An atom is a complicated configuration of negatively charged electrons grouped around a positively charged nucleus in certain shells. The majority of the atom's mass is concentrated in this nucleus.
What are the most significant atomic structure discoveries?In Thomson's "plum pudding" atom model, a positively charged "soup" was surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The majority of an atom is empty space, with a small, dense, positively-charged nucleus, as demonstrated by Rutherford's gold foil experiment. Rutherford postulated the nuclear model of the atom in light of these findings.
What fundamentals of atomic structure are there?Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three fundamental building pieces that make up an atom in any element. In the grand scheme of things at the subatomic level, protons are positively charged particles while neutrons are uncharged particles.
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2. a) use the ph scale to describe an acidic solution and a basic solution. 2. b) at what ph would a solution be considered neutral? why?
a. The pH scale on a solution that describes acidity is less than 7, and alkaline is more than 7.
b. The solution is considered neutral when the pH is 7
pH a is the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution from the value of the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in it.
A solution is said to have an acidic pH if it has a pH of less than 7. The lower the pH of a solution, the more acidic the solution is. While a solution is said to be alkaline if it has a pH of more than 7. The higher the pH value of the solution, the more alkaline the solution is.
A solution is said to have a neutral pH if the value is 7. A pH value of 7 is said to be neutral because in pure water dissolved H+ ions and dissolved OH- ions are in the same amount.
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2NaNO3 + PbO → Pb(NO3)2 + Na₂O What is the mole ratio between lead(II) oxide and lead(II) nitrate? ? mol PbO mol Pb(NO3)2 Fill in the green blank.
Answer: There is a 1:1 mole ratio between these two compounds.
Explanation:To determine the mole ratio between lead(II) oxide (PbO) and lead(II) nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) in the given chemical equation, you will need to balance the equation first. The balanced chemical equation is:
2NaNO3 + PbO → Pb(NO3)2 + Na2O
Once the equation is balanced, you can use the coefficients in front of each compound to determine the mole ratio. In this case, the coefficient for PbO is 1, and the coefficient for Pb(NO3)2 is 1, which means that there is a 1:1 mole ratio between these two compounds. This means that for every 1 mole of PbO, there is 1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 produced in the reaction.
It is important to note that the mole ratio is only a way to express the relative amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, and does not necessarily reflect the actual amounts of the compounds involved. To determine the actual amounts of each compound, you will need to know the mass or volume of the compounds, as well as their respective densities or molar masses.
What’s a periodic table?
the periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements that is arranged by increasing atomic number and groups elements according to recurring properties. The seven rows of the periodic table are called " periods" and vertical columns called " groups"
the reaction c6h12o6(s) + 6 o2(g) → 6 co2(g) + 6 h2o(l) is best classified as a(n)
The reaction [tex]C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} (aq) + 6O_{2} (g)[/tex] → [tex]6CO_{2} (g) + 6H_{2} O(l)[/tex] is best classified as an exothermic reaction.
Chemical reaction is a process in which the reactants react chemically and change into products through chemical transformation. For example, respiration - we breathe in oxygen, which reacts with glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.
A decomposition reaction breaks a molecule or compound into two or more simple new chemical substances. For example, the electrolysis of water. In a conjugation reaction, two or more molecules combine chemically to form a new substance (compound). Binding and decomposition reactions are opposites. For example, the combustion of a strip of magnesium (or magnesium) produces a gray-black ash consisting of magnesium oxide.
Combustion reactions are generally exothermic reactions that release energy in the form of heat. It's a reaction between a fuel and an oxidant (usually atmospheric oxygen) that usually produces smoke, water, and heat. In a neutralization reaction, acids and bases react to form salts and water. A chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously is called a redox reaction. Oxidation is the addition of oxygen and reduction is the addition of hydrogen (or removal of oxygen).
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give the structure of the principal organic product formed by the free-radical bromination of methylcyclopentane.
The major organic product formed by the free-radical bromination of methylcyclopentane is 1- Bromo, 1- methyl Cyclopentane .
What is free radicals ?
A specific class of unstable molecule produced throughout typical cell metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell). In cells, free radicals can accumulate and harm other molecules like proteins, lipids, and even DNA.
In the presence of sunlight, bromine produces a free radical, which it then absorbs to create the majority of the stable radical. Only the alkane's highest substituted carbon experiences bromination. A tertiary carbon makes an intermediate free radical the most stable. It will therefore be the main product.
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How moles are present in 0.05g of sodium hydroxide the relative formula mass of sodium hydroxide is 40
The number of moles of sodium hydroxide in 0.05 grams can be calculated using the formula:
Number of moles = mass / molecular weight
The molecular weight of sodium hydroxide is 40 grams per mole, so the number of moles in 0.05 grams of sodium hydroxide is:
Number of moles = 0.05 grams / 40 grams/mol = 0.00125 moles
Thus, there are 0.00125 moles of sodium hydroxide in 0.05 grams of the substance. This is a very small amount, as one mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 10^23 atoms or molecules.
Which choice is not true of a liquid in a glass capillary with a convex meniscus?The liquid has strong cohesive forces.The liquid level will be lower inside the capillary when a capillary is inserted into a bowl of the liquid.The liquid will have a convex meniscus as it moves in the capillary.The behavior of the liquid is driven by strong interactions with the capillary glass.
The decision is not valid for a fluid in what seems like a glass capillary with the a convex meniscus since the liquid's behavior is strongly influenced by its interactions with the glass.
A glass capillary is what?Glass capillaries have external sizes that range greatly, from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm. For the purpose of gathering x-ray data, they are designed to mount, maintain, and retain biological polymeric crystals as well as small molecules. Capillaries can be used for both research on crystal development and measures of crystal thickness.
What uses do glass capillary tubes have?Glass capillary tubes are used to collect blood in a variety of healthcare settings, including clinics, personal hospices, physicians' offices, blood donation centers, and blood testing facilities.
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what volume (ml) of 0.1750 m naoh (aq) is needed to react completely with 25.00 ml of 0.1150 m h2so4 (aq).
The volume (ml) of 0.1750 m naoh (aq) is needed to react completely with 25.00 ml of 0.1150 m h2so4 (aq). is 31.08ml.
Calculation:-
M₁ v₁ n+₁ = M₂ V₂ n+₂
0.1850 x v₁ X₁ = 0.1150 x 25X²
V₁ = 0.1150 × 25 x 2/ 0.1850
= 31.081 ml
Volume is defined as the space occupied within the bounds of an object in three-dimensional space. Also called the capacity of the object. Volume is a measure of her occupied three-dimensional space. Often quantified numerically using SI units or by various imperial or US customary units. The definition of length is related to volume. quantified numerically using SI units or by various imperial spaces.
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Which would you expect to be a conductor of electricity in the solid state? O iodine (12) O silver spoon (Ag) O lime (CaO)
Silver spoon (Ag) is a conductor of electricity in the solid state.
What is electrical conductors?Since a conductor presents little to no resistance to the passage of electrons, which results in an electrical current, a conductor carries electricity. Generally speaking, excellent electrical conductors include metals, metal alloys, electrolytes, and even some nonmetals, such as graphite and liquids, including water.An item or category of material that permits the movement of charge in one or more directions is referred to as a conductor in physics and electrical engineering. Metals are frequently used as electrical conductors in materials.Common electrical conductors include copper, silver, aluminium, gold, steel, and brass. Silver, copper, and gold are the metals with the highest conductivity.Learn more about electrical conductors refer to :
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calculate the mass defect in fe-56 if the mass of an fe-56 nucleus is 55.921 amu. the mass of a proton is 1.00728 amu and the mass of a neutron is 1.008665 amu, and the mass of an electron in 0.00055 amu
The mass defect in Fe-56 is equal to 0.52823 amu.
What is Mass Defect?The mass defect can be defined as the difference between the actual atomic mass and the theoretical mass calculated by addition of the mass of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
The actual atomic mass is always less than the predicted mass determined by adding the masses of nucleons. This additional mass is due to the binding energy that is released when a nucleus is formed.
[tex]\triangle M = (Zm_p + Nm_n) - M_A[/tex]
Given the mass of the proton = 1.00728 amu
The given mass of a neutron = 1.008665 amu
The given mass of an electron = [tex]0.00055 amu[/tex]
The mass of an Fe-56 nucleus = 55.921 amu
The mass defect for Fe-56 can be calculated as:
[tex]\triangle M = (26\times 1.00728 + 30 \times 1.008665) - 55.921[/tex]
ΔM = 0.52823 amu
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during an experiment, 15 g of n2 was reacted with excess h2 gas. the mass of nh3 produced was 14 g. calculate the percent yield.
The percentage yield is 77% when 15 g of N2 gas was reacted with excess H2 gas to produce Ammonia of mass 14g.
By Haber's process nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form Ammonia. The Haber Process goes on to explain the reasons for the conditions used in the process. The process combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen derived mainly from natural gas into ammonia. The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic. Balanced equation for the reaction is,
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
1mol N2 will produce 2mol NH3
Molar mass N2 = 28g/mole
Molar mass NH3 = 17g/mole
28g N2 will produce 2*17 = 34g NH3
15g N2 will produce 15g/28g * 34gNH3
Mass of NH3 produced = 18.21 g NH3
It is necessary to determine how much of the product should be formed based on stoichiometry. This is called the theoretical yield. It is the maximum amount of product that could be formed from the given amounts of reactants. The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage:
Percent Yield=Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield × 100%
If actual production = 14g NH3 , % yield = 14g NH3 / 18.21 g NH3 * 100 =76.88%
= 77 %
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a current of 3.37 a is passed through a ni(no3)2 solution for 1.50 h . how much nickel is plated out of the solution?
a current of 3.37 a is passed through a ni(no3)2 solution for 1.50 h . nickel is plated out of the solution is 5.5341 grams
W=E×c×t/F......(1)
where:
W=Mass (in g ) of an ion discharged at any electrode
E=Equivalent mass of that ion.
c = Current Passed in Ampere
t= time (in sec) during which electricity is passed.
F= 1 faraday = 96500C.
E= molar mass/ valency
=58.693/2
=29.3465
C= 3.37A
t= 1.50*60*60
F=96500
nickel is plated out of the solution is 5.5341 grams
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the initial concentration of reactant in a first-order reaction is 0.27 m and has a rate constant of 0.75 s-1. what is the concentration (mol/l) of reactant after 0.75 s?
After 0.75 s, the reactant's final concentration was 0.0672 mol/L.
Log [Initial concentration] = - rate constant time + log [Initial concentration] has been supplied as the rate reaction for the first-order reaction. [Last-ditch effort]
The reaction described has:
0.27 M for the first concentration
0.75 s/rate constant
Time = 0.75 s
One can provide the ultimate concentration by:
log [0.27] = - 0.75 *0.75 + log [Final concentration]
log [0.27]=-0.5625+log [Final concentration]
log [0.27] + 0.5625 = log [Final concentration]
log [Final Concentration]=1.31+0.5625
log [Final concentration] = 1.8725
Final concentration: 0.0672 mol/L
After 0.75s, the reactant's final concentration was 0.0672 mol/L.
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if a grating with more lines per unit length were used, how would the observed angles or spread of the spectra be affected?
Grating with more lines per unit length is given by, (a + b) sin (theta n)=n ( lambda), where, a + b is grating element, the distance between two consecutive slits, n is order of principal maxima and Lambda is wavelength of light.
Consider the first order maximum on either side of central maximum. For first order n=1. Therefore ,
sin(theta 1)=(lambda)/(a + b).
If we increase the number of lines of grating, correspondingly the grating element (a + b) decreases , hence diffraction angle becomes large for given wavelength . But, then there is limit on number of lines, because sin(theta) should not become greater than 1. However, within reasonable limit on number we can get better resolution that is more angular separation of spectral lines by increasing lines of the plane diffraction grating.
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chemicals such as ozone or sulfate/nitrate, which are transformed in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen or other compounds are known as:
Chemical such as Ozone or sulfate/nitrate which are transformed in the presence of Sunlight water oxygen or other compound are known as secondary pollutants.
Pollutants are the particle that contaminates the environment in a negative manner.
The chemicals which are not produce directly as a pollutant but are transformed in the presence of Sunlight water oxygen and other compound are known as secondary pollutants.
chemicals like Ozone, sulfate/nitrate are called secondary because they are not present directly as a pollutant but there converted into pollutant because of the certain conditions.
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Which color is the tube and stopper that is used to collect specimens for serum analysis?redgreenlavenderblue
tube is red color and stopper that is used to collect specimens for serum analysis.
For determining plasma or whole blood, use a green top tube with lithium or sodium heparin. EDTA tubes are available with a royal blue top, a tan top, a pink top (used for blood bank testing), or a lavender top (used for trace metal whole blood or plasma determinations). For the majority of blood chemistries, a red-stopper tube is utilised to take a blood sample.EDTA tubes are used for analysing serum which is aquired after clotting which gives the permission to remove blood cell.
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The area of an object is calculated from experimental data to be 24.6623 cm2. The ± absolute error in the area was determined to be ± 0.6 cm2. The area should be reported, in cm 2 , as A. 25 B. 24.7 C. 24.66 D. 24.6623 E. 24.662
we should take out from point
given the balanced equation: 2 n2h4(l) n2o4(l) 3 n2(g) 4 h2o(g) a) how many grams of dinitrogen tetrahydride are required to produce 57 moles of nitrogen?
Dinitrogen tetrahydride must be converted into 38 moles [tex]N_2H_4[/tex] in order to yield 57 moles of nitrogen.
[tex]x molN_2H_4= 57mol N_2(\frac{2 molN_2O_4}{3 molN_2} )\\x molN_2H_4= 19*2 molN_2H_4\\x mol N_2H_4= 38 mol N_2H_4[/tex]
Dinitrogen tetroxide is the chemical molecule N2O4, also known as nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) and occasionally amyl (typically among ex-USSR/Russian rocket engineers). It is a helpful reagent in the synthesis of chemicals. It and nitrogen dioxide combine to form an equilibrium combination. It has a 92.011 g/mol molar mass.
Dinitrogen tetroxide is a potent oxidizer that spontaneously reacts when it comes into touch with different types of hydrazine, making the two a popular bipropellant for rockets.
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. absorbance readings of four prepared tubes with various solutions over a 6060-minute period. question which of the following best justifies the use of tube 22 as a control treatment? responses it was a negative control for the accuracy of the spectrophotometer, ensuring that an accurate reading for treatment cuvette 22 would be made. it was a negative control for the accuracy of the spectrophotometer, ensuring that an accurate reading for treatment cuvette 2 would be made. it was a negative control for the chemical stability of the chlorophyll suspension, ensuring that changes in absorbance could only be attributed to changes in chlorophyll content. it was a negative control for the chemical stability of the chlorophyll suspension, ensuring that changes in absorbance could only be attributed to changes in chlorophyll content. it was a positive control for the change in dcpipdcpip color associated with changes in light intensity. it was a positive control for the change in d c p i p color associated with changes in light intensity. it was a positive control for measuring the effect of dcmudcmu on the reaction.
The use of tube 22 as a control treatment best justifies that it was a positive control for measuring the effect of DCMU on the reaction.
DCMU acts as an inhibitor to the movement of electrons within the light reaction of photosynthesis. The major role of control tube is to reduce the variability due to unwanted/unknown factors of the experiment. Controls are used to make sure that test results are not positive or negative due to some unknown factor. A control group is used to establish causality by isolating the effect of an independent variable. Here, researchers change the independent variable in the treatment group and keep it constant in the control group. Then they compare the results of these groups.
Thus, the best use is that it was a positive control for measuring the effect of DCMU on the reaction.
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how does the density of air in a deep mine compare with the density of air at earth's surface?
The density of air in a deep mine is greater compared with the density of air at the earth's surface.
The pressure exerted on a surface that is perpendicular to all directions and is caused by the weight of the air is referred to as atmospheric pressure. Additionally, as altitude increases, the pressure caused by air reduces because there is less air above an elevated position. This is because there is less air above an elevated place. In addition, the air is thinner at higher elevations because less dense gases can be found there since they float over denser gases. This causes the air to be thinner at higher elevations.
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you combine 5.00 ml 0.206 m ca(no3)2 and 2.00 ml 0.811 m hcl. what is the molar concentration of hcl in the mixture
0.2 moles is the molar concentration of the HCL in the mixture. you combine 5.00 ml 0.206 m ca(no3)2 and 2.00 ml 0.811 m hcl.
Molarity of Ca(No3)2 = 0.26M
volume of the Ca(N03)2 = 5 ml
molarity of HCL = 0.811M
Volume of HCL = 2 ml
after mixing ,
the molar concentration of HCL =Mhcl×Vhcl÷Vhcl×Vca(No3)2
= 0.8× 2/2+5
= 0.2 moles
the molar concentration of the HCL in the mixture is 0.2 moles.In terms of the amount of material per unit volume of solution, molar concentration is a measurement of the concentration of a chemical species, specifically a solute in a solution. The most frequent measure of molarity in chemistry is the number of moles per litre, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units.
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In a particular solution, the concentration of several ions is measured. The solution is found to have a high concentration of
Hydronium ions (H3O*), and a low concentration of Hydroxyl (OH) ions. The pH of the solution is most likely which of the
following?
02
07
08
O12
Answer:
02
Explanation:
Hydronium is acidic, so the PH would have to be acidic
on the resonance hybrid for no−2, in between the nitrogen atom and each oxygen atom there is:
N-O bond as well as a double bond. The N atom possesses a positive charge and an unpaired electron. These are the two principal resonance sources of NO2.
Because each nitrogen atom requires three electrons to fill its outermost shell, nitrogen atoms will establish three covalent bonds (also known as triple covalent) between two nitrogen atoms. Methane (CH4) is another molecule that contains a nonpolar covalent link. There are two sigma bonds and one pair of unpaired electron in nitrogen dioxide. There are an octet of electrons in each of the two oxygen atoms. With the oxygen atom, the nitrogen atom's p orbital forms a pi connectio
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a solution contains 0.1m f-(aq), cl-(aq), and br-(aq). lead (ii) ion is added to the solution. what is the maximum concentration of lead (ii) ion that will allow only one precipitate to form? [the ksp of pbf2 is 4.1 x 10-8; of pbcl2 is 2.4 x 10-4; and of pbbr2 is 2.1 x 10-6.]
The maximum concentration of lead (II) ion that will allow only one precipitate to form in a solution containing 0.1m of F-, Cl-, and Br- is 4.1 x 10-8M. At this concentration, only the lead-fluoride compound (PbF2) will form a precipitate.
Lead (II) ion is a metal cation that can form multiple compounds with anions such as fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), and bromide (Br-). If lead (II) ion is added to a solution containing 0.1m of each of F-, Cl-, and Br-, the maximum concentration of lead (II) ion that will allow only one precipitate to form will depend on the solubility product (Ksp) of the various lead compounds that may form.
The Ksp of the lead-fluoride compound (PbF2) is 4.1 x 10-8, the Ksp of the lead-chloride compound (PbCl2) is 2.4 x 10-4, and the Ksp of the lead-bromide compound (PbBr2) is 2.1 x 10-6. To determine the maximum concentration of lead (II) ion that will allow only one precipitate to form, we need to compare the Ksp values of the three lead compounds.
Since the Ksp of PbF2 is significantly lower than the Ksp of PbCl2 and PbBr2, the maximum concentration of lead (II) ion that will allow only one precipitate to form will be the Ksp of PbF2, or 4.1 x 10-8M. At this concentration of lead (II) ion, the PbF2 compound will be the first to form a precipitate, whilst the PbCl2 and PbBr2 compounds will remain in solution.
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Balance the following equations.
a. _CH4 + _O2 → _CO2 + _H2O
b. _Zn + _HCl → _ZnCl2 + _H2
c. _H2SO4 + _HI → _H2S + _I2 + _H2O
d. _NaCl + _SO2 + _H2O + _O2 → _Na2SO4 + _HCl
Answer:
a. CH4+202→CO2+2H2O
b.Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2
c.H2SO4+8HI→H2S+4I2+4H2O
d.4NaCl+2SO2+2H2O+O2→2Na2SO4+4HCl
which diol is produced by treatment of trans-2-butene with osmium tetroxide followed by workup with aqueous sodium bisulfite?
The (2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-Butanediol is the diol is produced by treatment of trans-2-butene with osmium tetroxide followed by workup with aqueous sodium bisulfite.
It is used as a chiral auxiliary, chiral ligand and constructing block. Cyclocondenses with ketones for (13)C NMR willpower of optical purity. It is used withinside the decision of carbonyl compounds in fueloline chromatography. Fully miscible in water (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol.
Alkene oxidation with OsO4 accompanied through sodium bisulfite paintings up consequences withinside the syn addition of hydroxyl corporations. For trans-2-butene, the 2 hydroxyl corporations may want to similarly upload at the pinnacle face or backside face.
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What is the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that has a Frequency of 5.65x 10¹11/s or hertz?
m
The wavelength of an electromagnetic radiation that has a frequency of 5.65 x 10¹¹ hertz is 5.31 × 10-⁴m.
How to calculate wavelength?Wavelength is the length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next.
Wavelength is often designated in physics as λ, and corresponds to the velocity of the wave divided by its frequency as follows:
λ = v/f
According to this question, a wave has a frequency of 5.65 × 10¹¹ Hertz, the wavelength can be calculated as follows:
λ = 3 × 10⁸m/s ÷ 5.65 × 10¹¹ Hertz
λ = 5.31 × 10-⁴m
Therefore, 5.31 × 10-⁴m is the wavelength of the wave.
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what would happen if you used equal masses of all the compounds? for example, 2.00 g as opposed to equal moles of each compound?
a. equal masses would produce different amounts of CO2
b. equal masses would produce the same amount of CO2
c. equal masses would show extreme variation and be difficult to measure in the lab
option c - equal masses would show extreme variation and be difficult to measure in the lab if you used equal masses of all the compounds.
Equal masses would imply a different number of moles. And reactions are molecular in nature. A reaction between 1 mole of A and 1 mole of B, for example, produces 1 mole of C. However, because their molar masses are likely to differ, we cannot apply the same mass formula and expect the same result. Consider the reaction HCl + NaOH, which produces NaCl + H2O. This reaction demonstrates that 1 mole of hydrochloric acid and 1 mole of NaOH produces 1 mole of NaCl and 1 mole of water. However, the reaction is very different in terms of mass because each of the reactants has a different molar mass.
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1
2
18 6
In an experiment, a student found the percent by mass of water in a sample of BaCl₂ + 2H₂O to be 17.4%. If the accepted value is 14.8%, the percent error in
the student's result is equal to
3.
26
17.4
x100
26
14.8
-x100
14.8
17.4
x100
17.4
14.8
x100
K
[8]
Submit Answer
B
1
Calculator
Ruler
9592
Protractor
Listen
The percent error in the student's result is equal to 17.57 %.
How to calculate the percent error?Percent error can be described as the difference between the estimated value and the actual value in comparison to the actual value and is represented as a percentage. In other words, the percentage error can be defined as the relative error multiplied by 100.
The mathematical formula for percent error can be defined as:
P.E. = (|Estimated value - Actual value|/ Actual value) × 100
[tex]\displaystyle \delta = \left| \frac{v_A - v_E}{v_A} \right| \cdot 100\%[/tex]
Given, the estimated value = 17.4
The actual value = 14.8
[tex]\displaystyle \delta \% = \left| \frac{14.8 - 17.6}{14.8} \right| \cdot 100\%[/tex]
Percent error = 17.57 %
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the crystal field splitting energy depends on the structure of the complex. group of answer choices true false
The crystal field splitting energy depends on the structure of the complex is a correct statement.
The energy difference between ligand d orbitals is what causes crystal field splitting. The capital Greek letter is used to represent the crystal field splitting number. The difference in color between two related metal-ligand complexes is explained by crystal field splitting, increases down a group on the periodic table and tends to rise with oxidation number. The propensity of transition metals to form complexes is one of their key characteristics. A complex can be thought of as having several ligands encircling a central metal atom or ion. Crystal field theory governs how these ligands interact with the main metal atom or ion. The interaction between a metal ion and ligand is regarded by the 1929-founded crystal field theory as purely an electrostatic phenomenon.
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