what is science?in terms of biology​

Allium cepa is a diploid plant (onion) with a haploid chromosome number of 8 and that means that it has 16 chromosomes, total so after mitosis, each daughter cell will have 8 chromosomes.

Mitosis is a kind of cellular division within which one cell (the mother) divides to supply 2 new cells (the daughters) that are genetically a dead ringer for itself. within the context of the cell cycle, cellular division is that the a part of the division method within which the deoxyribonucleic acid of the cell's nucleus is split into 2 equal sets of chromosomes.

A chromosome is a long desoxyribonucleic acid molecule with half or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the terribly long skinny desoxyribonucleic acid fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the foremost necessary of those proteins are the histones.

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Option C, biological succession describes this change in a community's biological make-up through time. population of bacteria in the gut is dominated by one species for the first 12 weeks, and then shifts to another species.

biological succession is the process through which a region's species and habitat mix changes over time. Until a "climax community," such as a mature forest, is attained or a disruption, such as a fire, happens, these groups progressively replace one another. Fundamental to biological is the idea of biological succession . The first species to arise in a new habitat are mosses and lichens. They prepare the soil so that bigger species, like grasses, shrubs, and eventually trees, can grow there. biological succession is essential to the expansion and development of an ecosystem.

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1. The lake underwent changes that have to do with the deposition of materials.

2. As the lake grew shallow, the plant community kept on changing

3. The changes to the plant community reach a peak and a climax community is formed.

In ecology, succession refers to changes to the community of living organisms that happen in ecosystems of communities as a result of changes to the environment itself.

The image depicted shows that of a lake that is undergoing ecological succession. Initially, there is very little plant community that was confined to the edges of the lake.

As the environment keep changing, materials deposition into the lake commenced and with time, it started growing shallower and shallower. As the lake grew shallow, modifications were being made to the community of plants at the edge of the lake and colonies started growing inside the lake itself.

The changes to the plant community continued until a stable community of plants is formed. This stable and relatively unchanging community is otherwise known as the climax community.

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There is a 25% probability that the first child born to this couple will be a boy who is colorblind.

There is a 50% chance that every child (unspecified gender) will have normal vision.

The X chromosome is where the genes that might cause red-green color blindness are handed down.

More males than women have red-green color blindness. This is due to:

The sole X chromosome that males inherit from their mother is. They will suffer red-green color blindness if that X chromosome carries the red-green color blindness gene rather than a normal X chromosome.

Two X chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father, are present in females. The gene for red-green color blindness must be present on both X chromosomes in order to have the condition.

Both men and women are equally affected by blue-yellow color blindness and full color blindness, which are inherited on other chromosomes.

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Sam is a moderate drinker.

An alcoholic beverage is a drink that incorporates ethanol, a sort of alcohol that acts as a drug and is produced through the fermentation of grains, culmination, or other sources of sugar. The consumption of alcoholic beverages frequently referred to as "ingesting", plays an essential social position in many cultures.

Over the years, excessive alcohol use can cause the improvement of persistent sicknesses and other serious issues such as excessive blood pressure, heart ailment, stroke, liver disorder, and digestive troubles. most cancers of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, voice container, liver, colon, and rectum.

It influences impulse control and the ability to make recollections, leading to “blackouts.” Alcohol can purpose numbness, weak point, and transient paralysis.  

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The best interpretation of these results Is that, key element of plant gene control is through chromatin regulation.

All eukaryotes include chromatin that is crammed into nucleosomes; the majority of the chromatin protein component is made up of members of the histone family of proteins. Since histone proteins have a positive charge, they can get close to Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Core histones include three and four molecules of hydrogen, which are found on the inner of the nucleosome and bind to Deoxyribonucleic acid before other histones. The chromatin architecture blocks transcription factors, polymerases, and other nuclear proteins from accessing Deoxyribonucleic acid when it is substantially condensed.

A sequence of developmental transitions are involved in fruit production, and the fruit set process is crucial in determining crop yield.

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Localized, disseminated, and persistent are the three stages of lyme disease. Early infection is represented by the first two stages, while persistent or chronic disease is represented by the third stage. Stage 3 typically appears within a year of the illness.

An infection caused by bacteria called Lyme disease is transferred to people when a deer tick bites them. In the northeastern United States, Lyme disease generally strikes in the summer or fall, when the tiny nymphal ticks are most common.

Borrelia burgdorferi is a type of bacteria that causes Lyme disease (B burgdorferi). These bacteria can be carried by black-legged ticks, sometimes known as deer ticks. Ticks of some species can't transport these germs.

The Lyme disease has three stages:

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In plant seed early in germination - before anything turns green. they  put seeds dehydrated in dark sealed container & measure, (a) number of Lipids: 0.4% & Carbohydrates: 0.8% in the seed.  (b) The amount of Oxygen: 0.5% and CO2: 0.2% in headspace.

Marco and Natalia's experiment shows that adding water to a plant seed initiates metabolism that use the stored lipids and carbohydrates for energy. The increase in oxygen and CO2 indicates that the metabolic processes are producing these gases as byproducts. This suggests that the seed is beginning to respire and grow  metabolism Convert food into energy. Metabolism is process by which body converts food & drink into energy. During this process, calories from food and drink mix with oxygen to create the energy your body needs. Even at rest, your body needs energy to do anything.

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Drag an X to each of the 5 locations where you do not want a corridor.

  x

- - x

x x | x |

   -

What is Conversation Biology?

With the aim of preventing species, habitats, and ecosystems from going extinct and the degradation of biotic interactions, conservation biology is the study of nature and biodiversity conservation. Natural and social sciences, as well as the actual practice of managing natural resources, are all used in this interdisciplinary discipline.

The development of conservation biology and the idea of biological diversity (biodiversity) helped usher in the current phase of conservation science and policy. New subdisciplines like conservation social science, conservation behavior, and conservation physiology have emerged as a result of the multidisciplinary nature of conservation biology. It encouraged further advancement of conservation genetics, a field that Otto Frankel had first developed but which is now frequently regarded as a subdiscipline as well.

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Polyploidy is the answer. One of the most frequent ways that new plant species have arisen is through a mistake during cell division that results in an additional set of chromosomes. Consequently, a polyploid organism would be created.

Polyploidy happens when not all of the chromosomes are united during mitosis or meiosis. Polyploidy is a characteristic of plants that has really been a key factor in the evolution of angiosperm speciation. Particularly important is allopolyploidy, which involves doubling the number of chromosomes in a hybrid plant.

As a result, polyploidy is the answer. One of the most frequent mechanisms for the origin of new plant species is an error in cell division that results in an additional set of chromosomes. A polyploid organism would result from this circumstance.

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The folding of poly Glu and poly Lys amino acids have a direct effect on the pH due to the resulting helices and beta sheet's secondary structure of the protein, which is caused by the side chains of these amino acids.

The secondary structure of proteins refers to the repeated arrangement organization in  the tridimensional space of the amino acids in the protein chain, which depends on the side chains of these residues.

The secondary structure of proteins can be a type of alpha helix, beta sheet, and coiled coil arrangement structure, which have a direct effect on the pH of the surrounding media.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the secondary structure of proteins is based on the repeated organization of amino acid residues in the linear sequence, which affects the pH of the media.

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The nutrients that can be metabolized for ATP production is glucose (option A).

Metabolism is the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Metabolism can either be catabolic or anabolic. Cellular respiration is a type of catabolic process, which is the process by which cells obtain chemical energy by the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.

Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream where it enters the cells to be broken down for the synthesis of energy in form of ATP.

Therefore, option A is correct.

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Chickenpox virus  is characteristic of influenza virus and is an airborne disease

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV). It can cause an itchy, blistering rash, among other symptoms. The rash that first appears on the chest, and then in back, and face, then spreads all over the body. After a person has chickenpox, the virus remains in the body permanently, but quietly. About one-third of people who get chickenpox later develop a disease known as shingles or shingles. Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals and is the only species in the alpha influenza virus genus in the family Orthomyxoviridae. Although the disease is rare, strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds. A 5-day inhaler of oseltamivir or zanamivir is usually prescribed for the treatment of influenza, but a single dose of intravenous peramivir or a single dose of oral baloxavir is usually prescribed. Oseltamivir treatment is given to hospitalized patients, and in some patients he may be on treatment for more than 5 days.

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The point where species x and y should be placed is a)at the two points close together toward the upper right of the diagram. So, correct option is a.

A cladogram is a diagram that addresses a speculative connection between gatherings of life forms, including their normal predecessors. The expression "cladogram" comes from the Greek words clados, and that signifies "branch," and gramma, and that signifies "character."

The outline looks like the parts of a tree that broaden outward from a trunk. In any case, the state of the cladogram isn't really vertical. The outline can branch from the side, top, base, or focus. Cladograms can be extremely straightforward, looking at a couple of gatherings of creatures, or exceptionally intricate, possibly characterizing all types of life. In any case, cladograms are more frequently used to characterize creatures than different types of life.

Amar should need to place species x and species y at upper right side of the diagram as on upper right side species will be least primitive for formation.

Hence, correct option is a.

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(Complete question) is:

amar is making a cladogram. out of all the species he is using, he knows that species x and y are the least primitive and are the most closely related.where will these organisms most likely be placed on the diagram?a)at the two points close together toward the upper right of the diagram

b)at the two points close together toward the lower left of the diagram

c)at the two points far apart toward the middle of the diagram

d)at the two points far apart toward the upper right of the diagram

Answer: A

Explanation: at two points close together toward the upper right of the diagram

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, the purpose must this serve is (C) It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that may be characterized as the creation of an ATP molecule through an enzyme and the electron transfer from one molecule to the other.

The inner mitochondrial membrane of liver cells has a surface area that is five times larger than that of the outer mitochondrial membrane. This results in a growth in the surface area of the internal mitochondrial membrane, which in turn results in an increase in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation. Within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, you'll find the complexes that make up the electron transport chain.  Therefore, the appropriate answer is (C).

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Paleontologists had added to Europe's fossil collections by the end of the 1700s, providing a picture of the past at odds with an unchanging natural world.

For instance, if a giraffe stretched its neck to reach for leaves, "nervous fluid" would flow into its neck, lengthening it. The longer neck would be passed down to its progeny, and over several generations, further stretching would lengthen it even further. Organs that organisms stopped using would shrink at this time.

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The statement that explains a potential benefit of being a naturally polyploid organism is that Natural polyploidy may protect a cell from harmful mutations. That is option B.

A naturally polyploid organism is the type of organism that has three or more complete chromosome sets.

Chromosomes are those genetic materials of the cell that houses the hereditary information of the whole organism.

Organisms that are naturally polyploids has the benefit of being protected against harmful mutations because the organism inherits multiple copies of each chromosome and hence multiple copies of each gene.

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the phenomenon of social facilitation was demonstrated when zajonc found that cockroaches will run faster on a simple maze when other cockroaches are present.

Cockroaches are a very old species; its "roachoids" ancestors originally evolved around 320 million years ago, during the Carboniferous epoch. But unlike modern roaches, these ancient roach ancestors lacked internal ovipositors. Cockroaches are among the most primitive extant Neopteran insects due to their generalist nature and lack of specific adaptations (such the sucking mouthparts of aphids and other true bugs). They have teeth for chewing instead. They are widespread, resilient insects that can withstand temperature extremes, including arctic cold and tropical heat. Cockroaches from the tropics are frequently larger than those from the temperate zones.

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Although not present in animals, many plants and microorganisms can use a modified form of the citric acid cycle known as the glyoxylate cycle. This is beneficial in that it allows the organisms which possess it to convert acetyl CoA into glucose precursors.

One of the most crucial biochemical reaction sequences is the Krebs cycle, commonly known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The majority of the energy requirements of complex organisms are met by this series of reactions, and the molecules generated by these reactions can also be used as building blocks for a wide range of critical processes, such as the synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, cholesterol, amino acids for building proteins, and the purines and pyrimidines required for DNA synthesis. Lipids (fats) and carbohydrates, which both result in the production of the molecule acetyl coenzyme-A, provide energy for the Krebs cycle (acetyl-CoA).

This acetyl-CoA reacts in the first of the Krebs cycle's eight steps, all of which take place inside the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The Krebs cycle does result in the production of carbon dioxide, but it does not immediately result in the production of large amounts of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nor does it necessitate the presence of oxygen.

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Myeloid cells are attracted to and polarized to pro-invasive, immunosuppressive phenotypes by substances released by malignant tumors.

In the glioblastoma (GBM) tumor microenvironment, brain-resident microglia and peripheral macrophages build up and cause immunosuppression, which promotes tumor growth. It is debatable which CSFs are responsible for the increase of myeloid cells in gliomas, however macrophage colony stimulating factors (CSFs) regulate their recruitment during the course of peripheral malignancy.

Five human glioma cell lines and TCGA datasets were used to analyze the expression of CSF2 (encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor). In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to examine the effects of stable CSF2 knockdown in glioma cells and antibodies that neutralize CSF2 or its receptor, CSF2R.

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Niacin can be synthesized from tryptophan and vitamin K can be synthesized by bacteria in the Gi tract.

The (GI)gastrointestinal tract is described as the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus.

The GI tract is known to contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

The gut in humans is known to harbors bacteria that produce B vitamins, including biotin, cobalamin, folate, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin, but in limited amount.

Vitamins can be synthesized  by the helpful bacteria living inside of us. The bacteria in the gut can make some of the vitamin K and B vitamins that our body needs, though we still need to get these vitamins from food as well.

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Explanation:

After blood has left the heart, the heart muscle must contract in order to push blood into the chambers and fill them again. This process is called systole, and it helps to maintain the flow of blood throughout the circulatory system. When the heart muscle relaxes, it allows the chambers to fill with blood again, which is called diastole. This cycle of contraction and relaxation enables the heart to efficiently pump blood to the rest of the body.

Processess associated with protein synthesis takes place in the cell in the following: formation of ribosomal subunits, attachment of an amino acid to tRNA, translation of cytoplasmic proteins, transcription and RNA processing, translation of secreted proteins.

What are eukaryotic cells?

Within eukaryotic cells, a nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane, forming complex and large organisms. Eukaryotic cells are in protozoa, fungi, animals and plants. They are classified under kingdom Eukaryota.

Eukaryotic cells can carry out various metabolic reactions and they grow many times larger than the prokaryotic cells, due to their ability to maintain different environments in a single cell.

Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells are the following:

A eukaryotic cell’s structure has the following:

Therefore, processess associated with protein synthesis takes place in the cell in the following: formation of ribosomal subunits, attachment of an amino acid to tRNA, translation of cytoplasmic proteins, transcription and RNA processing, translation of secreted proteins.

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A spirochete that causes Lyme disease describes about Borrelia burgdorferi.

Infection with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi results in Lyme disease. Despite the fact that the majority of instances of Lyme disease may be healed with a 2- to 4-week course of oral antibiotics, patients can occasionally experience pain, exhaustion, or trouble thinking for more than 6 months after finishing therapy.

Johns Hopkins researchers found that exhaustion, discomfort, insomnia, and depression do certainly last for lengthy periods of time for some people, despite mostly normal physical exams and clinical laboratory tests, in a study of 61 patients treated for the bacteria that causes Lyme disease.

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A common squirrel are the organisms that would be likely to fossilize

define fossil ?

A fossil (from the Latin word fossilis, which means "obtained by digging") is any preserved remnants, impression, or evidence of a once-living creature from a previous geological epoch. Bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone impressions of animals or bacteria, amber items, hair, petrified wood, and DNA traces are some examples. The fossil record is the collection of all fossils.

Paleontology is the study of fossils, including their age, formation process, and evolutionary relevance. If a specimen is above 10,000 years old, it is termed a fossil. The oldest fossils date back 3.48 billion to 4.1 billion years.

The discovery in the nineteenth century that various fossils were connected with specific rock layers led to the realisation of a geological timeline and the relative ages of different fossils. The discovery of radiometric dating methods in the early twentieth century enabled scientists to quantify the absolute ages of rocks and the fossils they contain.

Permineralization, castings and moulds, authigenic mineralization, replacement and recrystallization, adpression, carbonization, and bioimmuration are some of the processes that lead to fossilisation.

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The scenario most accurately describes a population ecosystem community biosphere. The correct answer is community.

The interaction between the bee and the apple tree is mutualism.

The following statement best describes how abiotic and biotic factors of an ecosystem interact. The correct answer is abiotic and biotic factors influence each other.

An ecological community is a naturally occurring group of native plants, animals, and other organisms that are interacting in a unique habitat. The relationship between the bee and the apple is an example of mutualism which is defined as a relationship in which both organisms benefit. Bee gets its nourishment from the tree nectar and the apple tree is able to reproduce as the bee spreads the pollen and pollinates other plants. Abiotic factors are all of the non-living things in an ecosystem and biotic factors are the living things in an ecosystem. Both biotic and abiotic factors are related to each other in an ecosystem, and if one factor is changed or removed, it can affect the entire ecosystem.

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Sean has congenital widespread hyperpigmentation, an X-linked dominant illness, which causes him to have an abundance of hair on his face and upper chest. Without a doubt, he can pass this trait on to a girl but not a son.

Congenital hypertrichosis systemic has a dominant type of inheritance and is related to chromosome Xq24-27.1. A woman with hirsutism who has this gene has a 50% chance of passing it on to her offspring. Unlike his son, a man with this disease cannot pass it on to his daughter.

An uncommon congenital skin condition that manifests at birth is X-linked congenital generalized hypertrichosis. In males, it is defined by excessive body hair growth, whereas in females, it is modest and asymmetrical.

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An individual may likewise wish to look for guaranteed clinical consideration for a youngster on the off chance that their breathing rate increments to the accompanying and newborn children between 2 months and to 1-year-old.

In excess of 50 breaths each moment. Youngsters matured 1-12. In a lot of 40 breaths each moment. It is crucial to measure an individual's respiratory rate to decide if it is ordinary. Exercise or in any event, strolling across a room can influence it. As to Johns Hopkins, the breath rate alludes to the number of breaths an individual requires in one moment. To take a precise estimation, watch the individual's chest rise and fall. One complete breath contains one inward breath when the chest rises, trailed by one exhalation when the chest falls. To gauge the respiratory rate, count the number of breaths for a whole moment or count for 30 seconds and increase that number by two.

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Transcription factors bind to other proteins or to the TATA box.

Some transcription factors bind to DNA promoter sequences near transcription start sites and help form transcription initiation complexes. Other transcription factors bind to regulatory sequences such as B. Enhancer sequences capable of stimulating or repressing transcription of associated genes.

Proteins that bind to regulatory DNA elements to activate or repress transcription. General transcription factors bind to specific sites on DNA to activate transcription. These are accessory proteins that assemble directly on the promoter position the RNA polymerase pulls the double helix apart and primes the RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. A transcription factor is required for RNA pol II to bind to the promoter.

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