Gas that has increased in our atmosphere from 300 parts to 410 parts since 1950 is : 2) carbon dioxide (CO₂). It first exceeded 300 parts per million threshold in the 1950s and today it is over 410 parts per million.
What gas has increased in our atmosphere ?The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is currently nearly 412 parts per million. This shows a 47 percent increase since the beginning of the Industrial Age when the concentration was nearly 280 ppm.
The atmospheric level of carbon dioxide has been rising since the 1960's. In 2021, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels reached 416.45 parts per million in comparison to 1960 levels which was 316.91 parts per million.
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the electron-group arrangement around a central atom is defined by the number of –electron groups. the molecular shape is defined by the relative positions of the around the central atom. two species may have the same electron-group arrangement but have different molecular shapes.
The electron-group arrangement around a central atom is defined by the number of valence electron groups . The molecular shape is defined by the relative positions of the atoms around the central atom
The electrons present around the atom in the outer most shell are called as valence electrons. so, the electron group arrangement around the central atom is known as the valence electron groups. the two species may have the same electron group arrangement but have the different molecular arrangement. the molecular shape is depends upon the position of the atoms.
Thus, molecular shape is the position of the atoms that are around the central atom.
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Calculate the pH of a solution which contains 7.5 x 10-9 mol/L OH^-1(aq).
The pH of acid is between 0-7 on pH scale while for base pH range is from 7-14. Therefore, the pH of 1.0 x 10⁻³ M of solution is 7.002. pH is a unitless quantity.
What is pH?pH is a measurement of amount of hydronium ion H₃O⁺ in a given sample. More the value of hydronium ion concentration, more will be the solution acidic.
On subtracting pH from 14, we get pOH which measures the concentration of hydroxide ion in a given solution. pH depend on the temperature. At room temperature pH scale is between 0 to 14. pH of neutral solution is 7.
[H⁺]x[OH⁻] = 10⁻¹⁴
[OH⁻]= 7.5 x 10⁻⁹ M
[H⁺] x 7.5 x 10⁻⁹ = 10⁻¹⁴
[H+]x( 7.5 x 10⁻⁹ +[H+])=10⁻¹⁴
[H+]² + 7.5 x 10⁻⁹ [H+] – 10⁻¹⁴ = 0
[H+] = 0.995x10⁻⁷
pH =-log [H+]
pH =-log [0.995x10⁻⁷ ]
= 7.002
Therefore, the pH of 1.0 x 10⁻³ M of solution is 7.002.
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Use electron-dot notation to demonstrate the formation of ionic compounds involving the following: a. Li and Cl. b. Ca and I
Answer:
tangol is Ca Li -56-(99)
What is the relative atomic mass for pivotium?
The relative atomic mass for pivotium is 417.9 amu. The ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a particular sample to the atomic mass constant is known as relative atomic mass.
How to calculate?Multiply the mass by the % written as a decimal and add the result.
426X0,11 + 417X 0.89 = 417.99 or 418
check 90% is. 417 only 10% 426
417X.9 +(426X0.10)=417.9
What are the atomic masses relative?The ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a particular sample to the atomic mass constant is known as relative atomic mass (symbol: Ar; sometimes abbreviated RAM or r.a.m. ), also known by the deprecated synonym atomic weight.
What are mass, both absolute and relative?While absolute mass is the total mass of the protons and neutrons, relative mass is the average atomic mass of all the isotopes present as a percentage. For instance, the average atomic mass of carbon based on the fraction of C-12, C-13, and C-14 isotopes is 12.01 but the absolute mass of carbon is 12.0 amu.
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12 days Barium-131 is used in the detection of bone tumors. The half- life of barium-131 is approximately 12 days. How long will it take for the radiation level of barium-131 to drop to 1/4 of its original level? 48 days 24 days 6 days
Barium-131's radiation level won't be reduced to 1/4 of its original level until 24 days have passed.
How long will it take a sample of 131i to degrade by 50%?Iodine-131 is a radioisotope with an 8-day half-life as an illustration. It turns into xenon-131 through the emission of beta particles. Any sample of iodine-131 after eight days will contain 50% iodine-131 and 50% xenon-131 due to the disintegration of half of the sample's atoms.
As far as we are aware, radioactive reactions are first order reactions.
Given that barium-131's half life is 12 days,
It will therefore take an additional 12 days, or one more half life, for it to sink to 1/4 of its original level.
12 + 12 = 24 days total.
Barium-131's radiation level won't be reduced to 1/4 of its initial level until after 24 days.
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A light shines on a metal surface but no electrons are observed to be leaving. What would we need to do experimentally to eject electrons from the surface?.
Increase the frequency of the light , is the observation.
What is frequency?
Frequency in physics refers to both the number of cycles or vibrations that a body in periodic motion experiences in a unit of time as well as the number of waves that pass a specific place in a unit of time. A body in periodic motion is considered to have experienced one cycle or one vibration after passing through a series of conditions or locations and then returning to its starting position. See also angular velocity and fundamental harmonic motion.
If one cycle or vibration takes half a second to complete, the frequency is two per second; if it takes one hundredth of an hour, it is one hundred per hour.
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3) What amount of heat will change 78g liquid water at 30 o C to vapor at 200 o C?
Assuming we’re not freezing the water into ice, the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/g°C.
78* 30°C = 2340g°C
4.2J/g°C * 2340°C = 9828Joules or98.2 kJ.
How many Joules are required to convert one gram of 100 °C water into steam?The heat of vaporization for water at its boiling point of 100 oC is 2260 J g-1. This means that 2260 J of heat must be absorbed by the water in order for it to change from 1 g of water at 100 oC to 1 g of steam at 100 oC.
What does the chemical symbol H mean?The amount of heat released or absorbed during a reaction that takes place under constant pressure is referred to as the enthalpy change. It has the sign H, which can be interpreted as "delta H."
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Where did the 2 come from?
Answer:
somewhere
Explanation:
Which of the following has the least elastic potential energy?
A: a fully stretched rubber band
B: a rubber band sitting on a table
C: a rubber band pulling hair back
Answer:
B
Explanation:
B.
The rubber band is not being stretched which does not create any potential energy storage.
a responder can protect himself/herself from radiation by using shielding as a response action. what materials are best for protecting against alpha particles?
The best material that can protect alpha particles are few millimeter thick aluminium, water, wood, acrylic glass or plastic.
The materials which are best for protection against beta particles are few millimeter thick of aluminium, but for the high energy beta-particles radiations the low atomic mass materials such as plastic, wood, water and acrylic glass are advisable and can be used.
The above materials (aluminium, water, wood, acrylic glass or plastic) can also be used in personal protective equipment which includes all the clothing that can be worn to protect us against any injury or illness due to the exposure to radiation.
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The active ingredient in Tums is calcium carbonate. One Tums tablet contains 500 mg of calcium carbonate. If the Daily Value (DV) for Ca2+ to maintain bone strength in older women is 1500mg, how many Tums tablets are needed each day?
If the daily value for Ca is 1500 mg, the number of Tums tablets needed by older women each day would be 7.5 tablets.
Stoichiometric problemCalcium carbonate consists of calcium and carbonate ions as follows:
[tex]CaCO_3 -- > Ca^{2+} + CO_3^{2-}[/tex]
Thus, for every 1 mole of calcium carbonate, 1 mole of calcium is involved.
Recall that: mole = mass/molar mass
500 mg of calcium carbonate would be equivalent to:
0.5/100 = 0.005 mol
The equivalent mole of calcium would also be 0.005 mol.
5 mol of calcium would be equivalent to:
0.005 x 40 = 0.2 grams or 200 mg of calcium.
This means that 1 Tums tablet, contains 200 mg of calcium. But 1500 mg is needed daily.
1500/200 = 7.5
This means that older women will need to take 7.5 tablets of Tums per day in order to meet up with the daily calcium requirement of 1500 mg.
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Quadrilateral efgh has the given measurements. Ef = 8 units fg = 15 units gh = 8 units eh = 15 units fh = 17 units eg = 17 units what conclusion can be made from the given information?.
A conclusion which can be made from the given information about quadrilateral EFGH is that: A. the quadrilateral is both a parallelogram and a rectangle.
What is Quadrilateral?
A quadrilateral is a closed object in geometry that is created by connecting four points, any three of which are not collinear. There are 4 sides, 4 angles, and 4 vertices in a quadrilateral. The word "quadrilateral" is derived from the Latin "quadra" (four) and "latus" (sides). A quadrilateral may or may not have equal sides on all four sides.
A polygon with four sides, four angles, and four vertices is called a quadrilateral. The arrangement of the vertices must be taken into consideration whenever a quadrilateral is named. The following quadrilateral, for instance, should be referred to as ABCD, BCDA, ADCB, or DCBA. Since they alter the order of vertices in which a quadrilateral is generated, it cannot be termed ACBD or DBAC.
In this scenario, we can reasonably infer and logically deduce that quadrilateral EFGH is both a parallelogram and a rectangle because the length of its diagonal are equal and it has adjacent sides of equal of length.
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Why do you think that Mercury and Mars have the same gravitational
acceleration, but different masses?
Answer: well, i'm pretty the mass part came down to how well the atoms all bonded with each other after they were scattered into space after a supernova explosion.
Explanation:
and to be honest... i'm not sure about the gravitational explanation. i assumed that gravitational acceleration depended on an individual object's mass/weight...
The half-life of cobalt-60 is 5. 20 yr. How many milligrams of a 1. 000-mg sample remain after 9. 50 years?.
The half-life of the nuclide for which you are calculating activity is given by t1/2, and the natural logarithm of 2 is approximately equal to 0.693.
Therefore, the Co-60 decay constant is 0.693/5.27 years, which you would read as 0.1315 yr-1, or 0.1315 per year.
What does 1.0 g of cobalt 60 have in terms of total activity?A half-life is the length of time it takes for half of a radioactive atom to decay.
For instance, the previously stated technetium-99m has a six-hour half-life, which implies that, starting at 100%, we will have 50% remaining after six hours.
The period of time it takes for a drug's plasma concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as its half-life.
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the enthalpy for boiling water is 40.7 kj/mol. what is the quantity of heat (in kj) required to boil 945.1 g of water?
The quantity of heat (in kj) required to boil 945.1 g of water is 2134.30 KJ
Enthalpy of vaporization is theamount of heat required to evaporate the one mole of liquid under constant temperature and pressure. It is also called heat of vaporization.
Δ[tex]H_{vap}[/tex](enthalpy of vaporization of H2o)=40.7 KJ/mol
moles of H2o=945.1 gm
moles of H2o=mass/molar mass
=945.1gm/18.02 gm/mol
=52.44 mol
Δ[tex]H'_{vap}[/tex] to boil 426.1 of H2O= Δ[tex]H_{vap}[/tex]*no. of moles
= 40.7 KJ/mol*52.44 mol
= 2134.30 KJ
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After assembling a gravity filtration apparatus, begin the separation of a mixture by choose. It into the filter paper. Pour the entire contents of the mixture into the filter paper, choose. The solid in the filter paper if needed to speed up the filtration. After all the liquid has drained through the filter paper, finish by rinsing the solid with choose. .
After assembling a gravity filtration apparatus, begin the separation of a mixture by [DECANTING ] it into the filter paper.
What are the steps?
After assembling a gravity filtration apparatus, begin the separation of a mixture by [DECANTING ] it into the filter paper. Pour the entire contents of the mixture into the filter paper, [ STIRRING ] the solid in the filter paper if needed to speed up the filtration. After all the liquid has drained through the filter paper, finish by rinsing the solid with [ SOLVENT ]
After a mixture has been poured through filter paper, the [ SOLID ] component remains on top while the [ LIQUID ] flows through. To collect the solid, spread the filter paper [ ON A WATCH GLASS ] and allow the solvent to [ EVAPORATE ].
Once the vacuum filtration set-up is complete, start by [ ADDING A SMALL AMOUNT OF WATER ] in the filter funnel. then, [ SLOWLY DECANT ] the mixture [ INTO THE MIDDLE OF THE FILTER PAPER ]
Thus, After assembling a gravity filtration apparatus, begin the separation of a mixture by [DECANTING ] it into the filter paper.
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for the phase transfer catalysis experiment: when running a pipet column with silica gel, what is the correct order in which compounds will elute out of the column?
The more polar chemicals are absorbed more strongly because the adsorbents are polar. As a result, non-polar substances are eluted first.
How can you tell which will dissolve first?The substance that elutes first has a lower charge. The ions we wanted to separate would have opposite charges in the stationary phase.
A stationary phase, often referred to as a sorbent or an adsorbent, is used in column chromatography and is typically packed in a glass column. Typical stationary phase materials include alumina and silica gel.
Large molecules are barred from all pores, thus they elute first, but small molecules can penetrate the entire intraparticular pore area and so elute last.
Highly charged cations elute first in an order that corresponds to their electrophoretic mobilities.
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during the 4th of july celebration, a little kid asks you how they make fireworks different colors
Answer:
Mineral elements provide the color in fireworks. Barium produces bright greens; strontium yields deep reds; copper produces blues; and sodium yields yellow.
Explanation:
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what is the final volume of a gas that initially occupies 2.50 l at 298 k and is subsequently heated to 321 k? (assume the pressure is constant and no gas particles are lost.)
The volume of the gas at 321 K would be 2.69 Litres, if the volume of gas at 298 K is 2.5 L
Since the pressure depends on the number of moles, it will remain constant and rest of formula is
[tex]\frac{Volume_{Intial} }{temperature_{inital}}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{Volume_{Final} }{temperature_{final} }[/tex]
which on cross multiplying becomes :
Volume(f) = (Volume(i) X temperature(f)) / temperature(i)
Volume = (2.5 * 321) / 298 = 2.69 Liters
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How many mg are in 0.750 moles of zinc?
Answer:
To find the number of milligrams (mg) in 0.750 moles of zinc, you will need to know the atomic weight of zinc. The atomic weight of zinc is 65.38 g/mol.
To convert from moles to milligrams, you will need to multiply the number of moles by the atomic weight of zinc and then multiply by 1000 to convert the weight to milligrams.
Thus, the number of milligrams in 0.750 moles of zinc is:
0.750 moles * 65.38 g/mol * 1000 mg/g = 48.7850 mg
So there are approximately 48.79 mg of zinc in 0.750 moles of the element.
Explanation:
How much heat must be added to 1755 grams of liquid water at 100°C to completely vaporize?
The quantity of heat that must be added to 1755 grams of liquid water at 100°C to completely vaporize is 3.976 * 10³ kJ of heat.
What is the amount of heat required to completely vaporize 1775 grams of liquid water at 100°C?The amount of heat required to completely vaporize 1775 grams of liquid water at 100°C is calculated below as follows:
Heat required = mass * latent heat of vap[orization of water
The latent heat of vaporization of water is the amount required to vaporize a unit mass of water at its boiling point.
The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2240 J/g.
Heat required = 1775 g * 2240 J/g
Heat required = 3.976 * 10³ kJ
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What component of the proximal tubule, if not functional, would have the most severe effect on kidney function?
Answer: The Na+/K+ ATPase
Explanation: Located on the basolateral aspect of tubule cells, renal Na-K-ATPase plays a key role in the active translocation of Na and K across this membrane as well as in the "secondary active" transport of a number of other solutes.
You add 100.0 g of water at 60.0 °C to 100.0 g of ice at 0.00 °C. Some of the ice melts and cools the water to 0.00 °C. When the ice and water mixture has come to a uniform temperature of 0 °C, how much ice has melted?
By deducting the mass of the cup and water from the combined mass of the cup, water, and ice cubes, you may find the mass of the ice cubes. The mass of the ice cubes would be 110.4 g - 103.4 g = 7.0 g if the cup, water, and ice collectively weighed 110.4 g.
What size is the melting mass of ice?Both no particles are lost and no particles are gained. Additionally, the particles' size and shape do not alter. As a result, during phase change, matter and mass (or weight) are conserved (remain the same).
How do you figure out how much heat ice gains?Energy gained by the ice equals the sum of the energy lost by the thermometer and the water. Using a polystyrene container in place of a copper container.
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a gaseous mixture of o2 and n2 contains 40.8 % nitrogen by mass. what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the mixture if the total pressure is 345 mmhg ?
A gaseous combination of oxygen and nitrogen with a mass percentage of 40.8% has a partial pressure of oxygen of 160.77 mmHg and a total pressure of 345 mmHg.
How do partial and total pressure differ?When we have a combination of two or more gases in a given volume, the word partial pressure is used to indicate the pressure that is brought on by each individual gas in the mixture. The partial pressures of the component gases are added to determine the overall pressure of the gas combination. Ptot = ∑Pi = P1 + P2 + P3 ...
We've been questioned.
A gaseous mixture of O₂ and N₂ contains 40.8% nitrogen by mass, that is, in 100 g of the mixture, there are 40.8 g of N₂. The mass of O₂ in 100 g of the mixture is:
[tex]mo_{2} = 100g - 40.8g = 59.2g[/tex]
We will convert both masses to moles using their molar masses.
[tex]n_{2}[/tex] : 40.8 g * 1 mol / 28.00 g = 1.45mol
O₂ : 40.8 *1 mol / 32.00g = 1.27mol
The mole fraction of O₂ is:
mole fraction of O₂ = nO₂ / n[tex]n_{2}[/tex] + nO₂ = 1.27 / 1.45 + 1.27 = 0.466
Given the total pressure (P) is 345 mmHg, we can calculate the partial pressure of oxygen using the following expression.
pO₂ = p * mole fraction of O₂
pO₂ = 345 * 0.466
pO₂ = 160.77mmHg
A gaseous mixture of O₂ and N₂ that contains 40.8% nitrogen by mass, and whose total pressure is 345 mmHg, has a partial pressure of oxygen of 160.77 mmHg.
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(b) Describe tests the student could do to show that the mixture contains
potassium carbonate and potassium iodide.
The flame test, adding HCl, and adding diluted nitric acid to solution are the tests that show that the mixes include potassium carbonate and potassium iodide.
Why is HCl acid used?In the food, textile, metal, and rubber sectors, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is frequently employed as a bleach agent to neutralize acidic substances. When discharged into the soil, it is neutral, when it comes in contact with water, it hydrolyzes quickly.
Briefing:
Explanation of how to do a flame test
Potassium ions are present if the flame is lilac/not lilac and yellow if the flame is yellow.
If bubbles of gas occur after adding diluted hydrochloric or nitric acid to the solid, the presence of carbonate ions will allow the gas to bubble through limewater; if the potassium hydroxide turns milky or murky, the presence of carbon dioxide will cause the crystal to dissolve in water.
If there is no reaction with the acid, add diluted nitric acid and silver nitrate solution.
If a precipitate is white, chloride ions are present; if it is yellow, iodine ions are present.
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what sort of plot would you have obtained if fractional distillation had given you a complete separation of component
Firstly till 5mL temperature remains constant then suddenly rise in temperature and then again constant.
What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation is a type of distillation process that separates a mixture of liquids into its individual components (or fractions) based on their boiling points. This process is commonly used in the petrochemical and oil refining industries to separate large volumes of crude oil into more useful fractions. The process takes advantage of the differences in boiling points of the various components of the mixture, which can vary widely. The process begins by heating the mixture to a temperature where at least one of the components will vaporize. The vapor is then collected and condensed back into the liquid phase. This process is repeated until all of the desired components are collected. This method of separation is extremely efficient and cost-effective compared to other methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction or chromatography.
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what combination of ester and bromo-grignard reagent could you use to prepare the following tertiary alcohol? (select) draw structure ... bromo-grignard reagent
Esters are transformed into tertiary alcohols using a Grignard reagent reaction. A ketone is produced when one mole of Grignard reagent is added to the carbon-oxygen double bond, creating an unstable intermediate.
What takes place when esters and Grignard reagent interact?A potent nucleophile is the Grignard reagent. When it interacts with an ester, it goes through a nucleophilic addition process that results in ketone, which, when added to another substance, becomes tertiary alcohol.
Following acid hydrolysis and a reaction with the Grignard reagent, ketone and ester produce tertiary alcohol.
Tertiary alcohols esterify at a significantly slower pace than primary or secondary alcohols. Thus, tertiary alcohols as well as primary and secondary alcohols may be separated from mixtures by direct esterification with boric acid.
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You are investigating an experimental veterinary procedure. What would be the most reliable resource?.
Research design, Models of animal, Animal experimentation and other become would be the most reliable resource.
It is commonly make use in daily life and it is remain as important place among the people and other industries.,
They have ability to move forward and provide winning support for the major people in a fine manner.
I believe that the most reliable resource would be to visit a local animal hospital.
Since it is an experimental veterinary procedure, you won't find much information in books or online. And contacting the local society for veterinarians may not yield results.
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if a fractional distillation failed to separate two components efficiently, what alternatives would one consider to effect a clean separation by distillation?
Wrap an insulator, such as aluminum foil, around the distillation column. The insulation will enable the vapors to ascend to the column's top and exit through the condenser.
What determines fractional distillation's efficacy?Fractional distillation is more effective when the two liquids in the mixture have similar boiling points, typically with a difference of less than 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).
How should distilled water be made in order to be most effective?Distilling is a straightforward procedure that involves heating tap water till it turns to vapor. If there are any mineral traces, they are left behind when the vapor returns to becoming water. The resultant condensed liquid is distilled water.
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When scientists study ice cores, how many
general parts to an ice core do they look at?
1-2
2-3
3-1
4-4