What happens during the reduction stage of Calvin cycle?

In a signal transduction pathway, the response stage is activated by enzymes called kinases and the response is turned off by enzymes called signaling is turned off by enzymes called phosphodiesterase.

The interaction of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell that activate actions inside the cell to elicit a response is referred to as the signal transduction pathway. The reaction can then change the metabolism, shape, and gene expression of the cell.

Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) are enzymes that control the intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and so play an important role in a variety of cellular activities. Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate cAMP and cGMP homeostasis. They are members of a protein family that encompasses 11 subfamilies with varying substrate specificities. Their primary purpose is to catalyze cAMP, cGMP, or both hydrolysis reactions.

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Answer:

false

Explanation:

The most common type of substitution mutation is the missense mutation, in which the substitution leads to a different codon being formed than the original.

A genetic modification in which a single base pair substitution alters the genetic code to produce an amino acid that differs from the normal amino acid at that position. Some missense variants (or mutations) alter protein function.

A missense mutation is an error in DNA in which an unwanted amino acid is incorporated into a protein by changing a single nucleotide within the DNA. The best example of a missense change is pallor, known as sickle cell anemia. Missense mutations can affect DNA transcription factors and alter the expression of the corresponding proteins. Altering the expression of wild-type proteins in compartments designed to function can disrupt the normal cell cycle and cause disease.

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Answer:

Desert plants are subjected to high temperatures and scarcity of water. To prevent the loss of water through transpiration or evaporation desert plants have leaf modified into spines and the epidermis is covered with a thick waxy coating

In a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon Signal conduction will be faster as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon.

Neurons are information transmitters. They send information between the brain's various regions as well as between brain and the rest of the nervous system using electric signals and chemical signals which is termed as Signal conduction

The axon is responsible for Signal conduction from the cell body to other neurons. Many neurons are shielded in the same way that electrical wire is. They are protected by the insulation, which enables their signals to travel quickly along the axon. Signals from the brain may never meet muscle groups in the limbs if it is not present.

Nerve Signal conduction is an electrochemical reaction, which means it involves the use of electricity generated by chemical molecules. In other words, electrons do not flow through a domestic electrical wire to produce electricity in the brain.

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The four primary sources of biological contamination are the environment, humans, animals, and food production processes. It is important to understand these sources in order to ensure that food is safe and free from contamination.

Biological contamination is the presence of unwanted, potentially hazardous, and pathogenic microorganisms in a food or water supply. There are four primary sources of biological contamination: the environment, humans, animals, and food production processes.

The environment is a major source of contamination. Microorganisms can originate from air, soil, and water. These microorganisms can be spread to food through contact with these sources or through the use of contaminated materials such as equipment, water, and other materials used in food processing.

Humans are a major source of biological contamination. This is because humans are known to carry different kinds of microorganisms on their bodies, such as in their hands, nose, and mouth. These microorganisms can be transferred to food through direct contact or through indirect contact such as through improper cleaning and sanitation practices.

Animals are also a major source of biological contamination. Animals can harbor different kinds of microorganisms, which can then be transferred to food when they come in contact with it. This is especially true for animals raised for food production, such as cows, chickens, and pigs.

Lastly, food production processes can also be a source of contamination. Poor sanitation and storage practices can lead to the presence of microorganisms in the food supply. Additionally, improper handling and processing of food can lead to contamination by bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

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Monggo seed, also known as mung bean, is a small, round, green legume that is native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine and has been a staple of South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines for centuries.

Monggo seeds are a rich source of B-complex vitamins, dietary fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. They are also a good source of protein and contain complex carbohydrates, which can help to provide sustained energy throughout the day.

Monggo seeds are also a good source of calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, and potassium. Monggo seeds can be used in a variety of ways. They can be sprouted and eaten raw or cooked in soups, stir-fries, curries, salads, and even desserts. The seeds can also be boiled and mashed into a paste to make a variety of dishes, including dal and mung bean cakes. The sprouted seeds can be added to salads or used as a garnish.

Monggo seeds are also used to make a variety of medicinal products, such as herbal teas and ointments.

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There are several stages in the life cycle of g. lamblia. The correct sequence of the following statement is 5,3,6,1,4,2.

Giardia lamblia is the first known divergent eukaryotic lineage. Although it is a real eukaryotic cell, it has some 'prokaryotic characteristics,' such as the absence of mitochondria and peroxisomes, prokaryotic-size SSU rRNA, and bacterial-like metabolic enzymes.

is more different from yeast than yeast is from man in evolutionary terms, therefore parts that are preserved from Giardia to man are likely to reflect universal eukaryotic cell activities.

Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that lives in the upper small intestine of vertebrates. The full life cycle, which may be completed in vitro, is straightforward, with trophozoites cycling between a vegetative form and a more resistant cystic form. The parasite is one of the oldest known divergent eukaryotes, with over 95% of its genome sequenced.

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Answer:

d. lysosomes

Explanation:

Lysosomes aid with digestion by breaking down a variety of polymers like proteins, nucleic acids, and carbs. Hence, they can break down several foods that enter the digestive system, regardless of how big these food remains are.

Two of the deadliest medical conditions are coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Heart damage from CAD is worse than brain damage from stroke.

Cholesterol, a waxy substance that accumulates inside the lining of the coronary arteries to create plaque, is a common contributor to coronary artery disease. This deposit has the potential to completely or partially obstruct blood flow in the heart's major arteries.

When lipids, cholesterol, and other chemicals build up on the inside walls of the heart arteries, coronary artery disease develops. Atherosclerosis is the name of this condition. The accumulation is known as plaque. The arteries may narrow due to plaque, preventing blood flow.

When anything prevents blood flow to a portion of the brain or when a blood artery in the brain bursts, a stroke, also known as a brain attack, happens. The brain either ages or suffers harm in both scenarios. A stroke can result in long-term incapacity, permanent brain damage.

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The method through which cells produce proteins is called protein synthesis. Transcription and translation are the two steps that take place. The conversion of DNA's genetic code into mRNA in the nucleus is known as transcription. Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three processes that make up this process.

The chains of amino acids that make up proteins fold into distinctive three-dimensional structures. Proteins' ultimate folded shapes are well-suited for their tasks because of the bonds that help stabilize their structure within the protein molecules.

Transcription is the initial stage of the production of proteins. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is produced from DNA through the process of transcription. The DNA code, which is located in the nucleus of the cell, is used to create the mRNA.

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The three types of mutations that occur in the DNA are insertions, deletions, and substitutions of bases.

In base substitutions mutation, one or more base pair is substituted by another base in the DNA sequence. The point mutation is base substitution in which a single nucleotide is changed.

In insertion mutation, one or more base pair is inserted in the DNA sequence resulting in frame-shift mutations. the entire reading frame of mRNA gets changed due to single or double nucleotide insertions, but if three nucleotide are inserted then frame-shift does not takes place.

Similarly, the deletion of one more nucleotide from the DNA sequence results in a frameshift in the reading of genetic information for protein synthesizing.

Hence, mutations change the genetic information of organism.

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Answer:

Activation of amino acids

Transfer of amino acids to tRNA

Initiation of a polypeptide chain

Chain Termination

Protein translocation

Contamination is defined as the presence of the a constituent, impurity, or other undesirable element which spoils, corrupts, infects, renders unfit, or degrades a material, physicality, natural environment, workplace, or other structure.

Contamination can occur whether or not it is recognised, and it can become a problem if the impure chemical activities happening chemical reactions when mixed with the other chemicals or mixtures.  Chemical reactions caused by an impurity can sometimes be beneficial, where in case the term "contaminant" can be replaced to "reactant" or "catalyst." An environmental contaminant can be chemical, biological, or physical in nature.

The term "contamination" is used in food chemistry and medicinal chemistry to describe harmful intrusions, like the presence of toxins or pathogens in food as well as pharmaceutical drugs. In biological sciences, the accidental emergence of "foreign" material can significantly distort the results of experiments involving small samples. When the contaminant is indeed a living microorganism, it can quickly multiply and overwhelm the sample, rendering it useless, as in contaminated cell culture lines.

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Bone is made of matrix and it is unique from any other connective tissue because of it's strength.

Specialized connective tissue made up of cells, fibers, and pulverized material makes up bone. Its extracellular components are mineralized, which makes it significantly stronger and more stiff than other connective tissues. As a result, bone is perfectly adapted to carry out its most well-known function within the body, that of mechanical support.

Bone in the upper extremity acts as a structural support for the hand when it moves as a closed kinetic chain and as attachment points for muscles to create motion at specific bone-to-bone linkages. The latter enables the hand to move through space in opposition to gravity and other outside forces.

Bone must be rigid to resist deformation and flexible to absorb energy in order to perform its mechanical function.

Before examining frequent ailments and elements affecting the health of the bones in the upper extremities, the current article gives a general overview of the morphology and physiology of bone tissue.

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Since there are 3 specific alleles, there are a complete of six specific genotypes on the human ABO genetic locus.

The specific feasible genotypes are AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, and OO.An allele is one in every of or extra variations of DNA sequence (a unmarried base or a section of bases) at a given genomic place. An person inherits alleles, one from every parent, for any given genomic place wherein such version exists. If the 2 alleles are the same, the person is homozygous for that allele.

Consider the case, though, of a locus with 6 alleles. It has 21 feasible genotypes -- 6 sorts of homozygotes and 15 sorts of heterozygotes. Writing it out, 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21 = [6*(6+1)]/2 -- that is the components for combos of six matters taken at a time, order unimportant -- [n(n+1)] / 2.

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A virus's physical makeup a capsid, a protective protein coating. a DNA or RNA nucleic acid genome hidden inside the capsid. The envelope is a membrane layer.

Simple virions are made up of two fundamental parts: a nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein shell called a capsid that serves as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which, during infection, binds the virion to specific receptors exposed on the potential host cell.

The following traits are shared by all viruses: they are tiny, have DNA or RNA genomes, and are unavoidable intracellular parasites.

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We subtract the original population from the population at Time 1 to determine the Population Growth (PG), then divide that number by the initial population and multiply by 100.

Calculating Year-Over-Year Growth Subtract the growth rate from a year ago from your current month's growth rate. The difference should then be divided by the total for the previous year. This growth rate can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying it by 100.

Growth Rate is calculated as (Ending Value - Beginning Value) – 1. A company's year-over-year (YoY) growth rate, for instance, would be 20% if its revenue rose from $100 million in 2020 to $120 million in 2021.

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Nomadic herding is a type of primitive subsistence farming. Nomads are people who travel from one place to another. The migration from one region to another to escape intense climates is known as nomadic herding.

One of the most ancient forms of herding is nomadic herding. Nomadic herders roam in small tribal or extended family groups and have no home base. Nomads live in arid and semiarid parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe, and in the tundra regions of Asia and Europe. In Africa, nomads herd cattle, goats, sheep, and camels.

Specification:

(i) Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.

(ii) They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.

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Distinguish between:

1. Cultivation in plains and cultivation in hilly areas:

Cultivation in plains:

The plains have relatively flat terrain suitable for extensive mechanized farming. This allows for the use of state-of-the-art agricultural techniques such as equipment, irrigation systems, and fertilizers.

Cultivation in hilly areas:

Hilly places are ideal for farming due to steep slopes and uneven terrain. Terraced and contour farming methods are necessary for farming in hilly areas to prevent soil erosion. Farming is often done on small holdings using manual labor and traditional agricultural techniques.

2. Intensive subsistence farming and extensive subsistence farming:

Intensive Subsistence Farming: In this style of farming small plots of land are cultivated with a lot of labor per unit of land. Through the use of fertilizers, irrigation, and multiple cropping, farmers focus on maximizing crop productivity.

Extensive subsistence farming requires cultivation of vast tracts of land with low labor input per unit of land. Farmers use less equipment and fertilizers, instead relying on natural rainfall.

2. Short answer questions:

1. The rearing, breeding and management of dairy cattle to produce milk and milk products is known as dairy farming. This includes milking, processing of milk and production of dairy products such as butter, cheese and yogurt.

2. The ability of intensive subsistence farming is critical for maintaining high crop yields and supporting a large population on scarce land resources. Through hard work, multiple cropping and the use of contemporary agricultural methods, it maximizes agricultural yield.

3. In a type of pastoralism known as "nomadic herding", pastoralists move their livestock from one grazing location to another in search of new pastures and water sources. They migrate seasonally and do not have a permanent home.

4. Slash-and-burn agriculture, often referred to as jhum cultivation, is a traditional agricultural technique in which trees are cut and burned to create fields for cultivation. The soil is temporarily fertilized with the ashes remaining from the burnt vegetation.

5. A stable farming method known as sedentary agriculture involves cultivating the same piece of land year after year. It includes permanent or movable construction, such housing and warehouses. Sedentary agriculture enables the establishment of sophisticated agricultural techniques, crop specialization.

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Every cell has a complex, tightly controlled mechanism that links genes to proteins. The first two main processes are transcription and translation. The combined effects of transcription and translation are referred to as gene expression.

The principles of molecular biology, which provide the basis for all of the processes that take place in each and every cell in our body, are adhered to in the process of making proteins. The fundamental dogma states that information is transmitted via DNA, RNA, and proteins in that sequence.

Transcription is the process of transcribing DNA to produce an RNA strand with a certain sequence. After that, RNA is translated to become proteins. .

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The length of the bone shows that the body has been dead about four years. Option B

We know that the skeleton is the part of a person that remains after the individual has died. It is composed of the bones of the deceased. The length of the bone is a determinant of the length of time within which the person died.

This is because, the changes in the length of the bone gives insight into the degeneration of the bone cells which follows the death of the human.

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Answer: This sticky material, known as honeydew, is excreted by certain insects when they feed on plants.

Explanation: The secretions of zillions of aphids that are eating on the unfortunate tree. The aphids emit a sticky and odorous fluid called honeydew as they suck out the tree's juices.

Ants are drawn to the tasty gummy material and 'farm' or 'milk' the aphids for their honeydew by stroking the aphid's abdomen.

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The skin is a critical organ that covers the entirety of the body's exterior and functions as a barrier that defends the body from viruses and injuries that can be caused by the surrounding environment.

The skin is the largest organ in the body; it extends from the inside of the body to the outside, has a thickness of about two millimeters, and weighs around six pounds on average. It protects the body against excessive heat and light, as well as injury and infection. The skin is also responsible for regulating the temperature of the body, collecting sensory data from the surrounding environment, storing water, fat, and vitamin D, and playing a function in the immune system, which serves to protect us from disease.

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Based on the projections of the cell body, neurons are divided into three.

a. Neurons that would activate to a muscle are Multipolar neurons.

b. Neurons that are rare, found in the retina of the eye and the olfactory mucosa, typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell, and never myelinated are Bipolar neurons.

c. Neurons which are found in a reflex arc are Unipolar neurons.

Neurons are the smallest and functional units that make up the nervous system, whose function is to transmit stimuli from receptors to the central nervous system and to transmit stimuli from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

The structure of the neuron consists of:

1. Soma or cell body that receives impulses from dendrites to the axon. The soma consists of the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and neurofibrils.

2. Dendrites, which are short and branched. Dendrites function to receive impulses from other neurons and pass them on to the soma.

3. Axon, which is long and single-branched. At the end of it, there is a bag filled with neurotransmitters that will convey impulses from the soma.

4. Myelin sheath that covers the axon and allows nerve impulses to be transmitted more quickly along the axon

Based on the projections of the cell, neurons are divided into three:

1. Unipolar neurons: neurons that have one protoplasmic process on the soma (one structure extending from the soma). Examples: neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System.

2. Bipolar neurons: neurons that have two processes extending from the soma. Examples: neurons in the retina of the eye and the olfactory system.

3. Multipolar neurons: neurons that have one axon and many dendrites in the soma. Most human neurons are multipolar neurons.

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Answer:

Artificial photosynthesis is the process of using synthetic materials and processes to replicate the process of photosynthesis, which occurs naturally in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. In natural photosynthesis, solar energy is captured by photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll, and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose (a type of sugar).

In laboratory tools, artificial photosynthesis can be achieved using a variety of techniques and materials. Some common approaches to artificial photosynthesis in the laboratory include:

Photocatalysis: This involves using a catalyst, such as titanium dioxide, to facilitate the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and organic compounds, such as glucose, using light energy.

Artificial photosynthetic membranes: These are thin, synthetic membranes that are designed to mimic the structure and function of natural photosynthetic membranes, such as those found in chloroplasts. They can be used to capture and convert light energy into chemical energy, and can be modified to optimize the efficiency of the photosynthetic process.

Electrochemical cells: These are devices that use an electrical current to facilitate the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and organic compounds, such as glucose. They can be designed to mimic the natural photosynthetic process, and can be modified to optimize the efficiency of the conversion.

Artificial photosynthesis in the laboratory can be used for a variety of purposes, including the production of renewable energy, the synthesis of chemicals and fuels, and the development of new materials.

As the chromosomes pair, they sometimes undergo a process called crossing-over. It is true that B. During crossing-over, bits and pieces of the homologous chromosomes are exchanged.

When chromosomes of the same type align during meiosis, a process known as crossing over occurs in cells. Parts of a chromosome can be switched when two chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father, align. The genes on the two chromosomes are the same, but they may be in different forms.

A process known as genetic recombination occurs when a maternal and homologous paternal chromatid breaks the DNA double helix during chromosomal crossing-over to exchange fragments between the two non-sister chromatids in a reciprocal manner.

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(complete question)

Meiosis is a process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. Meiosis usually involves two distinct divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II. By the end of meiosis, a single diploid cell has produced four haploid cells.

After interphase I, the cell begins to divide, and the chromosomes pair up. In prophase 1 of meiosis, each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. This pairing forms a structure called a tetrad, which contains four chromatids. As the chromosomes pair, they sometimes undergo a process called crossing-over.

Which is a true statement of crossing-over?

A. Homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of dividing cells

B. During crossing-over, bits and pieces of the homologous chromosomes are exchanged

C. The DNA of the diploid cell is copied

D. Crossing over decreases genetic diversity​