what is the electron cloud? explain how electrons move within the cloud, their energy, and what the outermost electrons are called.

An element of atomic number 88 decays radioactively to an element of atomic number 82 six beta-minus particles.

Isotopes are atoms that share the same atomic number but have various neutron numbers, which change their mass numbers. The standard atomic weight of an element is determined by the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for that element in a specific environment on Earth (referred to as the relative atomic mass; see monoisotopic elements). Less than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements are isotope mixtures (see monoisotopic elements). In the 19th century, chemists were able to measure the amounts of the elements based on their relative atomic weights to hydrogen. Prior to the modern synthesis of concepts from physics and chemistry, an element's numerical position in the periodic table, which at the time was roughly in the following order, was all that the customary symbol Z represented.

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The total work done on the box is found to be 24 Joules.

A force of 20 newton is applied on the box where the friction force of 8 newton is also working the box is slide to a distance of 2m.

The total work done on the box can be calculated by using the relation,

W = (F-Fr)d

Where,

W is the work done,

F is the applied force,

Fr is the frictional force and,

d is the distance to which the box slides.

Here, we are subtracting the applied force and the frictional force because they are in the opposite directions.

Putting values,

W = (20-8)2

W = (12)2

W = 24 J.

So, the work done on the box is 24 Joules.

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On the earth's surface, an object weighs 432N. At a height of 3R above earth's surface, its weight will be 27N

Given the weight on surface of earth (F) = 432N

let radius of earth be R

Height increased (h) = 3R

Weight at certain height of 3R = F2

We know that  the force due to gravity decreases by the square of the radius.

From the formula: g1 = g(R/R+h)^2

g1 = g(R/R+3R)^2 = g(1/4)^2

g1 = g/16

We know that Force(F) = mg

Force at a height of 3R from surface of earth = F2

F2 = mg1 =mg/16 = F/16

Weight at this height = 432/16 = 27N

Hence the weight of object at a height of 3R from surface of earth is 27N

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A hydraulic lift's input pressure is 1200 Pa. If the output force on the other side is 800 N, the output surface area is 0.67m^2

Given the input pressure (P1) = 1200Pa

Output force (F2) = 800N

We know that P= F/A where A is area of cross section

Let the input force be F1 and area is A1

Then by pascals law we say that:

F1/A1 = F2/A2

1200 = 800/A2 (since P1= F1/A1)

A2 = 8/12 = 0.67m^2

Hence the area of other side = 0.67m^2

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The coherence qualities of various light sources are explored, as well as how they affect the image quality of a holographic display.

Temporal coherence is connected to the intrinsic spectrum bandwidth of the light source, but spatial coherence is determined by light source size and propagation distance. These two coherence properties, as well as the quality of the holographic reconstructed images, are measured for various light sources of diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser, laser diode (LD), light emitting diode (LED), super luminescent light emitting diode (sLED), and micro light emitting diode (mLED) in various settings. Although image sharpness and speckle are both related to coherence parameters, our findings and subsequent research reveal that spatial coherence is directly connected to image sharpness.

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An electron in the first Bohr orbit has a kinetic energy of 13.6 eV. A tiny, positively charged nucleus is around by rotating, negatively charged electrons in set orbits, according to the Bohr Atomic Model.

The Bohr model postulates that the electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels and also concluded that electron has more energy if it is located away from the nucleus whereas the electrons have less energy if located near the nucleus.

Bohr proposed that electrons do not radiate energy as they orbit nucleus, but exist in state of constant energy that is called stationary states. Bohr's work was based on the emission spectra of hydrogen.

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Answer:

Main sequence star: (b) burns hydration as its primary fuel.

Explanation:

The period of a sine or cosine function is given by 2Pi/b.

For the function given by y = sin(bx-c), c/b represents the phase shift of the graph of the function.

A period is the amount of time between two waves, whereas a periodic function is one whose values recur at regular intervals or periods. In other terms, a periodic function is one whose values recur after a specific interval.

If we have f (a + m) = f (a), then a function f will be periodic with period m for every m > 0.

It demonstrates that after an interval of "m," the values of the function f(a) remain the same.

One may state that the function f repeats all of its values after every interval of "m."

Phase shift merely denotes that the two signals are, at any given time, at different positions in their cycle.

Phase shift, which depicts how each wave moves through its cycle, is measured as the angle (in degrees or radians) between two points on a circle at the same moment.

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Due to the fundamental differences between these two galaxy types, galaxies cannot evolve from elliptical to spiral (or spiral to elliptical).

For example, in contrast to spiral galaxies, which include gas and dust as well as hot, bright O and B type stars, elliptical galaxies are devoid of visible gas and dust and hot, brilliant stars.

A galaxy with an elliptical shape and a uniform brightness distribution is called an elliptical galaxy (no spiral arms). Elliptical galaxies are stretched galaxies with an elliptical shape, according to astronomical physics. The light is distributed evenly and smoothly throughout this type of galaxy, which is typically composed of old stars.

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Wavelengths of sound waves fall within such obstacles and are easily diffracted.

Sound waves have higher wavelengths, which are comparable in dimension to opaque encounters in our everyday life. Thus, diffraction effects are more visible in sound waves than in light waves. Sound waves have much longer wavelengths than visible light waves.

Wavelength is the distance between identical points in adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagating in space or along a wire. In wireless systems, this length is usually expressed in meters, centimeters, or millimeters. Wavelength is the distance between two wave crests and the same for wave troughs.

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The power of flash light is [tex]2.36*10^{-9}\ W[/tex] when light emits [tex]1.4*10^{10}[/tex] photons of wavelength is 490nm for 2.4 seconds.

The fundamental particle of light is both mundane and surprising. What physicists refer to as photons, laypeople may simply refer to as light. Photons are the smallest possible packets of electromagnetic energy as quanta of light.

Given,

The wavelength of photon = 490 nm

Number of photons, n= [tex]1.4*10^{10}[/tex]

The flash light lasts for time ,t =2.4 s

The energy of a single photon can be determined by formula,

[tex]E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}\\\\[/tex]

Where,

h= planck's constant = [tex]6.62*10^{-34}[/tex]

c=speed of light = [tex]3*10^8 m/s[/tex]

\lambda = wavelength of light =490 nm = [tex]490*10^{-9}m[/tex]

[tex]E=\frac{6.62*10^{-34}*3*10^8}{490*10^{-9}}\\\\E=4.05*10^{-19}\ J[/tex]

Then the energy for n photons will be [tex]nE=1.4*10^{10}*4.05*10^{-19}[/tex]

The power of the n photons can be determined by formula,

[tex]P=n*E*t\\\\P=1.4*10^{10}*4.05*10^{-19}\\\\P=2.36*10^{-9}\ W[/tex]

Thus, the power of the flash light is [tex]2.36*10^{-9}\ W[/tex]

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The momentum of the system before the object drops is 50 kg m/s.

The momentum of the system after the object drops is 50 kg m/s.

The final speed of the cart and the mass is 3.57 m/s.

We know that, momentum is the product of mass and velocity of the system.

Mathematically,

P = m* v

where,

m is the mass

v is the velocity

Given that,

Mass of the cart m₁ = 10 kg

Velocity of the cart before the object drops v₁ = 5 m/s

Mass of the object dropped m₂ = 4 kg

Velocity of the cart after the object drops v₂ = ?

According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum,

Total momentum of the system before the object drops = total momentum of the system after the object drops

So, mathematically,

m₁* v₁ = (m₁ + m₂)* v₂

10 * 5 = (10 + 4) v₂

14 v₂ = 50

v₂ = 3.57 m/s

Thus, Final speed of the cart = 3.57 m/s

Final mass of the cart = 10 + 4 = 14 kg

The momentum of the system before the object drops = m₁* v₁ = 10* 5 = 50 kg m/s

The momentum of the system after the object drops = (m₁ + m₂)* v₂ = 14* 3.57 = 49.98 ≈ 50 kg m/s

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The electric force between two or more charged objects depends on the charge and the distance between the charged objects

Coulomb's law states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Coulomb's law shows the relationship between the force , charge and the distance between the bodies

therefore F= kq1q2/r²

where q1 is the charge of body 1 and q2 is the charge of body 2. r is the distance between them and k is called electrostatics constant which have a value of 9,×10⁹ Nm²/C²

Therefore what can affect the force between two charges are the product of the charge of the two bodies and the distance between the two charge.

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A. You have decreased the sound intensity by 0.01 factor if you install special sound-reflecting windows that lower the level of sound intensity by 20.0 dB.

B. No, Instead, if you cut the intensity in half, there is no difference in the sound intensity level (measured in dB).

To calculate the sound intensity reduction factor, use the relationship between loudness and intensity. Calculate the change in sound intensity using the reduced intensity. The following chart shows the relationship between the change in loudness and the level of sound intensity.

dl = 10log(I/I1)

Here, dl represents the change in loudness, I represents sound intensity, and I1 represents the reference sound intensity in air.

I =(I1/2)

(A) The following is the expression for a reduction in sound volume:

10log*(I/I1) divided by 20 equals dl.

(I/I1)

The negative symbol denotes a drop in sound volume.

log(I/I1) = -20/10

I/I1 = 10^(-20)

I/I1 = 1/100

I/I1 = 0.01

The reduction is thus 0.01 as a result.

B) The initial and ending values of the sound intensity parameters affect how loud the sound is. Sound is louder and its waves are more intense. Loudness increases by 10 times for every 10dB increase in sound intensity. The intensity is reduced by a factor of two from its initial value, hence the change in sound intensity is negative. The strength of the ear's perception of sound is referred to as sound loudness.

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The power radiated by the sun is 3.93* 10²⁶W.

What is power ?

Work rate or energy delivery time is expressed as W/t, where W is the quantity of work completed or energy delivered, and t is the time interval.

What is intensity ?

Intensity is the amount of energy a wave carries over a surface of a particular area in a unit of time, and it is the same as the energy density times the wave speed. The most popular unit of measurement is watts per square metre. The strength and size of a wave affect its frequency.

The main concept used to solve this problem is power emitted by radiation.

Initially, find the surface area covered by the sun’s radiation using the formula of area of a sphere. Then, use the expression of power to find the power radiated by sun.

The surface area of a sphere can be written as follows:

A= 4πr²

Here, r is the radius.

The power emitted by radiation can be calculated by using the following expression:

P= IA

Here, I is the intensity and A is the area.

Step: 1

The surface area of a sphere can be written as follows:

A= 4πr²

Substitute

1.5*10⁻¹¹m

for r in the above expression.

A=4π ( 1.5*10¹¹M ) ²

= 2.8274*10²³m²

The sun emits radiation in all the directions around it and in a uniform way. This means that the level of intensity of the radiation reaching earth will be same for all the objects which are placed at the same distances from the sun. that is, the surface area of the sphere of radius as the distance between sun and earth will get same intensity of the radiation emitted by the sun.

Use the expression of power to find the power radiated by sun.

Step: 2

The power emitted by radiation can be calculated by using the following expression;

P= IA

Substitute

1390W/m²

for I and

2.8274*10²³m²

for A in the above expression.

P= (1390W/ m²) ( 2.87274*10²³m²)

= 3.93*10²⁶W

The radiation emitted from the sun is spread over large spherical surfaces, so the energy per unit square meter decreases as the radii of the spherical surface increases. The far the planet from the sun, the smaller will be the energy per unit square meter.

Therefore, the power radiated by the sun is 3.93* 10²⁶W.

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The puck is moving at an angle of 51 degrees from the x-axis.

As we can see from the graph of the question the value of x component of velocity  [tex]v_{x}[/tex] is nearly 24 cm/s and the value of y component of velocity [tex]v_{y}[/tex] is constant throughout the journey of puck and is equal to 30cm/s. For any instant of time the direction is given by the slope of the graph tanθ which is equal to the y component divided by the x component.

At the instant when t= 3s

[tex]v_{x}= 24 cm/s\\v_{y}= 30 cm/s\\[/tex]

Direction is given by the slope of the graph  

tanθ= [tex]\frac{v_{y} }{v_{x} } = \frac{30}{24}[/tex]=  1.25

θ= 51 degrees from x-axis (in anti-clockwise manner)

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The value of the damping constant of the tuning fork will be equal to the value 0.23 s⁻¹.

The equation for the damping of harmonic system is expressed as

y = Xe^(-Ct) sin(ωt)

where Xe^(-Ct) = A that is amplitude and C is the damping constant.

If we assume that at time = t the value of A = K and at time = t + 6 the value of A = K/4 then the expression for amplitude will be

K = Xe^(-Ct)

K/4 = Xe^(-C(t + 6))

On dividing the two equations we get

4 = e^(6C)

Taking natural log on both sides we get

ln(4) = 6C

=> C = 1/6 ln(4)

=> C = 0.23 s⁻¹

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The Milky Way is near the top of the luminosity range for blue cloud galaxies. Spiral galaxies usually have a luminosity of a few hundred billion Suns and Milky Way's luminosity is about 1.5 x 10¹⁰, making it near the top of the blue cloud galaxies.

Generally, a galaxy's absolute magnitude (a measure of luminosity) is related to its mass. The relationship can be visualized in a galaxy color-magnitude diagram with three populations:

The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies usually produce more stars because the spiral arms generate dense compression areas that provide a good environment for the formation of stars.

Your question seems incomplete, but most likely the completed version is as follows:

The luminosity of our Milky Way galaxy is about 1.5 x 10¹⁰ Lsun. Describe how the Milky Way's light output compares with those of the most luminous galaxies in the blue cloud, based on the information in Figure 1.

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The velocity of the child is 3.36 m/s. Then, the distance it covered is 14 meters. The radius from the centre is then, 2.24 m.

Centripetal acceleration is the acceleration of a body moving through a circular paths. It is the rate of change of its angular velocity.

The acceleration of the child = 0.80 ms/²

time  = 4.2 s

velocity = time interval × acceleration

             = 4.2 s ×  0.80 ms/²= 3.36 m/s.

Then the distance covered  = velocity × time

= 3.36 m/s × 4.2 = 14.22 m.

This is the circumference of the circular path which is equal to 2πR.

The distance from the centre = radius of the path.

2πR = 14.22 m

R = 2.24 m

Therefore, the child will be 2.24 m far from the center of the ride.

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Answer:

The angle at which a projectile is launched is important because it determines the initial velocity of the projectile and the direction in which it will travel. The angle also affects the projectile's trajectory, or the path that it follows through the air. The steeper the launch angle, the higher the projectile will go and the farther it will travel horizontally. A shallower launch angle will result in a flatter trajectory that does not go as high or travel as far. Therefore, the angle at which a projectile is launched is a key factor in determining how far and how high it will go.

Explanation:

The angle is important when launching projectile motion because it in the calculation of the maximum height, range and time of flight, angle of launching  is as important as the magnitude of initial velocity.

When a particle is hurled obliquely near the surface of the earth, it travels along a curved path while accelerating continuously in the direction of the planet's center (we assume the particle stays close to the surface of the globe). Such a particle's motion is known as projectile motion, and its route is referred to as a projectile.

Two distinct rectilinear motions occur simultaneously in a projectile motion:

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The faster runner is the mouse.

Kinetic energy is the type of energy carried by any moving object or subatomic particle. Any object or particle in motion possesses kinetic energy. Kinetic energy manifests itself in many everyday phenomena, such as walking, throwing a baseball, dropping a crumb, traveling through an electric field, etc. Only things in motion can store kinetic energy, hence a still object has none.

Potential energy is held by inanimate objects like rocks and plants. A body's potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy whenever a force, such as gravity, acts upon it and sends it into motion. For example, stretching a rubber band stores energy as elastic potential, which is then converted to motion when the band is released from its stretched state.

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When the highest and lowest frequency of a circuit is given then bandwidth is  calculated as 9100 Hz.

Maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection in given amount of time is known as bandwidth. Bandwidth is actually the volume of information that can be sent over a connection in a measured amount of time.

In signal processing, bandwidth describes difference between upper and lower frequencies in transmission signals. The measurement of bandwidth of a signal is done in hertz (Hz).

Given highest frequency of circuit is 10 kHz

= 10000 Hz

and lowest frequency of circuit is 900 Hz

Bandwidth = 10000 Hz -900 Hz

So, Bandwidth = 9100 Hz.

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If the ball exits the track while undergoing an acceleration of 3g, 55.4m away from the base of the track does the block land

Acceleration ac = V²/R = 3g

V = √3gR

By using kinematic equation for vertical motion of ball,

S = u t  + 1/2 gt²

S = 2R, U = 0

t = √4R/g

Horizontal distance is given by

D = vt = √3gR × √4R/g

D = 2√3 R

D = 55.4m

To get the equation for the horizontal distance, one can rearrange the slope percent equation. Divide both sides by run to rewrite the equation's terms. The slope percent is applied to both sides. Horizontal distance is calculated as run = (rise 100) / slope%. When two points are separated by a horizontal distance, the slope is zero percent.

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The total work done by the woman is 1000J.

The work done by a force is defined as the product of the displacement component of the force and the magnitude of that displacement. method. Work can be calculated by multiplying the force and the displacement in the direction of the force as

When a person pushes against a wall the displacement of the wall is zero because the wall does not move when a force is applied to it. The work done by a force is the product of the component of the force applied to the body in the direction of displacement and displacement.

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The unstretched length so that it does not allow the block to leave the surface until θ= 60° is L = 4.574 ft.

Given:

The weight of the block W = 2 lb

The initial velocity of the block v_i = 0

The stiffness of the spring k = 2 lb/ft

The radius of the cylindrical surface r = 2 ft

Compute the velocity of the block at θ= 60°. Use Newton's second equation of motion in direction normal to the surface.

= F_n = m X a_n

Where, a_n is the centripetal acceleration or normal component of acceleration as follows:

= a_n = v²_2 / r

Substitute:

= F_n = m*v²2 / r

Where, F_n normal force acting on block by the surface is:

= F_n = W X cos(θ)

Substitute:

W*cos(θ) = m*v^2_2 / r

v_2 = sqrt ( r*g*cos(θ) )

Plug in the values:

v²_2 = 2 X 32.2 X cos(60)

v²_2 = 32.2 (ft/s)²

Apply the conservation of energy between points A and B where θ= 60° :

T_A + V_A = T_B + V_B

Where,

T_A : Kinetic energy of the block at initial position = 0

V_A: potential energy of the block initial position

V_A = 0.5 X k X x_A²

x_A = 2 X π- L           ( L is the original length )

V_A = 0.5X 2 X (2 X πi - L)² =

= (2 X pi - L)²

T_B = 0.5 X W/g X v_2² =

= 0.5 X 2 / 32.2 X 32.2 = 1

V_B = 0.5 X k X x_B² + W X 2 X cos(60)

and, x_B = 2 X 0.75 X π - L             ( L is the original length )

V_B = 0.5 X 2 X (1.5 X π - L)² + 2 X 1

= 2 + ( 1.5 X π- L )²

Input the respective energies back in to the conservation expression:

= 0 + (2π - L)² = 1 + 2 + ( 1.5π - L )²

= 4π² - 4πL + L² = 3 + 2.25π² - 3πL + L²

= πL = 1.75π² - 3

= L = 4.574 ft

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The complete question;

the 2-lb brick slides down a smooth roof, such that when it is at a it has a velocity of 5 ft/s. The 2-lb block is released from rest at A and slides down along the smooth cylindrical surface. Of the attached spring has a stiffness k = 2 lb/ft. Determine its unstretched length so that it does not allow the block to leave the surface until θ= 60°.

Answer:

1/4

Explanation:

(2,3)=(x1, y1)

(6,4)=(x2,y2)

Then,

Slope=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

=1/4

Since the second energy level has more energy than the first, the electron must gain energy to travel from n = 1 to n = 2. To increase to the second energy level, it must gain (-3.4) - (-13.6) = 10.2 eV of energy.

By absorbing light, the electron can obtain the energy it requires. The electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus. Small, negatively charged particles known as electrons move in a circular orbit around the nucleus. They are unable to move around at will in any location. Depending on their energy levels, their revolution is limited to certain orbits. Energy levels are nothing more than the electrons' set distances from an atom's nucleus. The electron shell is another name for the energy levels. An electron can migrate across energy levels, but it cannot remain in one energy level while in another.

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The wavelength of the sound heard by a stationary listner located est of the truck is  0.332 m

F = fο (V/V - Vs) ,Doppler effect

  = 950 (340 / 340 -24) = 1022.25 HZ

λ = V / F = 340 / 1022.25 = 0.332 m

Everything in sound is a vibration. The larynx (voice box) of a person, the string of a guitar, or the loudspeakers on your radio all need to vibrate in order to produce sound. When sound waves move away from their source, vibrating particles knock into other vibrating particles, which in turn causes those other particles to vibrate and knock into still more particles, and so on. Our eardrums vibrate in response to air vibrations, and these vibrations are then transformed into nerve signals and delivered to our brains, which enable us to perceive sound. Similar to this, microphones translate air vibrations into electrical signals after detecting them.

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The instantaneous Bof change of the mass of the colony is t=2.059277.

The immediate charge of exchange is the exchange inside the rate at a specific immediate, and it's miles identical because of the trade inside the spinoff cost at a specific point. For a graph, the immediate fee of trade at a specific point is similar to the tangent line slope. that is, it's miles a curve slope.

Calculation:-

P(t)=2+5tan−1(t2)

=6P(t)=2+5tan−1(t2)=6.

The solution is t=2.059277.

Because the spinoff P′P′ may be interpreted because of the immediate fee of alternate.PP with respect to time, the calculator is used to numerically calculate the by-product of PP at this fee of tt.

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complete question is -

Where tt is measured in days. what is the instantaneous rate of change of the mass of the colony, in grams per day, at the moment the colony reaches a mass of 6 grams?

The wavelengths are listed below in ascending order from left to right. Gamma rays, X-rays, UV, visible, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are all types of radiation.

The electric field and magnetic field combine to form the numerous waves that make up the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic wave is considered to have both wave and particle behavior.

The wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves are essentially determined by the wave's particle-like components, known as photons, which carry the wave's energy. The term "electromagnetic spectrum" refers to the class of electromagnetic waves.

In order of increasing wavelength, electromagnetic waves include gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves.

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