Amplifications and Hypermethylation of promoter sequences are the common types of mutations that occur to convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that is present in a cell. Numerous proto-oncogenes exist. Each one is in charge of producing a protein essential for cell division, growth, and other functions. These genes often carry out their functions without incident.
However, if a proto-oncogene makes a mistake (mutates), the gene may turn on when it shouldn't. If this occurs, the proto-oncogene may develop into an oncogene, a gene that causes cancer. Cancer develops as a result of uncontrolled cell growth.
A collection of typical genes in a cell make up proto-oncogenes.They contain the data required by your body to create the proteins in charge of encouraging cell division, which allows for cell development, suppressing apoptosis, also known as cell death, which is the process by which cells change their role by inhibiting cell differentiation, For cells to maintain healthy tissues and organs in your body, these processes are all necessary.
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if dna is damaged or incompletely replicated in s phase, the inhibition of which of these molecules prevents the cell from entering m phase?
The cell cycle won't move on to the following phase. Therefore, the next division won't take place. Cell death will result from this.
If S phase is not completed, what happens?The faithful segregation of sister chromatids may be threatened by incompletely replicated or unresolved chromosomes from the S-phase that survive into mitosis, according to new research.
What takes place during the cell cycle's S phase?During the S phase, the cell makes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also produces duplicate centrosomes, which are organelles that arrange microtubules. The centrosomes help to separate DNA during M phase.
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Food chains show how matter is transferred between biotic factors in an ecosystem. But matter is also transferred between biotic and abiotic factors.
Determine which of the following are examples of the transfer of matter between biotic and abiotic factors.
Microbes in the soil are an example of the transfer of matter between biotic and abiotic factors. As microbes (Biotic factor) changes the acidity (abiotic factor) of the soil.
What is meant by food chain?
It is a linear network of links where one organism eats another organism and the matter and energy is transferred in the form of food from organism to organism.
Each food chain describes the pathway of transfer of energy and nutrients through the ecosystem. Organisms in food chains are grouped into categories called trophic levels. These are divided into four trophic levels
Producers (first trophic level)Consumers (second, third, and fourth trophic levels)Decomposers (fourth tropic level)Biogeochemical cycle is a process in which nutrients are transferred between biotic and abiotic factors.
The example of transfer of matter include presence of certain organisms (Biotic factor) in soil changes the acidity (abiotic factor) of the soil.
Plants use water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide (biotic factors) in the preparation of food.
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what is the likelihood of a person having the dna fingerprint above? the allele frequencies are indicated next to the allele bands.
DNA from fingerprints is useful when there is no body fluid left at a crime scene and when fingerprints are not sufficiently clear to provide reliable identification.
why is Identification from fingerprints is preferable?
Due to the larger database of fingerprints available for comparison, fingerprint identification is preferred to fingerprint identification over fingerprint identification via DNA; however, in cases where fingerprint ridges lack sufficient detail, fingerprint identification via DNA may still be the only option. As methods for extracting cells from a fingerprint and for DNA extraction become more effective, this method of identification will spread more widely.
According to the question:
The Technical Support Working Group, a national forum that identifies, prioritizes, and manages interagency and international research and development requirements for countering terrorism, provided funding for two pertinent research projects carried out in 2000 and 2002. The goal of the study was to take chemically altered fingerprints and extract and analyze DNA from them.
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If you were constructing a phylogenetic tree for the evolution of birds, which characters found in archaeopteryx might provide evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common ancestor?.
Teeth , flat sternum and claws of provide archaeopteryx evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common ancestor.
The structure and arrangement of Archaeopteryx's wings' feathers, which are comparable to those of most modern birds, suggest that it was able to fly.
Dinosaurs drastically reduced and acquired a more baby-like head form as they evolved into birds. Left to right: a contemporary chicken and pigeon; Archaeopteryx, commonly referred to as the first bird; Velociraptor, a dinosaur from the group that gave origin to birds.
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Arrange the phases in the life cycle of the Sun in order from the birth of the Sun to the time in the far distant future when the Sun has cooled.
becomes a black dwarf
becomes a white dwarf
begins nuclear fusion at its core
casts off matter as planetary nebula
exists as it is today
enters red giant phase
The Sun will continue to be a main sequence star for another 4-5 billion years.
What is the chronological order of the Sun's phases? The Sun has initiated its life like any other kind of star, that is, from the gas and dust in a twirling cloud. The particles come close to each other and get condensed, unless and until there is sufficient pressure for the beginning of the nuclear fusion. The Sun is in the middle of its lifespan and is presently in the prime sequence phase. At this phase, in its life the Sun combines hydrogen and helium. It is estimated that about 50 percent of the core hydrogen has been used so far.The following signifies the life cycle of the Sun:
a. Discard the substance as a planetary nebula.
b. The process of nuclear fusion starts at its core.
c. It appears in the form of a yellow star, as observed in the present time.
d. After that, it moves into a red giant star stage.
e. Converts into a white dwarf.
f. Turns into a black dwarf.
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Many nutrient cycles are coupled and changes in one cycle will affect another. This means that a change in the amount of carbon dioxide fixed is intimately affected by the amount of __________.
Since many nutrient cycles are interconnected, modifications to one cycle will have an impact on another. This implies that the amount of nitrogen present in an ecosystem has a direct impact on changes in the amount of carbon dioxide fixed.
A recurring journey from the environment via one or more species and back to the environment is referred to as a "nutrient cycle."Despite its complexity, the N-cycle is undoubtedly the most crucial nutritional cycle to comprehend. This is due to two factors: In terrestrial (land) environments, N is typically the plant nutrient that restricts plant development the most.
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I Need Help. Please and Thank you. Which type of cells does the HIV virus target?
A. T5
B. T4
C. H5
D. H4.
HIV virus primarily targets the T4 cells, option B.
What are T4 cells?The T4 cells are a type of lymphocyte that are produced in the bone marrow. T4 are also known as T-lymphocytes, T4 helper cells or CD4+ cells. Their major role is to control immunological responses for the body.
HIV is an immuno-compromising virus that attacks the immune system. It primarily targets the T4 cells to cripple it ability to send timely responses to the cells and allow other diseases gain access to the body before the body has a chance to retaliate.
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Answer:
T4
Explanation:
HIV targets a type of cell called the T-helper cell (also called T4 cells) which can be found in the immune system.
The main target for HIV is a white blood cell called a T4 lymphocyte, or “T helper cell”. The T4 cell is responsible for warning your immune system that there are invaders present.
if facultative mutualists do not require another species to help them, why do they engage in mutualism?
Facultative mutualists do not require another species to help them, but they engage in mutualism because facultative mutualists benefit greatly in fitness from the interactions with other species in mutualism.
What is facultative mutualistic relationship?Facultative mutualistic relationship is a type of mutualism in which interacting species derive benefits from each other but not being fully dependent.
Mutualism is highly complex but it can be broken down into two types of relationship. In some cases, species are entirely dependent on each other (obligate mutualism) and in other case, they derive benefits from their relationship but can survive without each other (facultative mutualism).
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If you were constructing a phylogenetic tree for the evolution of birds, which characters found in archaeopteryx might provide evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common ancestor?.
The characters found in archaeopteryx that might provide evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common ancestor are: teeth, flat sternum and claws.
Archaeopteryx is the dinosaur that was also known by its German name Urvogel. It was a bird-like dinosaur. It is also considered as the oldest known fossil bird. Therefore, it is designates as the missing link between dinosaurs and birds.
Sternum is the T-shaped bone present at the anterior part of the chest. The sternum connects with the rib bones in order to form the rib cage and protect the internal organs of the body. It is also connected to the collar bone.
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system returns the body to a relaxed condition after an emergency?.
When the body is at ease, resting, or eating, the parasympathetic nervous system controls the body's response to digestion and relaxation.
It essentially undoes the effects of sympathetic division following a trying circumstance. The parasympathetic nervous system enhances digestion while decreasing breathing and heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system are the other two components of the autonomic nervous system, together with the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). [1][2] Sometimes the enteric nervous system is regarded as a component of the autonomic nervous system, while other times it is regarded as a separate system. The body's automatic functions are controlled by the autonomic nerve system. The stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed-and-breed" is carried out in digestion via the parasympathetic nervous system.
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What claim can you make about which population of birds would have greater variation in how long they would forage for in an environment with many people walking around
Foraging UCSD (Effectively handling the dilemma of when and where to forage is crucial for survival in many animal species) (Effectively solving the problem of when and where to forage is critical for survival in many animal species).
Why are the two junco populations different?Since both populations descended from the same progenitor, natural selection led to them becoming bolder. The other juncos got the behavior, such as boldness having lower levels of CORT, from the ancestor who was at UCSD and stayed there. This ancestor had differences in their heritable features.
What indications can point to the fact that the birds are from different species to the researcher?All Hawaiian Honeycreeper species are descended from a single species of North American bird. Now that they have evolved, they reside on various islands, consume various meals, and sing various songs.
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the following figure shows the general steps that occur when a researcher uses the crispr-cas9 system to modify a protein-encoding gene in a eukaryotic cell with the goal of modifying the protein product. drag the descriptions of the steps to their appropriate locations on the figure.
1. Create plasmid expression vectors with genes encoding Cas9 and sgRNA.
2. Introduce the vectors into a eukaryotic cell.
3. The gene expression machinery of the cell produces the Cas9 protein and the sgRNA.
4. The Cas9 protein, guided by sgRNA, binds to its target sequence in the cell's DNA.
5. The Cas9 protein cleaves the target sequence.
6. During the process of DNA break repair, the target sequence may be modified.
7. The modified DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA.
8. The RNA is translated into a modified protein.
Scientists use CRISPR-Cas9 in the cell to alter encoded proteins. Whether to change it into another protein or stop protein production, it uses Cas9 and sgRNA expression plasmid injected into the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Then, DNA sequences are broken, modified, and transcribed into RNA. After that, a modified protein is produced.
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Gelatin is a protein that is derived from collagen which is found in the bones skin and connective tissue of animals. What would be the most appropiate control for this expirement?
Gelatin is a naturally occurring, non-toxic biomacromolecule made of bioactive polypeptides that are generated from collagen found in the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals. It will display the color change that takes place when there is no enzyme activity.
Gelatin—is this an animal tissue?Gelatin is a soluble protein that resembles albumin that is created when animal tissues are boiled for a long time (typically bones, skin, and tendons).
Are animals used to make gelatin always?Is Gelatin Vegetarian? Gelatin is neither vegetarian nor vegan, to put it succinctly. Whether it comes from cows, pigs, horses, or fish, it always originates from animal sources. Agar Agar, which is described below, is a vegetarian substitute for gelatin.
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Explain the role of the cell membrane during passive transport and active transport.
Answer:in the passive moment, it allows diffusion of small and non polar molecules to pass in or out of the cell and prevents unwanted polar ions or molecules to enter the cell. Also proteins help in carrying out facilitated diffusion for ions and big molecules.In active process, proteins in the membrane act as a path for molecules which are bigger and charged and are moving against the concentration gradient.
Explanation:
a very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a
The term "lamellated corpuscle" refers to a particularly large, rapidly adapting touch receptor made up of a single dendrite encased by concentric layers of collagen.
What types of tactile sensors are there?Merkel's disks, Meissner's corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles are the four main subtypes of tactile mechanoreceptors. In the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous, Merkel's disks are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch.
What role does tactile play?The tactile corpuscle is in charge of delivering low-frequency vibrations and light touch sensations from the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
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Explain why the electron configuration of 2-7-1-1 represents a sodium atom in an excited state.
Sodium has the structure 2,8,1 in the ground state. When one electron is promoted from the L shell to the N shell, the configuration 2-7-1-1 is present. The more energetic state of an atom is called the excited state.
The effects of salt on the bodyIn order to convey nerve impulses, expand and promote relaxation, and maintain the right ratio of water and minerals, the human body needs a little quantity of sodium. Our daily requirement for salt for these essential processes is thought to be 500 mg.
Compared to salt, is sodium healthier?Foods that haven't been processed are what we desire in the ideal world since the more salt is added to food during processing, the longer it takes. In chemistry, sodium and chloride are combined to form salt.
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how is healthy soil important to us
What effect does soil disturbance have on the soil itself?
Releases nutrients by breakdown of organisms, making resources available to the and altering both of the absolute and relatives rates of Ecosystems processes.
What is ecosystem?An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other and it is the organisms, as the well as weathering and landscapes, work together form a bubble of in life.
Physical disturbances of them day up the to ecosystems releases nutrients by breakdown of organisms, making it off is resources available and altering both the absolute and relatives and friends rates of Ecosystems me processes (e.g. primary productivity, secondary consumption, decomposition, nitrogen fixation), and qualitatively altering the main pathways involved .
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What name given to organisms that live in acidic medium
What dissection instrument should we use to clean adhering tissues during dissection.
Answer:
Russian Forceps: Used for atraumatic tissue grasping during dissection. Tissue Forceps: Non-toothed forceps used for fine handling of tissue and traction during dissection. Adson Forceps: Forceps toothed at the tip used for handling dense tissue, such as in skin closures.
Explanation:
What are 8 mineral rocks that make up the earths crust
Answer: 1. Feldspars, 2. Quartz, 3. Amphiboles, 4. Micas, 5. Garnet, 6. Calcite, 7. Pyroxenes, 8. Plagioclase
Explanation: Minerals must be naturally occurring. This implies that artificial materials like steel aren't comprised of minerals. Since minerals are inorganic substances, they are not living things and are not created by living things through processes like eating or growing. Due to the broad distribution of basaltic rocks and their metamorphic analogues, plagioclase is a fairly common mineral. The most significant mineral in the crust is plagioclase. More than half of the Earth's crust is made up of feldspars, and a sizable portion of the literature on mineralogy is devoted to them. After feldspar, quartz is the mineral that is most prevalent in the crust of the Earth. It can be found in almost all sedimentary, metamorphic, and acidic rocks. In silica-rich felsic rocks like granites, granodiorites, and rhyolites, it is a crucial mineral.
which diagram demonstrates how crossing-over contributes to genetic variety during meiosis?
The exchange of genetic material that occurs during the development of germ cells is referred to as crossing over. The illustration that best illustrates crossing over is as follows:
The exchange of genetic material that occurs during the development of germ cells is referred to as crossing over. The illustration that best illustrates crossing over is as follows:
The process of genetic material switching during the development of reproductive cells is known as crossing over. The process of crossing over is crucial because it results in distinct combinations and variation in the daughter cells. Between prophase I and metaphase I, the procedure takes place.
Incorrect response causes:
A) The table that is provided shows the cross between two heterozygous genes.
B) The chromosomes are oriented at the equator plate during the metaphase of cell division, which is represented by the image.
D) The displayed graphic depicts DNA replication.
Consequently, the transition takes place during meiosis.
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If we wanted to test a mystery solution to see if it contains sugar, what two other solutions should we test? What are they called and what do they contain? Why do we test them too?
To test to for the presence of sugar, the solution to be used is called the Benedicts Solution. The other solution to use is the Iodine solution.
Why do we use Benedicts' solution and Iodine solution when testing for Sugar?Both Benedict's solution and iodine solution are commonly used to test for the presence of sugars and starch, respectively. By testing the mystery solution with both of these solutions, you can determine whether it contains sugar or starch, or both.
It is important to test the mystery solution with both Benedict's solution and iodine solution because different types of sugars and carbohydrates can have different chemical properties, and therefore may not be detected by a single testing solution. Lugol's iodine, commonly known as aqueous iodine or strong iodine solution, is a water-based solution containing potassium iodide and iodine.
Testing with multiple solutions helps to ensure a more accurate and complete analysis.
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the abrasions on the skin caused by unburned gun powder striking the skin is called what? group of answer choices jacketing stippling stellate tearing rifling
Unburned gunpowder fragments striking the skin can create stippling. Stippling, in contrast to other things that may be deposited on the skin, including soot, cannot be removed by washing.
Are a gunshot wound and an abrasion?An abrasion rim, also known as the perimeter of abraded tissue, generally surrounds the persistent tract or cavity in gunshot wounds. Due to the lubricant that was deposited on the tissue during projectile penetration, the wound also has a grease collar.
What is the term for when you are scraped by a bullet?An abrasion collar, often referred to as an abrasion ring or abrasion rim, is a small band of stretched, abraded skin that develops quickly around projectile wounds like gunshot wounds.
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2
Which of the following is an example of stewardship towards the environment?
OA. giving money to charities
OB. helping find a lost dog
OC. pouring unused medicine down the drain
OD. volunteering to help plant trees
Answer: installation of water saving fixtures, grey water recycling systems, reuse of production waste water, rain water harvesting systems
Explanation: installation of water saving fixtures, grey water recycling systems, reuse of production waste water, rain water harvesting systems, etc. Material Conservation Conserve materials used at your site by changing process, product or formulations, participate in waste exchanges, reuse operational waste, etc.
Answer:
volunteering to help plant trees
Explanation:
OD
a very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a
Very large, rapidly adapting tactile receptors consisting of a single dendrite surrounded by concentric layers of collagen are lamellar bodies.
Lamellar corpuscles (also known as Pacinian corpuscles) in the skin and fascia sense rapid vibrations (approximately 200-300 Hz). Mechanoreceptors in the skin respond to mechanical stimuli resulting from physical interactions such as pressure and vibration. The pacinic body, also known as the father pacini or lamellar body, is a sensory receptor for vibration and deep pressure and is essential for proprioception. It is the deeper of the two layers that make up the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Laminated blood cells (also called Pacinian corpuscles) function specifically to detect pressure and vibration sensations.
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Figure 2 shows the materials used in a test for PSA.
In the PSA test, the blood sample is added to the well. After 60 minutes, the well is washed out.
Then, antibodies against PSA with enzyme A attached are added to the well.
After 30 minutes, the well is washed out again. Finally, substrate A is added. I800000 ninom
In a negative test, the end solution is colourless. In a positive test, the end solution is blue.
2.2* Explain how the PSA test can be used to test for prostate cancer. (6)
Answer: Because once they interact the protons work in a chemical rea thing changing the color if positive
Explanation:
two autosomal genes, g and h, are 80 map units apart. you perform the following test cross: g h / g h x / g h. at what frequency would you find g h / g h progeny?
the following cross-test: g h/g hx/g h. The probability of finding g h / g h progeny is 25%.
What does a map unit indicating two genes mean?Calculating the distance between the two genes is often required, and it is expressed in unique units called map units (also known as recombination units). The percent recombination (recombination frequency) between the two genes on the chromosome can be used to calculate map units.
Gene distances of up to 50 map units are possible.The "map unit" (1 cM) is the distance on the genetic map that equates to a 1% recombination frequency. Although the maximal recombination frequency is 50%, big chromosomes may have cumulative map distances substantially greater than 50cM.
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An error during M phase would be most likely to affect a multicellular
organism in what way?
A. The organism develops cells with too few or too many organelles.
B. The organism develops cells that are too small.
C. The organism develops cells with too few or too many
chromosomes.
D. The organism develops cells that are too large.
Answer: C. The organism develops cells with too few or too many
Explanation:
You are studying a plant. Most of the cells in the plant (99 percent) have been found to contain 10 chromosomes. However, you have found in certain parts of the plant the cell containing 5 chromosomes. How could you explain your findings?
Answer choices:
A) Plant reproductive cells are produced by meiosis and cells containing 5 chromosomes are body cells produced by mitosis
B) Plant reproductive cells are produced by mitosis and cells containing 5 chromosomes are body cells produced by meiosis
C) Plant body cells are produced by mitosis and cells containing 5 chromosomes are reproductive cells produced by meiosis
D) Plant body cells are produced by meiosis and cells containing 5 chromosomes are reproductive cells produced by mitosis
The correct explanation can be "Plant body cells are produced by mitosis and cells containing 5 chromosomes are reproductive cells produced by meiosis".
What is meant by meiosis?
It is a special type of cell division occurs in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in the gametes to half of the parent cell and producing four haploid cells.
Generally, Plants undergo mitotic cell division to produce diploid parts like stem, leaf etc. But they use meiotic cell division to produce haploid parts that ultimately results in the production of egg and sperm cells which are haploid.
Both pollen mother cells and megaspore mother cells undergo meiotic division to produce sperm cells and egg for the continuation of generation. During meiotic division chromosomes are reduced to half of the parent cell.
Hence, certain parts of the plant undergo meiotic division to produce gametes and this result in the reduction of chromosomes to 5 whereas most of the parts of the plant which undergo mitotic division have 10 chromosomes.
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