A mutation is a change in the DNA of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal cell's nucleic acid sequence. DNA or RNA may be present in the viral genome.
Mutations may be caused by mistakes in DNA replication, viral replication, mitosis, meiosis, or other types of DNA damage (such as pyrimidine dimers from ultraviolet radiation exposure). Damaged DNA may then experience error-prone repair, notably microhomology mediated end joining, or it may result in a replication mistake or an error during another kind of repair (translation synthesis). Mutations can also be caused by the insertion or deletion of a DNA sequence due to mobile genetic elements.
A mutation may or may not have an impact on the phenotype the observable characteristics of an organism. The part that mutations play in both healthy and biological processes that cause disease, including as cancer, evolution, and the maturation of the immune system, including junctional diversity. Mutation is the source of all genetic variation, and it also serves as the rationale for the operation of evolutionary forces like natural selection.
To know more about mutation
https://brainly.com/question/29538765
#SPJ4
In order to make food, plants need animals for _____.
oxygen
nitrogen
water
carbon dioxide
9.-13. Match the description to its anatomical term.
-
A membranous, serous layer attached
to a fibrous sac
A tissue composed of layers and bundles
of cardiac muscles
Outside layer of the heart wall that's
interspersed with adipose
The interior lining of the heart
External grooves that indicate the regions
of the heart
a. Visceral pericardium
b. Sulci
c. Endocardium
d. Myocardium
e. Parietal pericardium
The regions of the heart: Visceral pericardium, c. Endocardium, d. Myocardium, e. Parietal pericardium.
What is Visceral pericardium?The visceral pericardium, sometimes referred to as the epicardium, is the innermost layer of the pericardium, a sac that encloses the heart and its major vessels. It is composed of a thin mesothelial membrane which is continuous with the outer layer, the parietal pericardium. The visceral pericardium is firmly attached to the heart and the great vessels, and its surface is covered with a thin layer of serous fluid that acts as a lubricant and helps reduce friction between the heart and the outer layers of the pericardium.
To learn more about Visceral pericardium
https://brainly.com/question/9640114
#SPJ1
Meat tenderizer contain papain, a enzyme that digests proteins. How does this enzyme help in making meat tender?
Meat tenderizer, which is often used in the kitchen to soften tough cuts of meat, contains the enzyme papain. This enzyme is derived from the papaya plant and is able to break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which helps to make the meat more tender.
When meat is cooked, the proteins in the muscle fibers coagulate, or tighten up, which can make the meat tough and difficult to chew. Papain works by breaking down the proteins in the meat, which makes it easier to chew and swallow. It breaks down the bonds between the protein molecules, making them smaller and less resistant to chewing.
Papain works by cleaving peptide bonds in the meat proteins, particularly the tough, fibrous proteins such as myosin and actin. It works best at a pH of 6-7, and at moderate temperature around 40-50 Celsius. Papain can also work on breaking down connective tissues such as collagen and elastin, in the meat which are usually tough, making the meat more tender.
The amount of time that papain needs to break down the proteins depends on the pH and temperature, but also on the meat's own properties such as the age, the species and the cut. Papain is most effective when used for a period of time before cooking, allowing the enzyme to break down the proteins over a longer period of time. When papain is used for too short a time or at high temperature, it can cause the meat to become mushy.
In summary, papain is an enzyme that helps make meat more tender by breaking down the proteins in the meat, which makes it easier to chew and swallow. Papain also helps in breaking down the connective tissues in meat making it more tender. However, it is important to use meat tenderizer in the right way to get the desired result and not to overuse it which will cause the meat to become mushy.
Read more about Meat tenderizer here:
https://brainly.com/question/17371348
https://brainly.com/question/9897897
What is the probability that a child born to two carriers of a recessive disorder allele will have the disorder?
The probability that a child born to two carriers of a recessive disorder allele will have the disorder is 25% can be calculated by the pedigree analysis.
When two carriers of a recessive disorder allele have a child, each parent will pass on one of their two copies of the allele to the child. Since each parent is a carrier, there is a 50% chance that the child will inherit one copy of the allele from each parent. When both copies of the allele are inherited, the child will have the disorder because the disorder only occurs when both copies of the allele are present.
The probability that the child will inherit one copy of the allele from each parent is (1/2) x (1/2) = 1/4 = 25%. Therefore, the probability that a child born to two carriers of a recessive disorder allele will have the disorder is 25%.
To know more about Pedigree analysis, click here,
brainly.com/question/14525981
#SPJ4
What triggers the release of protease?
Answer:
Injury and inflammation trigger the generation and release of proteases from mast cells (tryptase), epithelial cells, and neurons
Explanation:
Got it wrong the first time, I’m not sure and I only have 1 attempt left
It’s not survive & reproduce, and die
As habitats change, some organisms survive and reproduce, move out of the habitat, die options are correct.
How do animals adapt to changing environmental conditions?There are only three ways for animals to respond to climate change: they can move, adapt, or die. In an effort to escape the warming temperatures, many animals are moving to higher altitudes and latitudes, but most species may not be able to outrun the changing climate in time.
Alteration of the local environmental conditions that a specific organism lives in. Natural occurrences that can change habitat include droughts, illnesses, fires, hurricanes, mudslides, volcanoes, earthquakes, slight variations in seasonal temperature or precipitation, etc.
To know more about habitats visit:
https://brainly.com/question/15125194
#SPJ1
What offspring would you predict from a black female cat and an orange male cat?
Black females and orange males also give birth to calico cats. Usually, male kittens only inherit the male's coat color. The Y chromosome determines the sex of males, but has nothing to do with coat color.
Calico cats are domestic cats of all breeds with tricolor coats. Calico cats are most commonly thought of as being 25% to 75% white with large orange and black spots, but they can also include other colors in their patterns. A variation of off-white and gray patches called muted calico sometimes occurs.
The dominant O allele encodes an orange tone, while the recessive O allele encodes non-orange pigmentation (black or brown).
For more information on cats , visit :
https://brainly.com/question/22333643
#SPJ4
Can plants perform light-independent reactions?
The second and last step of photosynthesis is the process that is not dependent on light are light-independent reactions. It creates organic materials for the plant .
The photochemical process of photosynthesis involves a number of light-independent biochemical events light-independent reactions that result in plant the formation of organic compounds from carbon dioxide. This metabolic pathway is propelled by the energy released from the ATP created during the light reactions. Photosystems I and II, which are both found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, are plant responsible for using light energy. The light-independent reactions ,chemical energy obtained during the light-dependent processes is used to construct carbohydrate molecules from plant carbon dioxide in light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle).
learn more about light-independent reactions here:
https://brainly.com/question/3505937
#SPJ4
6. Prepare a dichotomous key for the five fish in Figure 3.
REMEMBER: 1.) Each step has only two options. 2.) The options should be about the same characteristic.
Instead of ending with the family name for these fish, you should end with the numbers I, II, III, IV, and V. To
help you get started, I have given you the first pair of statements.
1.A.
B.
2.A.
Figure 3.
If the fish has a long, tube like body
If the fish does not have a tube like body
IV
******
The fish has a long tube like body is I and does not have tube like body is II, III, IV, and V based on dichotomous key.
What traits are used to categorize fishes using a dichotomous key?A dichotomous key is a crucial piece of scientific equipment used to distinguish between various species based on their observable characteristics. Dichotomous keys are a set of statements with two options for each stage that guide users to the right identification.
2 A & B. The fish has a pointed mouth is I and does not have pointed mouth is II, III, IV, and V.
3 A & B. The fishes have a flat body shape is II and V and does not have flat body shape is I, III, and IV.
Which three categories of dichotomous keys exist?The nested, connected, and branched dichotomous keys are the three common varieties of dichotomous keys. The answer to each sentence is given in the nested type, nestled immediately next to it. We employ lists of text to identify objects in the linked kinds. To create the dichotomous key in the branched type, we employ a tree diagram.
Learn more about dichotomous key here:
brainly.com/question/2235448
#SPJ1
Is an irony on the discrepancy between the expected result and actual result?
Yes, the irony is the discrepancy between the expected result and the actual result.
The presence of a contradiction between what is stated and what is meant is the foundation for the growth of irony.
Irony can be broken down into three categories:
1. A piece of writing has linguistic irony if the author says one thing but really means something else.
2. The term "dramatic irony" refers to a situation in which the audience is aware of something or learns to realize something that a character in the literature is unaware of.
3. A scenario might be said to have dramatic irony when there is a discrepancy between the expected result and the actual results.
You can also learn about dramatic irony from the following question:
https://brainly.com/question/1399387
#SPJ4
Which among the following is the correct sequence of prophase I of meiosis?
A.Leptotene, pachytene, zygotene, diplotene, diakinesis
B.Leptotene, diplotene, pachytene, zygotene, diakinesis
C.Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
D.Leptotene, zygotene, diakinesis, diplotene
Answer: C
Explanation: Leptoten, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what
Development chemical invigorates the liver and different tissues to deliver development energizers called insulin-like development factors which are additionally called Somatostatin is one more name for human development chemical.
Corticotropin-delivering chemical (CRH) is let out of the nerve center, which invigorates the foremost pituitary to deliver adrenocorticotropic chemical (ACTH). ACTH then, at that point, follows up on its objective organ, the adrenal cortex.
Development chemical animates the creation of insulin-like development factor 1in the liver and different organs, and this follows up on tissues in the body to control digestion and development. Notwithstanding its impact on the development of chemical discharge, the development chemical delivering chemicals additionally influences rest, food admission, and memory.
Human development chemical, otherwise called hGH and somatotropin, is a characteristic chemical your pituitary organ makes and delivers that follows up on many pieces of the body to advance development in youngsters.
To learn more about Growth hormones here
https://brainly.com/question/12400457
#SPJ4
Assume that a new species of fish has been discovered deep in the ocean. It has a complete vertebral column made of cartilage. Which class should the new species be placed in? Name one other trait you would expect to find in the new species of fish. Explain your answers.
Assume that a new species of fish has been discovered deep in the ocean. It has a complete vertebral column made of cartilage therefore the class which the new species will be placed in is Chondrichthyes and also have cartilaginous endoskeleton.
They are referred to as a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage and examples include sharks, whales etc.
They usually have a pair of jaws and are found in marine environment. the presence of calcium salts in this type of environment is what gives rise to them having cartilages as their vertebral column and endoskeleton which are the features present in fishes under this class and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
Read more about Chondrichthyes here https://brainly.com/question/2081614
#SPJ1
why does breathing become faster during exercise
Explanation:
When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to increase from about 15 times a minute (12 litres of air) when you are resting, up to about 40–60 times a minute (100 litres of air) during exercise.
Your body needs more oxygen and creates more carbon dioxide while you exercise because your muscles are working harder.
Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of diffusion of gasses?
a. They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium.
b. Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant.
c. Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.
d. They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.
The alveoli can stretch thinly enough to allow for diffusion thanks to elastin fibers. The alveolar sacs' unique characteristics make it possible for gases to diffuse easily.
Describe elastin fibers.Elastic fibers are crucial macromolecules of the extracellular matrix, consisting of an elastin core encircled by a mantle containing fibrillin-rich microfibrils. They give vital characteristics like elasticity and durability to connective tissues including blood vessels, lungs, and skin.
Where can you find elastin fibers?The both fibrous perichondria comprising hyaline and fiber cartilages as well as the joint fibrous tissue in diverse joints include elastic fibers. Elastic fibers are present in bones' exterior fibrous periosteum layer but not in the inside cellular (cambial) layer.
To know more about Elastin fibers visit
brainly.com/question/11280113
#SPJ4
As climate changes, which type of reproduction would most likely result in a greater chance of survival for a species? (1) sexual reproduction, with a short reproductive сycle (2) sexual reproduction, with a long reproductive cycle (3) asexual reproduction, with a short reproductive сycle (4) asexual reproduction, with a long reproductive сycle
Sexual reproduction with a short reproductive cycle would probably increase a species' chances of survival as the climate changes. Therefore, option (1) is correct.
The fusing of a haploid female gamete (egg cell) with a haploid male gamete (sperm cell) is known as sexual reproduction. Reproduction requires either one parent (asexual reproduction) or two parents (sexual reproduction).
Asexual reproduction is typically undesirable because the environment is always changing. Sexual reproduction is generally preferred. Asexual reproduction results in organisms that are exact copies of their parents. The process of sexual reproduction can result in the development of new genetic combinations. The variety of phenotypic qualities is also increased by the genetic diversity of organisms.
During meiosis, independent assortment and crossing-over take place, which causes variation. This variation provides organisms the ability to adapt to a changing environment so that they will live and reproduce in the new habitat. In doing so, sexual reproduction would be able to adjust to new environmental challenges. And a shorter reproductive cycle allows it to produce more offspring.
To know more about sexual reproduction:
https://brainly.com/question/29764208
#SPJ4
5. What would happen if SpongeBob and Patrick crossed two "goobers" or green jellyfish? Complete the
Punnett square to help you determine the probability for each color of jellyfish.
(a) Give the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring.
(b) What percentage of the offspring would be yellow? ____%
(c) What percentage would be blue? ___%
(d) What percentage would be "goobers" (green)? _%
(a) The possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring 25% Yellow YY , 50% Green Yy , 25% yy .
(b) Percentage of the offspring would be yellow is50%.
(c) Percentage of be blue is 0%.
(d) Percentage of "goobers" (green) is 50%.
The young creation of living organisms, known in biology as progeny, can be created by a single organism or, in the event of sexual reproduction, by two organisms. A group of offspring is sometimes referred to as a brood or progeny in a more generic sense.
Your biological parents are the ones who gave birth to you. Basically, this is another term for kids. Offspring includes young humans, horses, gorillas, lizards, and gorillas. When a mother gives birth to quadruplets, she subsequently has a large family.
The genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment are predicted using the Punnett square, a square diagram. It bears Reginald C. Punnett's name, who developed the method in 1905. Biologists use the picture to estimate the likelihood.
To learn more about Punnett square :
https://brainly.com/question/3522181
#SPJ4
What are two functions of gills and lungs?
A. To get rid of carbon dioxide
B. To carry nutrients
C. To take in oxygen
D. To break down nutrients
Answer:
A and C
Explanation:
Gills are used by marine animals e.g fish while lungs are used by mammals. They take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide ,oxygen is the life force of most animals and carbon dioxide is the waste product.
What are the characteristics of the central nervous system?
a. it is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
b. it is a system of bones that supports the body.
c. it uses the spinal cord as a pathway to transmit messages to the pns.
d. it contains networks of nerves called plexuses.
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for receiving and interpreting information from the body and the environment.
The central nervous system is responsible for integrating information from various sources, such as the senses, and for coordinating responses to that information. The central nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating the actions and movements of the body, such as muscle movement and balance. The central nervous system is responsible for higher functions such as perception, thought, memory, and emotion, The brain is protected spinal cord by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column, which helps to protect the CNS from physical trauma. The central nervous system uses electrical and chemical signaling to communicate with the body and other spinal cord systems. The central nervous system has the ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences, a property known as neural plasticity.
learn more about central nervous system here:
https://brainly.com/question/2114466
#SPJ4
Tropical rain forests are not good for clearing to grow crops or animals, primarily because they are low in which of the following?
a. rainfall
b. soil nutrients
c. wind
d. temperature
e. light
Tropical rain forests are not good for clearing to grow crops or animals, primarily because they are low in soil nutrients.
Tropical rainforests are those that have a climate similar to that of a tropical rainforest, meaning there is never a dry season and there is always at least 60 mm of precipitation per month on average.
The tropics include a wide range of soil types that are influenced by a number of factors, including climate, vegetation, topography, parent material, and soil age.
Although most tropical soils exhibit severe leaching and have few nutrients, some regions have productive soils. Ultisols and oxisols are two categories into which soils in tropical rainforests can be divided. Ultisols are well-weathered, acidic red clay soils that are lacking in important elements like calcium and potassium. Similar to oxisols, which are acidic, ancient, frequently reddish, severely weathered, and leached.
To learn more about Tropical rain forest :
https://brainly.com/question/1146251
#SPJ4
the urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination known as
The urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination known as neurogenic bladder.
Neurogenic bladder is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. It is a condition wherein the nerves connected to the bladder do not function properly, which leads to difficulty in controlling the bladder and emptying it properly. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms, including difficulty in starting urination, an inability to empty the bladder fully, incontinence, and urinary tract infections.
The primary cause of neurogenic bladder is usually damage to the nerves that control the bladder. This can be due to a variety of conditions, including traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and diabetes. In some cases, the underlying cause is unknown.
The symptoms of neurogenic bladder are usually the result of an inability to control the flow of urine. This can lead to an overactive bladder, which can cause frequent urges to urinate, even when the bladder is not full. In some cases, the inability to completely empty the bladder can lead to urinary retention, which can cause urinary tract infections. In addition, the condition can also cause incontinence, or the inability to control the flow of urine.
Learn more about urinary tract infections at :https://brainly.com/question/13251561
#SPJ4
A follow-up experiment revealed that the genetic content of the bacterial cells was altered by the transfer of material from the phage. This process is best described as:
A subsequent investigation uncovered that the hereditary substance of the bacterial cells was modified by the exchange of material from the phage.
Transduction is the interaction by which an infection moves hereditary material starting with one bacterium and then onto the next. Infections called bacteriophages can contaminate bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more infections.
Lysogeny can change the aggregate, wellness, and advancement of the bacterial host cell. On account of bacterial microorganisms, prophages permit the procurement of new characteristics, for example, destructiveness factors which thusly may work on the host's wellness.
It is the interaction by which phages can bundle any bacterial DNA (chromosomal or plasmid) and move it to another bacterium. The transducing particles of this method of transduction structure when bacterial host DNA is bundled into phage heads rather than viral DNA.
To learn more about bacterial cells here
https://brainly.com/question/2145627
#SPJ4
Which two of the following organisms are tertiary consumers in this food web?
Answer:
Snowy owl and Rough-legged hawk
Explanation:
Hard to tell but I believe I'm correct
Is a snail considered an animal or an insect?
Snail is considered as an animal as insects strictly belong to the pylum Arthropoda.
Snails are the animals of the phylum Mollusca. They belong to the class Gastropoda and are recognized by the presence of the spiral shaped shell on the upper side of the body. Snails can be present on land or even in water. It moves y the help of a single muscle like foot.
Arthropoda is the largest phylum of the Animal kingdom that possesses the invertebrate organisms. The characteristic features of the organisms of this phylum is presence of exoskeleton, segments in the body and paired appendages. The organisms of Arthropoda are referred to as insects.
To know more about snails, here
brainly.com/question/3415302
#SPJ4
Is Gause’s Principle accurate? Explain why or why not.
Yes, Gause’s Principle is accurate mainly due to his description of how two species with the same niche cannot coexist in the same habitat.
What is the application of Gause's principle?Gause, which claims that it is impossible for two species to live when they are vying for the same resources. Gause's law is another name for this rule. A population will push out another population. If any of the members of the extinct population are still alive, it is because they have adapted to the new niche.
According to Gause's theory of competitive exclusion, two species that are vying for the same scarce resource cannot live in the same niche for an extended period of time.
Learn more about habitat at:
https://brainly.com/question/20319955
#SPJ1
Write the correct answer on the line provided.
Baby Kilgore was vomiting almost continuously. The medical term for this excessive vomiting is ___________________
Answer:
Begulling
Explanation:
It is the correct medical term for excessive vomiting
3.3.2 Test (CST): Planet Earth
Question 3 of 10
Which two terms apply to continental crust rather than oceanic crust?
A. Darker in color
B. Less dense
C. Older in age
D. Thinner
Less dense and Darker in color are two terms apply to continental crust rather than oceanic crust.
The both option are correct A and B.
What is a characteristic of oceanic crust?When compared towards the continental crust, the oceanic lithosphere is thin, relatively young, simpler, and chemically richer in magnesium. The oceanic lithosphere is the chilled and crystallised melt fraction that results from the magmatism of the mantle there at semi ridges.
How does the oceanic crust function?At subduction zones, the oceanic crust is forced back into the mantle, causing this process to happen. At mid-ocean divides and volcanic hotspots, new crust in the form of volcanic rock is created when old oceanic plate is submerged and melts into magma.
To know more about Oceanic crust visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29994956
#SPJ1
Light from a distant star is focused by the lens onto the retina . With a pupil diameter of 3.0mm, the intensity of light falling on the retina is illustrated by the graph below . The spot illuminated on the retina is about 8micrometers in diameter. When star gazing on a very dark evening, the pupil diameter will expand to much larger than 3.0 mm.
a.With an expanded pupil diameter, what will happen to the total amount of light energy reaching the retina?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
b. With an expanded pupil diameter, what will happen to the spread of the image on the retina?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
c. With a decreased spread in image size, what will happen to the intensity of the central maxima?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
With an expanded pupil diameter, the total amount of light energy reaching the retina will increase, the spread of the image on the retina will decrease, and the intensity of the central maxima will increase.
a. The total amount of light energy reaching the retina will rise with enlarged pupil diameter. The iris of the eye has an aperture called a pupil that controls how much light enters the eye.
More light can enter the eye when the pupil dilates, increasing the quantity of light energy that reaches the retina overall.
b. The spread of the image on the retina will narrow as the pupil diameter increases. The retinal image is spread out over a larger surface area as the pupil dilates, which reduces the size of the image.
c. The central maxima's intensity will rise as the spread of the image size decreases. The center maxima's intensity rises as a result of the light's greater concentration in a smaller region due to the lower image size.
Learn more about pupil diameter at
https://brainly.com/question/28474237
#SPJ4
Why do phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane?
Phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane because of their unique chemical structure. Phospholipids are composed of a polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail.
When phospholipids are in an aqueous environment, such as in water or in the cell, the polar heads of the phospholipids interact with the water molecules, while the nonpolar tails are repelled by the water molecules and tend to aggregate together. This creates a barrier that separates the polar heads from the nonpolar tails, which is known as a lipid bilayer.
The hydrophobic effect is the main driving force for the self-assembly of phospholipids into bilayers. The hydrophobic effect is the tendency of nonpolar molecules to aggregate together in order to minimize the number of polar interactions with the surrounding water molecules. This effect drives the phospholipids to align their hydrophobic tails together, creating a barrier that separates the hydrophilic heads from the hydrophobic tails.
To know more about phospholipids, click here,
brainly.com/question/11179628
#SPJ4
The picture below shows four locations on the map of Australia.
Which of these locations is most likely to experience moderate climate throughout the year? FLVS
Location A
Location B
Location C
Location D
I choose answer b on this map