of glucagon and insulin, a process known as glucose homeostasis.

Insulin and glucagon are hormones that assist manage your body's blood glucose — sometimes known as sugar — levels. Glucose is produced from food and flows in your bloodstream to promote digestion.

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Following mitosis, each individual cell uses matter to grow. Individual cells produce matter to expand after mitosis.

Six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and eighteen oxygen atoms are reorganized in this process from one configuration in the reactants to another configuration in the products using the energy of the sun. Because the same atoms are present on both sides of the reaction, mass is conserved.

A tree's main component by weight is carbon. Carbon is derived from carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. Plants use photosynthesis to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of carbon molecules made of water and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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The correct options are; 1. A. 1,500 endemic plant species.

2. C. Both A and B

3. B. It is illegal to capture/purchase some species under the law.

Biodiversity hotspots are geographical areas that are ecologically distinct and have a particularly high species richness; they are therefore top priorities for nature preservation. Biodiversity is defined in a variety of ways.

When foreign species are removed from the wild, they are in fact eliminated from the local, reproducing population. When released by their owners into a continent other than their own, exotic animals can also devastate the ecosystem.

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Answer:

Ventricular tachycardia is a slow, idioventricular rhythm with wide QRS complexes that are representative of escape beats that originate from a lower focus in the ventricles. Asystole

ADH and testosterone increase the risk of heart and volume as the water is absorbed into the bloodstream into to the capillaries, bringing the blood salt concentration back to normal.

An enzyme known as renin is released by kidney cells in response to low blood pressure. The kidneys reabsorb salt due to renin. Water retention is a constant side effect of sodium reabsorption. Blood pressure and volume are restored as a result.

A deficiency of renin - angiotensin system (ADH), also known as prolactin, usually prevents hydration, or the kidneys and liver inability to react to ADH, are the two main causes of diabetes insipidus. The kidneys may hold onto the body's fluids thanks to ADH. The steroid.

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Answer:

Food, Inc. Summary

If you aren’t completely familiar with what it is, Food, Inc was created by documentary filmmaker Robert Kenner and narrated by Eric Schlosser (Fast Food Nation), and also features commentary from Michael Pollan (The Omnivore’s Dilemma).

It lifts the veil on how the nation’s food industry has been consumed by corporations and how that impacts the farms where our food comes from, the supermarkets where we buy our food, and the restaurants where we eat that food. It tackles the FDA, food safety, food production, large-scale animal processing plants, and other food matters. If you are at all concerned or curious about the state of food supply in America, you should watch Food, Inc.

The Key Takeaways from the Movie

Supermarkets and Corn

The tomatoes you buy in the grocery store are picked when green and then ripened with ethylene gas

The food industry doesn’t want you to know the truth about what you are eating because if you did you might not eat it—it is a world deliberately hidden from us

Most people have no idea where their food comes from (do you?)

The fact that people need to write a book (and a blog!) telling people where their food comes from shows how far removed we are

The average grocery store has 47,000 products which makes it look like there is a large variety of choices—but it is an illusion—there are only a handful of corporations (like Monsanto, Tyson, and Perdue for example) and a few major crops involved

So much of the processed food is just clever rearrangements of corn (here are just a few examples of the additives that are derived from corn: cellulose, saccharin, polydextrose, xanthan gum, maltodextrin, and my favorite—ha ha ha—high fructose corn syrup)

30% of our land base in the US is used to grow corn because thanks to government policy farmers are paid to overproduce this easy-to-store crop

Farmers are producing so much corn that food scientists had to come up with uses for it—just like some of the additives listed above

Food scientists have also spent a lot of time reengineering our foods—so they last longer on grocery store shelves and don’t get stale

At the supermarket, candy, chips, and soda are all cheaper than produce

A double-cheeseburger from McDonald’s is 99 cents and you can’t even get a head of broccoli for that price

Those snack calories are cheaper because the commodity crops like corn, wheat, and soybeans are heavily subsidized

You start feeding corn to cows, E. Coli evolves and a certain mutation occurs which is very a harmful bacteria

Animals at factory farms stand ankle deep in their manure all day long so if one cow has E. Coli others can get it too

At a slaughterhouse their hides are caked with manure and if you are slaughtering 400 cows per hour how do you keep it from spreading?

So these harmful new strains of e Coli, that didn’t use to be in the world, are now a problem

E. Coli is even in spinach and apple juice because of the runoff from factory farms

It doesn’t help that the Chief of Staff for the USDA was a former lobbyist for the beef industry

Regulatory agencies are being controlled by the very companies they are supposed to be scrutinizing

There has always been food poisoning, but food is not getting safer it is becoming more contaminated because with the bigger factories it spreads the problem far and wide

There are only 13 slaughterhouses for the majority of beef in all the US

Ground beef from the grocery store has thousands of different cows mixed up in it so the chance of one of those cows in your meat having a disease is increased

After eating hamburger contaminated with E. Coli 0157:H7 a woman’s 2-year-old son went from a perfectly healthy boy to being dead in 12 days

In the 90’s some industrial meat factories were tested for E. Coli 0157:H7 and if they failed they were supposed to be shut down—but there was not enough authority to close the contaminated plants

Some companies are now using a hamburger meat filler cleansed with ammonia hydroxide to help kill E. Coli (mmm…that sounds tasty)

Stochastic sampling error (i.e., genetic drift) causes populations to lose genetic diversity due to chance.

Genetic drift is a result of sampling error because individuals are randomly chosen when a population is sampled. A random selection is one in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.

The random change in allele frequencies caused by stochastic sampling of alleles from the previous generation is known as genetic drift (independent of demographic stochasticity).

The variety of various inherited features within a species is referred to as genetic diversity. There would be many people with a wide range of diverse traits in a species with significant genetic diversity. For a population to adapt to changing surroundings, genetic variety is essential.

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The respiratory system is structured to efficiently deliver clean, moist air into close contact with the blood with the help of alveoli.

Alveoli are tiny air sacs that are found at the ends of bronchioles, and they are responsible for the gas exchange that occurs between the air and the blood. They increase the total surface area and contact between the air we breathe and the blood. Their presence is important for the efficiency of the respiratory system.

The system is also designed to filter and remove any foreign particles present in the inhaled air. This is done through the presence of cilia, mucus, and other mechanisms that help keep the airways clean, the humidification of the air, and the warmth of the air.

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One would anticipate a shift in the population of ground finches toward smaller, more pointed beaks in the event of a protracted drought.

Population is a term used to refer to a group of individuals, typically humans, that inhabit a particular area or territory.

This is due to the likelihood that there will be less food available during a drought, especially small, hard seeds. Because they are more adept at breaking open tiny, difficult seeds, birds with smaller, quite pointed beaks seem to be better able to take advantage of the scarce food sources that are available. They would have an edge over birds with bigger, blunter beaks in terms of survival as a result. Natural selection would then favour birds with smaller beaks over time, increasing the proportion of birds with the this beak type in the population.

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A genetic mutation brought on by the replacement of one nucleotide with another nucleotide is called a point DNA mutation.

A mutation is a change to an organism's DNA sequence. Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations. Somatic mutations (which happen in body cells) cannot be passed on to offspring, whereas germline mutations (which happen in eggs and sperm) can.

Point mutations involve the substitution, deletion, or insertion of a single nitrogenous nucleotide into a single base pair of DNA. The sickle cell anemia condition is a case of a point mutation. The beta-globin chain of the blood's hemoglobin pigment is affected by a single base pair mutation.

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The genotypic ratio of dihybrid cross of round yellow is 9:3:3:1 .

Mendel noticed that his dihybrid cross' F2 offspring had a 9:3:3:1 ratio and produced nine plants with round, yellow seeds, three plants with round, green seeds, three plants with wrinkled, yellow seeds, and one plant with wrinkled, green seeds.

An organism's genotype is made up of all of its genetic components. [1] The term "genotype" can also be used to describe the alleles or genetic variations that a person carries in a certain gene or genetic region. [2] The ploidy, or number of copies of each chromosome, found in that species, determines how many alleles a person can have for a given gene.

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Diuretics are chemicals that enhance urinary output. nitrogenous wastes countercurrent exchangers diuretics countercurrent multipliers.

Diuretics, sometimes water pills and Removes salt (sodium) and water from the body called Most of these drugs help the kidneys release more sodium into the urine. Sodium aids in the removal of water from the blood, therefore decreasing the quantity of fluid moving through your veins and arteries.

The nitrogenous waste products excreted by the kidneys are urea and ammonia. Diuretics increase urine output from the kidneys (that is, they promote diuresis). It does this by changing the way your kidneys use sodium. As the kidneys excrete more sodium, they also excrete more water.Diuretics make you pee more often, so take them preferably in the morning.

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