what are the functions of aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and alanine aminotransferase (alt), and why does michael have elevated levels of these enzymes?

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are reliable predictors of cancer, and their presence in a person’s gene pool can indicate an increased risk of developing certain cancers like breast and ovarian cancer. This is because mutations in either of these genes can significantly increase the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, it is important for people who have these genes to consider taking steps to reduce their risk, such as a double mastectomy.

A double mastectomy is a surgical procedure in which both breasts are removed to reduce the risk of cancer. This procedure is often recommended for people who have BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, as it can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer. Additionally, it can be a psychologically empowering decision for women who are at risk of developing cancer, as it gives them a sense of control over their own bodies.

However, it is important to note that a double mastectomy is not the only option for reducing the risk of cancer. Other options such as medications and lifestyle changes can also help reduce the risk. Additionally, it is important to remember that a double mastectomy is a major decision and it is important to carefully weigh the pros and cons before making any decisions.

Learn more about cancer at : https://brainly.com/question/8590464

#SPJ4

The product of each stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH; the light reaction to produce glucose in the Calvin Style through 3 main steps that are carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

INTERPRETATION

In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms of CO2 are fixed (assembled into organic molecules) and used to make three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and depends on, the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. In contrast to the light reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes, the reactions of the Calvin cycle occur in the stroma (the space within the chloroplast).

Three turns of the Calvin cycle are required to make one G3P molecule that can leave the cycle and go on to make glucose. Let's summarize the number of key molecules that enter and exit the Calvin cycle as the G3P network is created. In three cycles of the Calvin cycle:

The G3P molecule contains three fixed carbon atoms, so two G3P are required to build a six-carbon glucose molecule. It takes six turns of the cycle, or 6 CO2, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH, to make one glucose molecule.

Learn more about photosynthesis in :

https://brainly.com/question/19160081

#learnwithbrainly

The hapticity of a ligand is determined by the number of atoms of the ligand that are coordinated to the metal centre. In the case of the ligand C4H4, there are several different hapticities that it can provide to a metal centre.

Hapticity, or coordination mode, is an important concept in coordination chemistry as it relates to the number and geometry of ligands bound to a metal centre. The most common hapticity of C4H4 is the tetrahedral hapticity, where four carbon atoms of the ligand are coordinated to the metal centre. In this case, the electron count of the hapticity is 16 electrons, 8 from the four carbon atoms and 8 from the four attached hydrogen atoms.

The next hapticity of C4H4 is the trigonal bipyramidal hapticity, where three carbon atoms of the ligand are coordinated to the metal centre. In this case, the electron count of the hapticity is 14 electrons, 6 from the three carbon atoms and 8 from the four attached hydrogen atoms.

The last hapticity of C4H4 is the square-planar hapticity, where two carbon atoms of the ligand are coordinated to the metal centre. In this case, the electron count of the hapticity is 12 electrons, 4 from the two carbon atoms and 8 from the four attached hydrogen atoms.

Learn more about ligand at :https://brainly.com/question/2980623

#SPJ4

Muscle contraction-specific cells exist. Walking is made possible by muscles, and they also support physiological functions including digestion and respiration.

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle are the three different forms of muscle found in the body.

Skeletal muscle tissue develops into skeletal muscles, which connect to bones or skin and regulate movement that can be consciously controlled as well as locomotion. Skeletal muscle is also referred to as voluntary muscle because it may be directed by mind. Skeletal muscles are long and cylindrical in shape, and their tissue appears striped or striated when seen under a microscope.

The consistent arrangement of contractile proteins is what causes the striations (actin and myosin). Actin, a globular contractile protein, works with myosin to contract muscles. Multiple nuclei can be found in a single cell of skeletal muscle as well.

Learn more about " Muscle " to visit here;

https://brainly.com/question/9883108

#SPJ4

Answer: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

To just examine the sequences, we extracted the DNA within the cell. Once our DNA sequences had been cut using a restriction enzyme according to the specific nucleotide strands, we performed gel electrophoresis to see our genotype.

It is essential to the first stage of protein or nucleic acid extraction because it helps with the chemical breakdown of cell membranes and compartments, allowing for the exit of target molecules.

Several processes involve removing DNA from human cells. A newborn can be tested for a hereditary illness using a clean DNA sample.

To know more about DNA visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/264225

#SPJ4

Planting buffer zones between farmland and waterways reduces phosphate pollution. It acts as a physical barrier, absorbing nutrients, and providing a habitat for wildlife, buffer zones can help to keep the water clean and keep the ecosystem in balance.

Planting buffer zones between farmland and waterways is an effective way to reduce phosphate pollution. A buffer zone is an area of land that is planted with vegetation to act as a barrier between two different ecosystems. In this case, a buffer zone between farmland and waterways can reduce the amount of nutrients, such as phosphates, that enter the waterway from the farm.

Buffer zones act as a physical barrier to prevent agricultural runoff from entering the waterway. The vegetation in the buffer zones absorbs the runoff and filters out the pollutants, such as phosphates, before they have a chance to enter the water. The roots of the plants also help to hold the soil in place, reducing the risk of erosion.

Buffer zones can also help to reduce the amount of nutrients entering the waterways by reducing the amount of fertilizer used by the farmers. Since the buffer zones absorb some of the nutrients, the farmer can use less fertilizer to achieve the same results. This reduces the amount of phosphates that reach the waterway and prevents them from accumulating in the water.

Learn more about Buffer zones at : https://brainly.com/question/16014752

#SPJ4

Answer:

The correct answer is C. Certain genes are turned on in one cell and turned off in the other cell.

Explanation:

Plant cells, like all cells, are controlled by their DNA, which contains the instructions for the structure and function of the cell. However, not all of the instructions in a cell's DNA are active at the same time. Instead, certain genes are turned on or off in different cells, allowing the cells to have different structures and functions. For example, a leaf cell may have genes turned on that allow it to produce chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis, while a root cell may have genes turned on that allow it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. By turning on and off different sets of genes, cells in a plant can specialize and perform different roles within the plant.

(pls mark as brainliest!)

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Cytoplasm

Replication and transcription occur in the nucleus but translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

The independent (tested) variable in Farmer Brown's experiment is the amount of alfalfa prout given to the cattle. This is the factor that Farmer Brown is manipulating in order to test the hypothesis that the more alfalfa prout cattle eat, the more milk they produce.

By dividing his pasture into four fields and giving each field a different amount of alfalfa prout, Farmer Brown is able to measure the effect of the amount of alfalfa prout on milk production. All other factors, such as the breed of cattle, the amount of regular hay per day, and the amount of water, are held constant. By keeping these variables constant, Farmer Brown is able to measure the effect of the independent variable, the amount of alfalfa prout, on milk production.

Learn more about independent (tested) variable at :https://brainly.com/question/19585043

#SPJ4

Answer:

differentiate or specialise

Given statement is false because different genes are present on nonhomologous chromosomes.

Chromosomes that are non-homologous are those that do not come from the same pair. Non-homologous chromosomes typically differ from homologous chromosomes in terms of the length of the arms and the location of the centromere. As a result, meiosis does not pair non-homologous chromosomes.

This indicates that females have a total of 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, including 1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes). On the other hand, males have a non-homologous pair of sex chromosomes, or XY, as their 23rd pair of chromosomes.

To know more about nonhomologous chromosomes visit:

https://brainly.com/question/14325425

#SPJ4

Answer:

90%

Explanation:

During interphase, the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division. It is the longest phase of the cell cycle, cell spends approximately 90% of its time in this phase. In order for a cell to move from interphase into the mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions must be met.

Based on the given figure, 90% of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in interphase.

The interphase, which can be divided into two stages: the first gap (G1) between the final mitosis and the DNA-synthesising S phase.

The second gap (G2) between the end of the S phase and the subsequent mitosis, is the time when the cell is not actively dividing (M).

A cell spends the majority of its time in what is known as interphase, where it develops, duplicates its chromosomes, and gets ready to divide. The cell then exits interphase, goes through mitosis, and finishes dividing.

However, since mitosis and cytokinesis only last for about an hour each, interphase the time in between mitoses is where 90% of the cell cycle is spent.

Thus, the total of 90% is required for interphase.

For more details regarding cell cycle, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/15876101

#SPJ2

Your question seems incomplete, the missing image is:

The body can maintain homeostasis after there is a rise in blood sugar levels after eating by releasing the insulin that is released from the pancreas and the glucose that is stored in the body cells.

After eating, generally, the blood glucose level is high, but when the pancreas releases the insulin, it then binds to the receptor (GLUT) of the liver and muscles, and then the glucose in the blood is taken and stored as glycogen.

Hence, the body can maintain homeostasis after there is a rise in blood sugar levels after eating by releasing the insulin that is released from the pancreas and the glucose that is stored in the body cells.

Learn more about blood glucose levels here.

https://brainly.com/question/13864752

#SPJ1

Answer: Prezygotic barrier

Explanation: If the male sperm never fertilizes the female egg in a mating between two parrots from different populations, a prezygotic reproductive barrier may be operating. Prezygotic barriers prevent fertilization from occurring by blocking mating or fertilization between individuals of different species. In this case, the male and female parrots may be genetically incompatible and unable to produce viable offspring, even though they are able to mate. This type of reproductive barrier can arise as a result of speciation, where two populations evolve into distinct species over time. Other examples of prezygotic barriers include physical differences in reproductive organs and behavioral differences that prevent mating.

Some bacteria can withstand harsh environments and resist  antibiotic resistance to their "plasmids, nucleoids, and endospores".

Since bacteria are prokaryotic creatures, their cells lack a clearly defined nucleus. However, according to this query, certain bacteria are reported to be resistant to antibiotics and to be able to endure harsh environments. The presence of a plasmid and endospore in some bacteria is thought to be  antibiotic resistance for these two traits. Circular extra-chromosomal DNA that is present in bacteria is known as a plasmid. Because it differs from the DNA of the bacterium and contains distinct genes, it is referred to as "extra." The genes found in plasmids frequently provide bacteria extra advantages like antibiotic resistance to antibiotics.

learn more about antibiotic resistance here:

https://brainly.com/question/10320882

#SPJ4

Secretions of the female reproductive system mostly serve to lubricate the reproductive organs involved with intercourse.

The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs. It creates hormones and is responsible for fertility, menstruation, and sexual activity. The female reproductive anatomy includes both external and internal parts. The function of the external genitals is to protect the internal parts from infection and allow sperm to enter the vagina.

The female reproductive system provides several functions. Ovaries produce eggs. These eggs are then transported to fallopian tube during ovulation where fertilization may occur.

Learn more about the female reproductive system here:

https://brainly.com/question/15789135

#SPJ4

Organisms that live on land are fundamentally the same as organisms that live in aquatic environments is True.

While both land organisms and aquatic organisms are all living organisms, the environments in which they live can vary drastically. Land organisms must be adapted to survive and thrive in a dry, terrestrial environment, while aquatic organisms must be adapted to survive and thrive in an aquatic environment that is usually much wetter and more oxygenated.

Land organisms must be able to cope with changing temperatures, air movement, and other environmental conditions. They must also be able to survive without direct access to water, and may need to store water or find ways to conserve it in order to stay hydrated. In addition, they must be able to obtain food and energy from the land and rely on different strategies to find and store food.

In contrast, aquatic organisms must be adapted to survive in an aquatic environment. They must be able to cope with changing water temperatures, currents and other environmental conditions. They must also be able to extract oxygen from the water, and filter or process food particles. Many aquatic organisms also rely on specific types of algae or other organisms for food.

Overall, while both terrestrial and aquatic organisms must be adapted to survive in their respective environments, the adaptations they require are very different. This means that while they are both living organisms,

To learn more about aquatic environments:

https://brainly.com/question/2313569

#SPJ4

The correct option is B Carbohydrates and lipids.

Biomolecules - A chemical compound that is present in living organisms is called a biomolecule. These consist primarily of substances with the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.  

Carbohydrates -  They include sugars and starch. The elements present in these compounds are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates in living things form specific structures, store energy, and give energy to the cells (such as the cell walls of plants).

Lipids - They include fats and oils. Although some lipids do contain other elements, like phosphorus, their main constituents are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In living things, lipids serve as energy stores, building blocks of cell membranes, and messenger molecules.

To know more about biomolecules refer to:  

brainly.com/question/10904629

Design and conduct an investigation or a project on the classification of organisms using the scientific method as follows-

The scientific method is a systematic approach to problem-solving that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, testing those hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.

First, form a question or hypothesis about the classification of organisms.

2. Collect relevant data and observations through research, fieldwork, and experiments.

3. Analyze and interpret the data to form a conclusion about the hypothesis.

4. Develop a method for testing the hypothesis.

5. Gather materials and conduct the experiment, recording all data and observations.

6. Analyze the results of the experiment and draw conclusions.

7. Communicate the results of the investigation, including the data, observations, and conclusions.

8. Compare the results of the investigation with the original hypothesis.

9. Publish the results of the investigation and present them to the scientific community.

To know more about the scientific method click-

https://brainly.com/question/17216882

#SPJ4

The hormones can diffuse through the cell membrane without a protein channel because they are nonpolar.

Small  can easily traverse cell membranes because they are soluble in the lipid bilayer. Examples of these molecules include O2 and CO2. Larger uncharged polar molecules, like glucose, cannot diffuse through membranes, whereas small uncharged polar molecules, like H2O, may.

The cell membrane can be easily traversed by small, nonpolar molecules. Polar molecules (like water) and ions cannot, however, due to the hydrophobic nature of the lipids that make up cell membranes.

The alternative is that they diffuse across the membrane through transport proteins.

Learn more about " nonpolar molecules " to visit here;

https://brainly.com/question/29224615

#SPJ4

If the genes used to synthesize the enzymes that control apoptosis were mutated, it could lead to problems with the normal life cycle of cells.

Apoptosis is a normal part of an organism's life cycle, and it is important for maintaining the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. When cells become damaged or are no longer needed, they undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, to remove them from the organism. If the genes that encode the enzymes that control apoptosis are mutated, it could disrupt the normal process of cell death, leading to problems such as the accumulation of damaged or unnecessary cells, or the inability of the organism to replace damaged or lost cells. This could have a range of effects on the health and function of the organism, depending on the specific cells affected and the severity of the mutation.

To know more about apoptosis

https://brainly.com/question/28275150

#SPJ4

Answer:

tpa

Explanation:

write the diffrent types of TPA and then solve for the Cgg that's how I did it.

Action potentials are electrical impulses that are carried along a neuron's process, or axon, and are directed toward the end of the axon that innervates a target cell.

A neuron (also known as a nerve cell) is the fundamental component of the neurological system. An electrical impulse known as an action potential is a component of the transmission mechanism used by neurons to send signals throughout the body.

Because of its unique structure, the synapse formed between a spinal motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell is known as the motor endplate.

To know more about skeletal muscle visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/1560716

#SPJ4

Answer:

True

Explanation:

.............. True

Answer: True

Explanation: I see this question before, so I know the answer! I hope you find it helpful!

Pairing and separation of a pair o chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a factor they carried statement is correct about chromosomal theory.

A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains the entirety or a portion of an organism's genetic code. The majority of the extraordinarily long, exceedingly thin DNA fibers that make up chromosomes are covered by histones, the most important of these proteins in eukaryotic cells. These proteins condense and bind to the DNA molecule with the aid of chaperone proteins to maintain the integrity of the DNA molecule. The intricate three-dimensional structure of these chromosomes is essential for regulating transcription.

Often, during the metaphase of cell division, chromosomes can be observed using a light microscope (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before division (S phase), each chromosome is duplicated, and a centromere joins the two copies.

To learn more about chromosome click on the given link: https://brainly.com/question/1596925

#SPJ4

Answer:

a. True

Explanation:

Classical studies suggest that growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by negative-feedback loops mediated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)- or somatostatin-expressing neurons. Catecholamines are known to alter GH secretion and neurons expressing TH are located in several brain areas containing GH-responsive cells.

According to research19 showing that THC's binding to CB1 affects immune function in rodents, exogenous cannabinoids may influence these cells directly through cannabinoid receptor activation.

THC has also been demonstrated to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human peripheral lymphocytes.

Because there is a limited amount of presynaptic calcium ions entering, endocannabinoids released from the depolarized post-synaptic neuron bind to CB1 receptors in the pre-synaptic neuron and reduce GABA release.

They can be discovered in more body locations. The central nervous system contains a large number of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, which control neuronal transmission as well as other important physiological processes like those causing pain, inflammation, memory loss, and eating behavior.

Learn more about " cannabinoid receptor " to visit here;

https://brainly.com/question/14103849

#SPJ4

Answer:

independent assortment

Explanation:

Complex microbial communities that grow tightly adhered to surfaces are called biofilms.

Biofilm is indeed a complex microbiome structure composed of different bacteria living or single types of cells that stick to the surface. Microorganisms adhere to surfaces and form biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be distinguished from their suspended counterparts by the production of the an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, slower growth rates, and the regulation of specific genes.

Attachment is a complex process that is influenced by the growth medium, substratum, as well as cell surface. An established biofilm structure is composed of microbial cells and EPS, does have a defined architecture, but also provides an optimal environment for cell-to-cell genetic material exchange. Cells also may communicate through quorum sensing, which may affect biofilm processes like detachment.

To know more about the Biofilms, here

https://brainly.com/question/6675718

#SPJ4