2 ) Fertilization
Fertilization is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. The egg and sperm are haploid, which means they each contain one set of chromosomes; upon fertilization, they will combine their genetic material to form a zygote that is diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. A zygote that has more than two sets of chromosomes will not be viable; therefore, to ensure that the offspring has only two sets of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg.
In mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. When a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reaction, take place. In placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane. The fusion of these two membranes creates an opening through which the sperm nucleus is transferred into the ovum. Fusion between the oocyte plasma membrane and sperm follows and allows the sperm nucleus, centriole, and flagellum, but not the mitochondria, to enter the oocyte. The nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm break down and the two haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome. This process ultimately leads to the formation of a diploid cell called a zygote. The zygote divides to form a blastocyst and, upon entering the uterus, implants in the endometrium, beginning pregnancy.
image
Process of fertilization: (a) Fertilization is the process in which sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote. (b) Acrosomal reactions help the sperm degrade the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allow the sperm to transfer its nucleus.
To ensure that no more than one sperm fertilizes the egg, once the acrosomal reactions take place at one location of the egg membrane, the egg releases proteins in other locations to prevent other sperm from fusing with the egg. If this mechanism fails, multiple sperm can fuse with the egg, resulting in polyspermy. The resulting embryo is not genetically viable and dies within a few days.
Cleavage, the Blastula Stage, and Gastrulation
A zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions (cleavage) to form a spherical ball of cells: the blastula; this will further develop into a blastocyst.
what are the characteristics of normal cells and cancerous cells?
Normal cells stop growing (reproducing) when enough cells are present. For example, if cells are being produced to repair a cut in the skin, new cells are no longer produced when there are enough cells present to fill the hole (when the repair work is done).
In contrast, cancer cells don’t stop growing when there are enough cells present. This continued growth often results in a tumor (a cluster of cancer cells) being formed.
Protein misfolding causes ____.
a.arthritis
b.Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
c.schizophrenia
d.immunodepression
e.tuberculosis
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Explanation:
everything can be found in the picture
Hydrothermal vent ecosystems do not have sunlight available, and hence there are no kinetic energy. Instead, play the role of on which other organisms rely for energy. They compounds such as hydrogen sulfide to obtain energy for themselves. This energy is used to sugar molecules. create an additional energy transfer when they these sugars or eat each other. As in other ecosystems, organisms in hydrothermal vent communities also transform into other forms, such as (energy of motion).
Answer:
- Hydrothermal vent ecosystems do not have sunlight available and hence there are no photoautotrophs.
- Instead, chemoautotrophs play the role of producers on which other organisms rely for energy. They oxidize compounds such as hydrogen sulfide to obtain energy for themselves. This energy is used to synthesize sugar molecules.
- Consumers create an additional energy transfer when they utilize these sugars or eat each other.
- As in other ecosystem organisms in hydrothermal vent communities also transforms chemical energy into other forms such as kinetic energy (energy of motion).
Explanation:
A hydrothermal vent is a geyser on the seafloor that is generated by underwater volcanoes or tectonic activity through which geothermally heated water erupts. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems contain hydrothermal microorganisms which are able to survive just outside the hottest waters. For example, Methanopyrus kandleri are hyperthermophile prokaryotic microorganisms that live in these ecosystems where they produce methane from reducing CO2. Chemosynthesizers are able to convert carbon molecules (e.g., CO2) and nutrients into organic matter by the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and/or ferrous ions. Moreover, hydrothermal vent ecosystems have the potential to support high biomass and productivity levels due to the establishment of symbiotic relationships between chemosynthesizers with respiring heterotrophs, which obtain energy from other organisms. Chemosynthesizers are eaten by other organisms (e.g., amphipods and copepods), whereas larger organisms (e.g., snails and crabs) form predator and prey relationships above these primary consumers.
This is the type of ecosystem found on seafloor with geothermally heated water discharges. It lacks sunlight and there are no presence of photoautotrophs.
Organisms present mostly convert chemical energy into other available forms.
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QUESTION 2
Which of the following substances is not carried in the mem or in the phloem?
Sugar
Water
mu o
Carbon dioxide as
Dissolved minerals
Answer:
Carbon dioxide
Explanation:
Xylem and phloem are the two conducting tissues of a vascular plants. They are referred to as vascular bundles. Xylem and phloem are responsible for conducting certain substances from one part of the plant to another.
The xylem is responsible for conducting WATER AND DISSOLVED MINERALS from the root of the plants to other parts e.g leaves, stem, flowers etc. while the phloem conducts sugar (product of photosynthesis) e.g glucose from the leaves of the plant to other parts including the stem, root etc.
According to this question, xylem or phloem does not conduct or carry gaseous substances like carbon dioxide (CO2).
A mutation in Complex I decreases the efficiency of the electron transport chain. However, not all components of the electron transport chain are affected by this mutation. Which component of the electron transport chain will remain unaffected by a mutation in Complex I?
a. Ubiquinone
b. Complex II
c. Complex III
d. Complex IV
Answer:
b. Complex II
Explanation:
The electron transport chain is a sequential series of proteins located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that act to transfer electrons from different members of the transport chain in a series of redox reactions, which is coupled to the movement of protons (H+) across the membrane. Complex I (also called NADH dehydrogenase or NADH- CoQ reductase) accepts electrons from NADH and passes them to Complex III (also known as coenzyme Q reductase), which also receives electrons from Complex II (succinate coenzyme Q reductase). Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) accepts electrons from both complex I and complex II and transfer them to complex III. From complex III electrons pass to complex IV through cytochrome c oxidase and finally to molecular oxygen (O2, the final electron acceptor). In consequence, Complex I and Complex II are linked by different pathways to Complex III, thereby it is expected that Complex II remains unaffected by a mutation in Complex I.
Bio 111 Unit 1 Extra Credit
Crossword
This is what I see here,.
which method of evolution best defines the figure:
A. fossilization
B. non-random mating
C. natural selection
D. gene flow
Answer:
C) Natural Selection
Explanation:
PLEASE ANSWER BEFORE 2PM C JUNE 8TH, 2021. Four students were trying to apply their knowledge of cell theory to scenarios outside of the classroom. Here is what each said.
What student best applied cell theory to the real world?
Answer:
Hi, there it's Jasmine because the cell theory consist
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are basic unit of life in living things
3. All new cells are created from preexisitng cells
Explanation:
So, the answer is Jasmine
Which is NOT an abiotic factor?
temperature
prey
atmosphere
sunlight
Ribosomes are the site where ____ are produced.
Amino acids are coded for by triplet bases in RNA called ____.
Answer:
proteins and codons
Explanation:
Environmental designers design structures to match the environment.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
от
OF
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Environmental designers are professionals who try to limit the effects of the building process on the surrounding environment when designing programs, plans, policies, buildings, commercial products, etc. They are capable of simultaneously providing ecological sustainability and pleasant human spaces. For that purpose, environmental designers can build structures by using environmentally friendly materials. Some of the most important areas of research that include the job of an environmental designer include ecology, sustainability, architecture, urban planning, construction, environmental impact, environmental psychology, etc.
Answer:
true
Explanation:
edge 2021
How do vaccines help the immune system fight against pathogens , like viruses and bacteria ?
Answer:
It introduces the body to a virus strand(s) to initiate internal resistance, which is created after a variety of metabolical processes. The idea is that the body would develop immunity to the virus without actually "getting" the virus.
Explanation:
Answer:
When we are exposed to antigens the body sends an immune response to prevent any infection or disease. Vaccines contain the same parts of antigens that can cause diseases, though they are weakened so that they don't actually cause disease, then they trigger the immune system to produce antibodies, which then help to fight against pathogens.
Explanation:
what level of biological organization is illustrated by the image? click the correct box
Answer: Ecosystem
Explanation: This image shows multiple species interacting with their environment: human and rabbit within waterfall and tree.
The level of biological organization that is illustrated by the image is called Ecosystem.
An ecosystem is defined as a self supportiung unit that is made up of a living part (biotic factors) like plants and animals; and non-living part (abiotic factors) like water, soil, air.
In an ecosystem, the biotic community includes population of:
Food producers: That is the autotrophs like the green plants which are seen in the attached diagram.Food consumers : That is the heterotrophs such as animals and human beings.The non-living part of an ecosystem is its abiotic component. this consist of:
Abiotic resources: These are what organisms need to stay alive. they include a source of energy (sunlight as seen in the diagram) and inorganic nutrients ( carbon dioxide, water).Learn more here:
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A wave with a height of 10 feet and a wavelength of 20 feet has a wave base
of ___?
A. 10 feet
B. 20 feet
C. 40 feet
D. 5 feet
Answer:
10 feet is the answer
hope it will help u
you
Answer:
10 feet
Explanation:
i hope this help you but I'm sure from it
Nucleic acids generally contains the most what?
Answer:
Sugar, nitrogenous bases, phosphate group
What are some factors/processes that contribute to genetic Variation:
Meiosis
Crossing Over
Mitosis
Protein Synthesis
Explain what happens to an animal cell when it is removed from the organism and placed into concentrated sucrose solution
What protects the living organisms on the earth from extreme heat and extreme cold?
The diagram below shows an energy pyramid for various trophic levels in an ecosystem. According to this pyramid, which trophic level has the LEAST amount of energy?
1. A
2.B
3.C
4.D
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The process of photosynthesis ultimately converts light energy into -
help will give brainliest need help by 9pt. thanks
Answer:
Potassium (k)
Explanation:
Potassium is so reactiev that it wont even be found naturally in nature, it legit racts with almost anything and doesn't take almost anything at all to start a reaction. COmpared to the other Potassium is easily number 1
A Father and Mother are both carriers of the autosomal recessive condition known as albinism. They have one child, and a second child two years later. Their first child was not albino. Knowing this, you can say that the probability of the second child having albinism is Note - Albinism is the result of a lack of pigmentation in skin and other cells.
Both the mother and father would have Aa because they are both carriers. i.e., there would be a 50% probability that the child would be albinized (AA) and a 50% chance that the child would be normal (aa).
What is albinism?Albinism refers to a collection of extremely uncommon genetic illnesses that are characterized by the absence of melanin at birth in either an animal or a plant.
People who have albinism either have a significantly diminished amount of melanin or none at all. Both their coloring and their eyesight may be impacted as a result of this. Albinism is characterized by extremely light or very light blonde hair, while some individuals with the condition have brown or ginger hair. The precise color is determined by the amount of melanin that is produced by the body.
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Which of the following statements best explains the hypothesis that the development of sexual reproduction has resulted in acceleration of the rate of evolution?
(A) Mutations are more likely to occur in spermatogenesis and oogenesis than in mitotically dividing cells.
(B) Sexual reproduction results in more offspring than does asexual reproduction.
(C) Those members of a species that are best adapted to their environment are most likely to be successful in sexual reproduction.
(D) Mutations usually do not occur in the production of spores or in cells dividing by fission.
(E) Sexual reproduction is more likely to result in genetic recombination than is asexual reproduction.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
The middle portion of unspecialized mesoderm from which cartilage, bone, and blood develop is called . The mature cells that live in cartilage and maintain the matrix around them are . is a type of cartilage with a net of collagen fibers to help resist compression and tension. Any tissues that exist in layers and form linings or coverings fall into the category of . is the type of connective tissue that forms a structural net to support other cells. Submit Request Answer Provide Feedback Next
Answer:
The correct terms or tissues are :
mesenchyme
chondrocytes
fibrocartilage
stratified epithelia
reticular connective tissue
Explanation:
1. Mesenchyme is comprised of loose cells embedded in a mesh of proteins and fluid that makes the middle portion of the unspecialized mesoderm from which cartilage, bone, and blood develop.
2. The mature cells that live in cartilage and maintain the matrix around them are chondrocytes.
3. Fibrocartilage is a type of cartilage with a net of collagen fibers to help resist compression and tension.
4. Any tissues that exist in layers and form linings or coverings fall into the category of stratified epithelia.
5.. Reticular connective tissue is the type of connective tissue that is a supportive structural network fibre to support other cells.
Why is it important to know the proper ways on how to sustain Earth's resources?
⚠Nonsense = Report
Answer:
Sustainability is important for many reasons including: Environmental Quality – In order to have healthy communities, we need clean air, natural resources, and a nontoxic environment. ... We need clean air, natural resources, and a nontoxic environment.
How is serving size important to good nutrition and health
Answer:
it depends on the amount of each nutrition to make a balance meal
Type of cell division that is occurring in the cell in the diagram
Answer:
There is no diagram but the cell division happens in stages. PMAT is a way to remember them. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. This all takes place in Mitosis. Mitosis is the division of cells to make more *identical* cells, (skin cells, stomach cells). But Miosis is the making and division of sperm cells *not Identical* (sperm, and egg cells) are made in this phase.
A red blood cell leaving the left ventricle of the heart would take which pathway to reach the facial artery?
Answer:
Red blood cell arrives from the inferior vena cava into right atrium before it passes through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle. It then passes through the pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery before travelling through the lungs and back into the heart, this time the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
Explanation:
hope this helps
The pathway of a red blood cell that leaves the left ventricle of the heart to reach the facial artery would be: Arch of Aorta > Brachiocephalic Trunk > Right Common Carotid Artery > Right External Carotid Artery > Right Facial Artery
The arch of the aorta can be considered as the peak of the ascending aorta.The brachiocephalic trunk refers to the second branch to arise from the aorta. The right common carotid artery arises as a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk of the aortic arch.The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the muscles and skin of the face.In conclusion, the pathway of a red blood cell that leaves the left ventricle of the heart to reach the facial artery would be: Arch of Aorta > Brachiocephalic Trunk > Right Common Carotid Artery > Right External Carotid Artery > Right Facial Artery.
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Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of wind power and geothermal power
Answer:
An Overview of Geothermal Pros and Cons:
Pros Cons
This energy source is more environmentally friendly than conventional fuel sources. The largest single disadvantage of geothermal energy is that it is location specific.
A source of renewable energy. Gases are released into the atmosphere during digging.
The number of exploitable geothermal resources will increase with ongoing research and development in the industry. Geothermal energy runs the risk of triggering earthquakes.
A sustainable source of energy as its always available unlike wind and solar. Expensive resource to tap into, with high upfront costs ranging from around $2-$7 million for a plant with a 1 megawatt capacity.
A reliable source as its easier to predict the power output from a geothermal plant with a high degree of accuracy. Energy fluid needs to be pumped back into the underground reservoirs faster than it is depleted. Management is required to maintain sustainability.
No fuel is required.
Increase in exploration meaning that new technologies are being created to improve the energy process.
Pollution levels are much lower compared to fossil fuels.
Explanation:
pls help!!
What should be the parents genotype if the frequencies of the alleles in F1 are: BB = 25%; Bb= 50%; bb= 25%?Immersive Reader
(2 Points)
A. Mother: BB - Father: BB
B. Mother: Bb - Father: Bb
C. Mother: bb - Father: BB
D. Mother: BB - Father: bb
Answer:
B
Explanation:
hope the picture helps you understand it better:)