What effect does high temperature have on potato germination

A series of nuclear events that transform four protons into the helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos result in the fusion of hydrogen into helium.

Transformation of one element into another, typically with the emission of additional particles and energy.

There are four types decay as follows;

Beta Decay 2 neutrons and 2 protons were lost. Atomic mass decreases by 4, atomic number decreases by 2.

Alpha Decay A proton is created from one neutron. Atomic number increased by 1.

Particle Emission One proton transforms into a neutron.

Beta Decay A nucleus with a high energy output emits energy and stabilizes.

When two nuclei join together to form one atom, fusion processes take place. Two hydrogen atoms are fused together to create helium in the sun's reaction.

Thus, a series of nuclear events that transform four protons into the helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos result in the fusion of hydrogen into helium.

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The change in entropy of ammonia is 132.2 J/K.

Firstly calculating molar entropy by the formula -

∆S = ∆Hv/T, where ∆S is entropy, ∆Hv is heat of vaporization and T is temperature.

∆Hv = 23.4 × 10000

Performing multiplication

∆Hv = 23400 J/mol

T = -33.5 + 273

Performing subtraction

T = 239.5 K

Keep the values in formula to find molar entropy.

Molar ∆S = 23400 ÷ 239.5

Performing division

Molar ∆S = 97.7 J/mol K

∆S = molar ∆S × number of moles

∆S = 97.7 × (23/17)

Performing multiplication and division

∆S = 132.2 J /K

Hence, the entropy is 132.2 J/K.

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In general, the nature of the cellular response to a chemical messenger is determined primarily by the receptive apparatus of the cell.

Cellulаr response is а steаdy stаte of the production of biochemicаl mediаtors in the cell аnd degrаdаtion of those mediаtors аnd there аre numerous wаys this cаn occur. So, cellulаr response cаn be defined аs the finаl step of the cell signаling process in which а specific function or process such аs cell division is initiаted in the cell’s nucleus or cytoplаsm.

Chemicаl messengers (аlso cаlled signаling molecules) trаnsmit messаges between cells. They аre secreted from one cell in response to а specific stimulus аnd trаvel to а tаrget cell, where they bind to а specific receptor аnd elicit а response.

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The early committees trying to regulate that how the newly discovered element were named

Before the regulation were applied to the field of chemistry and the element their characteristics and other information related to them were so disorganized that this was causing the progress in the field to slow down so the committees decided to regulate things such as the names of any newly discovered element and any properties it had so that it could be put to use in a more effective way

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The colour of the solution is Green.

How does spectroscopy work?

The science of spectroscopy involves analyzing electromagnetic spectra as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the radiation that are produced when electromagnetic radiation interacts with materials.

Lower wavelengths in the visible spectrum, which has a wavelength range between 400 and 700 nm, are equivalent to the violet side of the rainbow spectrum, while higher wavelengths are equivalent to the red side. The violet and red portions of the spectrum should be absorbed by our solution and not be visible because our solution absorbs heavily at about 440 and 600 nm. Green should consequently be the hue that can be seen from the solution because it has the lowest absorption at about 520 nm.

Green is absorbed at a wavelength of 500 nm. This indicates that it will absorb green and display red, which is red's complementary colour.

This is an allusion to spectroscopic techniques that calculate the amount of radiation absorbed in relation to frequency or wavelength when it interacts with an object. For absorption spectroscopy, the complete electromagnetic spectrum is utilized.

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The Lewis dot structures of the ions have been shown in the image attached.

The term electron dot structure has to do with the Lewis structure of the compound or the ion. In this structure, what it can show us is the number of atoms that we can find in the ion as well as the number of electrons that can be shown as dots.

If we take a look at the images that have been attached to this answer, they show the Lewis or the electron dot structures of the ions that have been shown as well as the formal charges that the ions are known to carry.

In this case, we can see that the central atom in the carbonate ion is the carbonate atom while the central atom in the sulfate ion is the sulfur atom.

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Answer:

They have eight valence electrons, which fill their outer energy level

Explanation:

Noble gases are the least reactive of all elements. This is the most stable arrangement of electrons, so noble gases rarely react with other elements and form compounds.

Answer:

because their valance shell (outermost shell)  is completed with the maximum number of electrons

Explanation:

The boiling point of a solution made of 76 g of urea (NH₂)₂CO dissolved in 850 g of X will be 136.5 °C

Normal boiling point (T1) = 134.5 °C

Molal boiling point constant (Kb) = 1.36 °C.Kg.mol⁻¹

Weight of urea = 76 g

weight of X = 850 g or 0.850 Kg

Boiling point (T2) = ?

Calculate the boiling point elevation by using the following equation:

    ΔT = Kb × M

    M = molality

Calculate the number of moles of urea

    number of moles = mass / molar mass

    number of moles of urea = 76 g / 60.06 g/mol

    number of moles of urea = 1.3 mol

Calculate the molality

    molality = moles of solute / mass of solvent (Kg)

    molality of urea = 1.3 mol / 0.850 Kg

    molality of urea = 1.5 mol/Kg

Now calculate the ΔT

    ΔT = 1.36 °C.Kg.mol⁻¹ × 1.5 mol/kg

    ΔT = 2.0 °C

Boiling point (T2) will be:

    T2 = T1 + ΔT

    T2 = 134.5 °C + 2.0 °C

    T2 = 136.5 °C

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The components of a solution are solute and solvent, such as solute is the substance that is being dissolved, whereas the solvent is the dissolving medium.

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and similarly non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes. Water is a polar solvent and it dissolves salts and other polar molecules but not non-polar molecules such as oil.

a) Ethanol is soluble in both water and hexane.

b) benzene, carbon dioxide, and tetrachloromethane will be soluble in octane since these compounds are nonpolar.

c)Solubility of potassium chloride is maximum in water. Potassium chloride is an ionic solid and water is a polar solvent.

d)Hydrogen peroxide is soluble in water which is a polar.

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Number of unpaired electrons present is 1 electron therefore it is paramagnetic in nature. Number of unpaired electrons in zinc is zero therefore it is diamagnetic in nature

The magnetic properties of a compound can be determined from the electronic configuration and the size of the atoms. Because magnetism is generated by the electronic spin. The number of unpaired electrons in a specific compound indicates how magnetic the compound is.

If there are unpaired electrons present in the electronic configuration then the compound is said to be paramagnetic in nature. If the compounds have all paired electrons then the compound is said to be diamagnetic in nature.

In case of Fluorine the atomic number of the atom is 9 so we can see that in the 2p orbital there are 5 electron among which 4 are paired electrons and 1 is unpaired electrons. Hence it is paramagnetic in nature.

Zinc atomic number is 30, and we see that there are no unpaired electrons that are present hence the atom is diamagnetic in nature.

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Explanation:

Covalent bonds are formed due to sharing of electrons between two atoms in order to complete their octet, whereas ionic bonds are formed between atoms of metals and non-metals where the metal loses an electron to complete its octet and the non-metal gains that electron to complete its octet.

1. Kc value:

C. remains the same.

2. Qc value:

C. remain the same.

3. The reaction is:

B.  Qc < Kc, the reaction will move in the forward direction.

4. The concentration of N2 is:

A. increase.

Whilst the awareness of all of the reactants increases extra molecules or ions interact to form new compounds and the fee of reaction increases. while the attention of a reactant decreases, there are fewer of that molecules or ions present, and the rate of reaction decreases. If the concentration of reactants is multiplied, there are more reactant particles moving collectively.

Calculation:-

Removing product will shift the reaction in the direction of product as per Le chatelier Principle

So, Equilibrium moves to product side

Since temperature is not changing Kc would not change.

B)Since we are removing product and Qc = [product]/[recatant]

Value of Qc will decrease and hence Qc will be less than Kc

C)Since Qc < Kc, the reaction will move in forward direction.

D)O2 is product here and reaction is moving towards product.

So, concentration of O2 would increase.

There could be more collisions and so the reaction charge is multiplied. The higher the awareness of reactants, the faster the fee of a response will be. awareness can be improved by means of dissolving an extra solute in a given extent of a solution this will increase the mass of the solute. awareness may be accelerated by means of permitting some of the solvents to evaporate this decreases the extent of the solution.

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Elemental Phosphorus P4, Elemental copper Cu, Elemental oxygen O2

Many elements are found as diatomic molecules in their elemental state. These molecules have the generic formula X2 because they contain two atoms connected by one or more covalent bonds. Hydrogen (H, element 1), nitrogen (N, element 7), oxygen (O, element 8), fluorine (F, element 9), chlorine (Cl, element 17), bromine (Br, element 35), and iodine are the elements that can be found as diatomic molecules (I, element 53). They have the following molecular formulas: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2. More than two-atom molecules can include some elements, these elements are polyatomic molecules. At ambient temperature, sulfur is made up of an 8-atom ring connected by only one bond. Selenium can also form 8-atom rings. Each of the four phosphorus atoms that make up white phosphorus is positioned at a tetrahedron's corner. The P4 tetrahedrons are linked together to form a more stable, less reactive allotrope of phosphorus in the more stable red phosphorus.

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Answer:

B.) The difference in electronegativity of the two elements is less than 1.7.

Explanation:

A difference of less than 2 between atoms leads to covalent bond formation. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to draw bonding electrons when it is bonded.

We know that in covalent bonding, atoms "share" elections. We also know that in ionic bonding, atoms "take" electrons. If the electronegativity was too great then atoms would no longer share electrons, one would just draw the electron to it. The ideal values to covalently bond, in this case, would be below two.

In the above chemical equation, the total number of moles needed to produce 6 moles of oxygen is 4 moles (option C).

Stoichiometry is the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations).

According to this question, pottasium chlorate undergoes decomposition reaction to form pottasium chloride and oxygen as follows:

2KCIO₃(s) → 2KCI(s) + 30₂(g)

Based on the above equation, 2 moles of potassium chlorate produces 3 moles of oxygen.

This means that 6 moles of oxygen will be produced by 12/3 = 4 moles of potassium chlorate.

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Magnesium hydroxide has a limited solubility in water and is a weak base. In 1.8 x 10E-6 M solution, there are two hydroxide ions (OH-) per formula unit, or the following number of hydroxide ions per liter:

2(1.8 x 10E-6) = 3.6 x 10E-6 .

A chemical species' concentration in a solution, specifically the amount of a solute per unit volume of solution, is measured by its molar concentration. The number of moles per liter, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units, is the most often used unit denoting molarity in chemistry.

Molarity is measured in units of M or mol/L. One molar is used to describe a 1 M solution.

The amount of moles of solute per liter of solution is known as molarity (M).

Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. The amount of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent is known as molality (m). Molality is defined as moles of solute/kg of solvent.

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In the identification of configuration if the priority groups are arranged in a clockwise direction then it is R- configuration if it is anticlockwise then it is S- configuration.

All three isomers are based on a hexane chain or a chain of six carbon atoms. However, isomer 1 has a chlorine atom on the first carbon. So for 1-chlorohexidine one of the hydrogen atoms on carbon number 1 can be removed and replaced with a chlorine atom.

Cyclohexane is an alicyclic hydrocarbon containing a ring of 6 carbon atoms and is the cyclic form of hexane used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon. Hexane is used as a special solvent and as a cleaning agent to extract edible oils from seeds and vegetables. When hexane is added to water it floats to the surface of the water with no noticeable mixing. The reason why hexane and water do not mix is ​​complicated.

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I think the ball has energy but less energy than if it was sitting on the ground because it is farther away from Earth’s surface. Therefore option C is correct.

In order to accomplish labor and to produce heat and light, energy must be transmitted to a body or to a physical systems. Energy is a preserved resource, according to the rule of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form to another and cannot be generated or destroyed.

Examples of these include, electrical energy, sound energy, chemical energy, nuclear or atomic energy, light energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, gravitational energy, and so on.

Thus, option C is correct.

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The mass spectrum of gaseous cl which contains isotopes of mass numbers 35 and 37, consists of singly-charged peaks corresponding to m/e values is 78 m/z

A mass spectrum is simply the m/z ratios of the ion present in a sample plotted against their intensities and each peak in a mass spectrum show a component of unique m/z in the sample and height of the peak cannot the relative abundance of the various components in the sample and there are two molecular ion peak in the mass spectra of compound containing a single chlorine atom and this is because chlorine exist as two isotopes ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl and the mass spectrum of 2 chloropropane has peak at m/z is 78 due to molecular ion containing an atom of ³⁵Cl

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Reactivity is the right response because it is the only research that causes a chemical change.

Density definition Density is the measurement of how tightly a substance is packed. It has the same definition as the mass per unit volume. Indicator of density: D or Density Formula: The formula is: = m/V and where's the density, m is the organism's mass, & V is its volume.

Absolute density & relative density are the two main types of density. The relative density, or specific gravity, of a substance is defined as its density divided by the thicknesses of a reference material. Water is commonly cited as a source of information.

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The electron dot structures of the elements that compose the compound, carbon, hydrogen and chlorine are shown in the images attached.

We know that the electron dot structure of an element is a representation of the symbol of the element as well as the number of valence electrons that the element has.

When we talk about the valence electrons, we are referring to the electrons that can be found on the outermost shell of an atom and they are the electrons that could be involved in a chemical bond. They may be given out, or combine with other electrons of other atoms in a chemical bond.

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The sentence our eyes are made of nerve tissue, blood vessel tissue, muscle tissue, lens tissue, pupil tissue, and many more types of tissue to make eyes is supported by the interaction of these structures to form an organ.

An organ is a group of different tissues (such as in the case of  eye the muscle tissue and nerve tissue ) which work together to play one or more particular roles.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that an organ is a group of tissues that play particular roles in the body.

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It would be starch or any other pill-coating material that was left.

Why is dichloromethane a good solvent for extraction?
Dichloromethane can dissolve a variety of organic compounds, despite the fact that it is not miscible with water. These characteristics make DCM a very powerful solvent in many industrial processes, along with its volatility.

What is dichloromethane used for?
Dichloromethane is a solvent used in the production of food. In aerosol formulations, it is used. It is a blowing agent for ethane foam. used in the production of pharmaceutical products as a solvent.

Why is dichloromethane not a good solvent?
DCM and other organic solvents are hazardous due to their high volatility. As a result, they can quickly evaporate.

It would be starch or any other pill-coating material that was left.

This is because starch binds the tablet together but is an inactive ingredient that would not dissolve in the solvent.

Thus, the solid remained behind starch or any pill-coating substances.

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Answer: The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.

Explanation: This is because the mass of all reactants is the mass of all products. Remember that escaping gases from products can lessen the mass. But in all, all products have the same mass as the reactants. I hope this helps!

The heat of fusion of water is B. 348 J when 20g ice is dropped into the water at 35°C.

The heat of fusion of water is the amount of heat required to melt one gram of ice at 0.00°C. Since the ice melted in this experiment, we know that the heat of fusion must be greater than or equal to the amount of heat lost by the ice.

The heat lost by the ice can be calculated using the following equation:

Q = mc∆T

where Q is the heat lost by the ice, m is the mass of the ice, c is the specific heat capacity of ice, and ∆T is the change in temperature.

Using the values from the experiment, we have:

Q = (20.0 grams)(2.09 J/g°C)(35.0°C - 18.1°C)

Q = 348 J

Hence the correct option is B.

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change in entropy for CO2 is 83.78 J/[tex]^{o}C[/tex] and for N2 is 121 J/[tex]^{o}C[/tex]

Entropy Change can be defined as the change in the state of disorder or randomness of a thermodynamic system that is associated with the conversion of heat or enthalpy into work. A system with a great degree of disorderliness or randomness has more entropy.

Entropy also describes how much energy is not available to do work. The more disordered a system is higher is the entropy, the less of a system's energy is available to do work.

To calculate the change in entropy;

For CO2:

Moles of CO2 = [tex]10^{5}[/tex] × 0.7 ÷ (R×298) = 234.9/R

ΔS = 234.9 ln (1/0.7) = 83.78

For N2;

Moles of N2 = [tex]10^{5}[/tex] × 0.3 ÷ (R×298) = 100.7/R

ΔS = 100.7 ln (1/0.3) = 121.24

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Answer:

Isometric, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic

Explanation:

The 6 basic crystal structures are Isometric, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic.

What are crystal structures?

Crystal structure is a description of the orderly organisation of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material in crystallography.  Ordered structures produce symmetric patterns that repeat in the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter due to the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles. The structure's unit cell is basically group of nanoparticles in the substance that makes up this repeating pattern. The unit cell completely mirrors the symmetry and structure of the entire crystal, which is constructed by repetitive translation of the unit cell along its primary axes. The nodes of the Bravais lattice are defined by the translation vectors.

The 6 basic crystal structures are Isometric, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic.

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Accelerate the hydrologic cycle while decreasing the ocean's thermohaline circulation. (Choice b)

A hydrologic disaster is an incident that results in a major loss of life, material, and environmental harm that is brought on by changes to the hydrologic cycle. A shift in a watershed's typical hydrology due to natural or artificial factors is referred to as an adjustment of the hydrologic cycle.

Watershed hydrology has a significant impact on the long-term viability of local ecosystems and the availability of water. Land use change & rising temperatures are two of these causes.

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The egg would be found to float on the sea water which is denser but would tend to sink in the fresh water which is less dense.

The term salinity has to do with the amount of salt that is present. A solution is very saline if there is a high concentration of salt in the solution. We know that sea water has a greater density than water. The reason why the density of the sea water is greater than the density of the pure water is that the sea water contains dissolved salts.

Now, we know that given the fact that the sea water is denser than the fresh water, it is easier for an object to sink in the fresh water than it does in the sea water which is denser. This is even observed in ships as there is a greater tendency to remain afloat in sea water than in salt water.

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Answer:

n = 2

ℓ = 0

mℓ = 0

Explanation:

Answer:

The first three quantum numbers are n, l, and m l which would be n= 2, l = 0, and ml = 0 #6. Sublevel l = 3 indicates an f sub shell.

Explanation: