The difference between pcr and sanger sequencing with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions is that dideoxynucleotides are needed in Sanger sequencing unlike PCR.
Dideoxynucleotides are needed for sanger sequencing, while it is not requires to perform PCR. Two primers from opposing strands are necessary for PCR amplification in order to specify the region of the sequence amplified in both the forward and reverse directions. In contrast to PCR, Sanger sequencing uses just one primer in the process. The fundamental difference between the two is that while PCR is used to duplicate the entire DNA sequence, Sanger sequencing is used to generate every possible length of DNA.
The "chain termination method," often known as Sanger sequencing, is a technique for figuring out the nucleotide sequence of DNA. In this method, target genetic regions are amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the amplified products are then sequenced.
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Whats the average size of a plant cell? in centimeters
Answer:
10^-6 cm i believe
Explanation:
feed conversion ratio, defined as pounds of feed consumed per pounds of animal growth, is the lowest for:
Feed conversion ratio, defined as the feed consumed per pounds of animal growth, is the lowest when feed efficiency is lower then 2.
Feed conversion efficiency is simple calculation where total weight of feed is divided by the net production.
Feed Conversion Ratios are most important as they tells the farmer how much amount of feed will be required for growth cycle of animals. A good feed conversion ratio for cattle is between three and a half to four. That indicate for every three and a half pounds of feed, the animal should gain one pound of weight. Anything above four is considered to be very efficient, while anything below three and a half is not less or not considered good.
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Inserting or deleting a nucleotide in a protein-coding sequence produces what type of mutation?.
The addition or deletion of DNA nucleotides in amounts that are not multiples of three is what is known as a frame-shift mutation in the gene.
Give an example of a mutation.
Hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell disease are a few conditions that are caused by hereditary mutations. Over the course of a person's lifetime, other changes could occur on their own at any time. They may also go by the names sporadic mutations, novel mutations, or spontaneous mutations. Only a few cells are affected.
What happens when a gene is altered?
Genetic mutations are when the Genetic code is changed to produce a different outcome. That gene's genomic DNA has undergone permanent modification. Genetic variations are essential for human development, which is the process of transformation through several generations. a single person.
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10. Which statement is true?
1.The nitrogen cycle starts with plants.
2.The nitrogen cycle has no beginning or end.
3.The nitrogen cycle ends with animals.
Answer:
1 (?)
Explanation:
How does the nitrogen cycle work? Step 1- Nitrogen Fixation- Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3) which the plants can use. Step 2- Nitrification- Nitrification is the process that converts the ammonia into nitrite ions which the plants can take in as nutrients.
So even when starting with the first question we know that nitrogen is present in soil BUT the cycle begins during Nitrogen Fixation which plants use.
we also know that the nitrogen cycle has a start-- given I just explained that-- and even though it's continuous there is a point where the cycle repeats and therefore starts again. Knowing it's continuous we also know that when nitrogen 'ends' the cycle simply starts again, and the nitrogen is released back into the air. ("Nitrogen gas [N2] diffuses into the soil from the atmosphere")
In conclusion: 1 is the most probable answer.
Which of the following describes an organism under stress?
They expend more energy to maintain homeostasis.
They use less energy for homeostasis and instead use it for reproduction.
They will not reproduce at all.
Fewer of their offspring will survive.
where is the arista found on calliphoridae? group of answer choices on the lateral turgum of the prothorax under the halteres on the antennae (it's part of the antennae) near the base of the wing on the lateral portion of the mesothorax
The arista is found on Calliphoridae : on the antennae. The Calliphoridae are a family of insects in the order Diptera, with 1,900 known species
What is Calliphoridae?Calliphoridae are also called as blowfly. 'Blow' refers to the tendency of this insect group to lay their eggs on the human food, dead animals or animal waste. They arrive quickly after an animal dies especially if breeding occurs.
Common habitats of blow flies include temperate to tropical areas with accessible layers of loose, damp soil and other decaying material where larvae can develop and find nourishment.
Blowflies (Calliphoridae) are characterized by the ability of the larvae to develop in animal flesh.
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which of the following enzymes converts atp to camp? which of the following enzymes converts atp to camp? adenylyl cyclase galactoside permease b-galactosidase atp synthase
Galactosidase glucoside permease Adenocysteine Cyclase Synthesizing ATP Correct Adenylyl Cyclose turns ATP into cAMP, aiding CAP in binding.
Which enzyme from the list below breaks down lactose?Lactase, also known as lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, is an enzyme that breaks down lactose (milk sugar) into the simple sugars glucose and galactose in the small intestine of animals.
Catalase—is it an enzyme?The important enzyme catalase feeds on hydrogen peroxide, a nonradical ROS. This enzyme is in charge of neutralising hydrogen peroxide through its breakdown, hence preserving an ideal level of the molecule in the cell that is also necessary for cellular signalling processes.
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what causes the different seasons on earth
Answer:
Earth Tilted Axis
Explanation:
Earth's tilted axis causes the seasons. Throughout the year, different parts of Earth receive the Sun's most direct rays. So, when the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, it's summer in the Northern Hemisphere. And when the South Pole tilts toward the Sun, it's winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
:)
Answer:
The movement of the earth.
Explanation:
"The earth's spin axis is tilted. This is what causes the seasons. When the earth's axis points towards the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere. When the earth's axis points away, winter can be expected."
Because the earth is constantly moving/spinning *although slowly*. Depending on where the earth is tilted or what side the sun is pointing to will decided the seasons; as mentioned if the earth's axis is pointed away winter can be expected in the said hemisphere.
although Hemshpheres are a whole other deal that shouldn't be needed for this question.
Some researchers suggest that ______ molecules were the first information molecules formed on early earth.
Some researchers recommend that RNA molecules had been the first statistics molecules fashioned on early earth.
Most scientists think that RNA got here first because RNA can do jobs save information and perform diverse features that keep cells alive. This idea, that RNA got here first, is known as the RNA world hypothesis.
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of lifestyles on the earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated earlier than the evolution of DNA and proteins. The term additionally refers to the speculation that posits the existence of this degree.
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Explain how plants respond to a light source, usually the Sun. What is occurring inside the plant, and what hormone is involved?
Answer:
Plants also exhibit phototropism, or growing toward a light source. This response is controlled by a plant growth hormone called auxin. As shown in Figure below, auxin stimulate s cell s on the dark side of a plant to grow longer. This causes the plant to bend toward the light.
Explanation:
The brain is about 75 percent its adult weight by three years of age. By age 6, it is at 95 percent its adult weight
Myelination and the development of dendrites continue to occur in the cortex and as it does, we see a corresponding change in what the child is capable of doing. Greater development in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control attention and emotion, makes it increasingly possible to inhibit emotional outbursts and understand how to play games. Understanding the game, thinking ahead, and coordinating movement improve with practice and
myelination.
In the beginning, the average baby's mind is ready 1 / 4 of the size of the common adult brain. noticeably, it doubles in length inside the first year. It keeps developing to about 80% of the grownup length between age three and 90% almost fully grown by age 5.
With the aid of age 2, it is at 75 percent of its adult weight, at95 percent with the aid of age 6, and at 100 percent via age 7 years. organization of high-stage visual cortex in human toddlers”.
By way of age 2, it's miles at 75 percent of its grownup weight, at 95 percent with the aid of age 6, and at 100 percent through age 7 years. organization of high-stage visual cortex in human toddlers”.
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The historical development of the theory of evolution by natural selection included theories such as those of jean-baptiste lamarck that superficially sounded logical, but were flawed by lack of understanding of genetics. Which of jean-baptiste lamarck’s proposals would support the idea that an individual who develops large muscles due to weight training would have offspring that also have large muscles?.
One of Lamarck's principle ideas about evolution was that Organisms develop and whatever trait they might acquire is then passed down to their offspring.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was an avid supporter of the theories of evolution. He himself gave a lot of theories and principles which he felt were the aptest but only because of the lack of scientific proof to prove him wrong. He proposed that organisms pass whatever traits they have to their offspring.
This notion supports the idea that an individual who develops large muscles due to weight training would have offspring that also have large muscles. This has been proved scientifically wrong now but had quite an impact on the then developing theories of evolution back then.
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the tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by
The tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by Size an object takes up on the retina.
Perceptual illusions are defined as consistent and chronic discrepancies among a physial state of affairs and its illustration in consciousness. it's miles argued that for the maximum element those discrepancies occur in particular as a consequence of the activation of perceptual approaches by using contrived, artificial stimuli.
Perhaps the exceptional actual-existence example of a perceptual phantasm is the Moon illusion. whilst the Moon is at the horizon, it seems to be a whole lot large than it does whilst it is excessive within the sky. but whilst the Moon is photographed at various factors throughout the sky, all the pictures on the negatives are the equal size.
But despite the fact that perceptual illusions are a laugh, additionally they have essential philosophical implications. They show us in a clear and unambiguous way that we do not at once perceive the world round us. Perceptual revel in is a simulation—a intellectual model—that doesn't usually correspond to the reality it aims to depict.
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Mutalistic microorganisms in the gut are the most critical for the mammals that consume.
Mutualistic microorganisms in the gut are the most critical for the mammals that consume dairy and lactose containing foods.
Mutualistic microorganisms are those that live in the body of an organism and provide some kind of benefit to that organism. In return the organism provides the microorganism with shelter and food. For example, E. coli is the gut bacteria that helps in digestion of lactose in mammals.
Lactose is a carbohydrate. It is specifically a disaccharide formed through a bond between galactose and glucose subunits. It is found in milk and milk-related products such as cheese, cream, etc. Lactose is essential for the absorption of a few minerals like magnesium and zinc.
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which of the following a change related to the aging of the respiratory system? group of answer choices
An increase in respiration rate is a change related to the aging of the respiratory system.
What is respiration?Respiration is defined in physiology as the transfer of oxygen from the external environment to the cells within tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction, that is, back into the external environment. The biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to a metabolic process through which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH) by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products, differs from the physiological definition. Although cellular respiration and the subsequent maintenance of life in animals depend on physiologic respiration, the two processes are distinct: cellular respiration occurs within individual organism cells, whereas physiologic respiration deals with the diffusion and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
What is respiratory system?The network of organs and tissues that aids in breathing is known as the respiratory system. It consists of your blood vessels, lungs, and airways. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that propel your lungs. Together, these components help the body circulate oxygen and eliminate waste gases like carbon dioxide.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that an increase in respiration rate is a change related to the aging of the respiratory system.
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please help
5 points for each question
1. define enzymes in your own words
2. distinguish between absorption and digestion
3. compare the functions of the stomach and the small intestine
4. give an example of how the digestive system affects other systems
Enzymes are biological catalysts of chemical reactions. Absorption refers to the intake of substances from the small intestine while digestion also involves breaking down foods by enzymatic processes. The stomach mechanically breaks down food into small substances, while the small intestine absorbs these products. The digestive system affects other systems because the chemical energy required by cellular respiration is obtained by digestion.
What is an enzyme?An enzyme is a biological catalyst that acts to lower the activation energy of reactions. These catalysts (enzymes) play a fundamental role in digestion by breaking down foods into smaller particles.
Moreover, the small intestine functions to absorb these small particles which are used by cells during cellular respiration.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that an enzyme is a catalyst that acts to enhance the release of energy in the chemical reaction that occurs during digestion, which is a process that involves many organs such as the stomach and the small intestine.
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Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles that are not indirectly to the atrioventricular values.
The trabeculae carnage (columnar carnage, or meaty ridges) are rounded or irregular muscular columns that project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.
The inner surface of each ventricle has an irregular surface of ridges and folds called trabeculae carnage. The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles.
Squamous cell nuclei tend to be flat, horizontal, and elliptical, mirroring the form of the cell. The endothelium is the epithelial tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.
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The irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles are Trabeculae carnage.
The tricuspid valve is the atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart. It separates the right atrium and right ventricle. The Purkinje fibers lie beneath the endocardium. They are larger than cardiomyocytes but have fewer myofibrils more glycogen and mitochondria, and no T-tubules.
These cells are connected by desmosomes and gap junctions but not by intercalated discs. The right ventricle is very muscular. In contrast to the right atrium, which is mostly smooth-walled, it has many muscular ridges called trabeculae. The endothelium is the epithelial tissue that lines the blood vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems and is composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells.
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In what ways have Robert Hooke contributed to a wider understanding of life?
Answer:
He contributed to the discovery of cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. He then thought that cells only exist in plants and fungi. In 1665, he published Micrographia.
Explanation:
Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?.
Since we must write this, let's ask which factor consistently requires a tiny population as a prerequisite for its occurrence, even though each of the following has a better probability of influencing gene frequency in a small proportion of small populations.
Genealogical drift is the basic response. Each of these mechanisms has an impact on the genetic makeup of populations, but only natural selection consistently increases how well-adapted an organism is to its environment.
The severity of drift and the incidence of inbreeding in the population are related to population size, or more precisely, the effective population size. Due to stochastic sampling error, small populations typically lose genetic diversity more quickly than large populations (i.e., genetic drift). This is because
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phospholipids containing 2 hydrophobic tails spontaneously aggregate to form micelle when suspended in aqueous solution. question 3 options: true false
The given statement is incorrect. A phospholipid molecule's three-carbon glycerol backbone has two fatty acid molecules attached to carbons 1 and 2, and the third carbon has a phosphate-containing group.
What is phospholipid molecule?Phospholipids, which are amphiphilic compounds, contain both hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophilic moieties. They are the primary components of cell membranes and are found in all living things. There are several phospholipid classes in nature, each with a different polar moiety. Their assembly is driven by the hydrophobic effect, which causes the lipids to naturally organize themselves in a way that reduces the hydrophobic surface area exposed to water.Because phospholipids' fatty acid tails are poorly soluble in water, they naturally form bilayers in aqueous solutions. The hydrophobic tails are buried inside the membrane, while the polar head groups are exposed and in contact with water on both sides.To learn more about phospholipid molecule, refer to:
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which blood gas report most likely reflects the acid-base balance of an infant with severe dehydration?
The blood gas report that most likely reflects the acid-base balance of an infant with severe dehydration is pH of 7.20 and [tex]HCO_{3}[/tex] of 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L). This levels indicates metabolic acidosis. So the correct option is C.
What is metabolic acidosis?It is a disorder of acid-base balance in which there are many acidic components in the blood plasma. It can be caused by some increase in proton generation, because the kidneys are unable to excrete hydrogen, or by loss of bicarbonate from the kidney or intestinal tract.
In the case of the infant, the blood gas report may be due to chronic diarrhea since he is also dehydrated.
Therefore, we can confirm that the blood gas report that most likely reflects the acid-base balance of an infant with severe dehydration is pH of 7.20 and [tex]HCO_{3}[/tex] of 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L). This levels indicates metabolic acidosis. So the correct option is C.
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Which blood gas report most likely reflects the acid-base balance of an infant with severe dehydration?
a) pH of 7.50 and [tex]PCO_{2}[/tex] of 34 mm Hg
b) pH of 7.23 and [tex]PCO_{2}[/tex] of 70 mm Hg
c) pH of 7.20 and [tex]HCO_{3}[/tex] of 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L)
d) pH of 7.56 and [tex]HCO_{3}[/tex] of 30 mEq/L (30 mmol/L)
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99% of all marine species can be found in the ____.
What is the answer?
Answer:
I would assume in the water or ocean since marine means they live in the water
Define senescent. What cells put off senescence?
In a species of beetles, males that have large horns are better able to fight off other males for access to females. This is an example of _______ selection.
Answer:
In a species of beetles, males that have large horns are better able to fight off other males for access to females. This is an example of intrasexual selection.
Explanation:
Intrasexual selection can refer to the act of competing with members of one's own sex (for status, tangible resources, or directly for access to mates) as well as the evolutionary process that shapes the traits employed in this competition.
What similarities are there in the growth of the human population compared to animal population.
The similarity that is there in the growth of the human population compared to the animal population is that the growth occurs exponentially concerning the initial specimens.
Human population dynamics, at least until the past century, have probably been governed by homeostasis and in this resembled those of other animals.
Some major factors that affect population growth in both humans and animals and also have similar results are:-
How often an organism reproduces, the number of offspring of an organism, the presence or absence of parental care, how long an organism can reproduce, and the death rate of offspring.
Moreover, the populations grow in size due to births or immigration both in the case of humans and animals.
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In the __________, Light Energy is converted to ___________
Answer:
In the plant/photosynthesis, Light Energy is converted to Chemical Energy.
Explanation:
Answer: In the plant light energy is converted to chemical energy
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum, then through the vertebral canal, and ends at the level of the ______ vertebra.
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum, then through the vertebral canal, and ends at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
The spinal cord's length is unknown?The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system (CNS), which also includes the brain and other brain-related structures. The lower back is where the spinal cord terminates, where it tapers to create a cone known as the conus medullaris. The spinal cord starts at the base of the brain stem, in a region known as the medulla oblongata.
The spinal cord travels through which foramen, exactly?The occipital bone's foramen magnum is where the spinal cord exits the body. The hard palate and the upper jaw are made up of two maxillary bones, or the maxilla.
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which of the following is an example of an ecological service provided by forests?
a. Livestock grazing areas
b. Reduction of soil erosion
c. Purification of water and air
d. Reduce atmospheric carbon
Following is an example of an ecological service provided by forests:
b. Reduction of soil erosion
c. Purification of water and air
d. Reduce atmospheric carbon
Ecosystem services are the numerous and diverse advantages that the natural world and healthy ecosystems offer to us. Agroecosystems, forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and aquatic ecosystems are a few examples of these types of ecosystems. These ecosystems provide benefits to human mental and physical health, clean air, the prevention of extreme weather, and the natural pollination of crops. The provision of food, the availability of clean drinking water, the breakdown of wastes, and the resilience and productivity of food ecosystems are all examples of what are collectively known as ecosystem services.
Despite decades of tacit discussion between scientists and environmentalists, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s popularized this idea.
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You are skateboarding at the skate park and you are not wearing your knee guards. You are trying to show
your friends your new skateboard trick and fall off your skateboard, skinning your knee. How would your
body repair this cut?
a. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells ; results in 2 identical cells
b. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 4 identical cells
c. binary fission; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 4 identical cells
d. binary fission; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells; results in 2 identical cells
Answer:
a. mitosis; the injury would trigger cell division to replace those cells ; results in 2 identical cells
Explanation:
Mitosis is the cell-creation process that an animal would undergo while healing a cut. It is a division that results in two daughter cells. The answer is not binary fission as that is an asexual reproductive method that occurs most often in simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria. It would not be used in the body during the process of healing a cut. The answer is not that it results in 4 identical cells, as mitosis (which is the process used in healing a cut) can only result in 2 identical daughter cells, not four. 4 resulting cells is characteristic of meiosis, which differs from mitosis as each of the 4 daughter cells created in this process are genetically unique and only contain half as much DNA as the parent cell. With these understandings in mind, you can rule out all options other than A.
What is coral bleaching and what causes coral bleaching?
Corals will eject the algae (zooxanthellae) dwelling in their tissues if the water is too warm, which will turn the coral entirely white. The term for this is coral bleaching.
What is coral bleaching?
Corals release the microscopic algae that reside in their tissues when they are under stress. Coral tissues become transparent in the absence of these algae, revealing their white skeleton. The term for this is coral bleaching. While bleached corals are not actually dead, they are more vulnerable to famine and illness.Why do coral reefs bleach?
When corals are under stress, bleaching happens. Summer heat stress brought on by hotter water and more UV rays is a major factor in coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Bleaching can be caused by a temperature increase of merely one degree Celsius for four weeks.Corals start to hunger when their food source—the zooxanthellae—is taken away. Corals start to perish if elevated water temperatures remain for a long time (eight weeks or more).Hence, UV radiations are the major cause for coral bleaching.
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