according to ice core and fossil evidence, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are higher now than at any time for at least the last years. a) 65 b) 65,000 c) 650,000 d) 6.5 million e) 65 million
At any time for at least the last years C) 65,000 years.
To protect the climate and to mitigate climate change, firstly we have to control the emission of the greenhouse gases. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum etc releases a huge quantity of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, reducing the greenhouse gas emission is important to mitigate or stop climate change.
C) 650,000 years
Over the past 650,000 years, there has been almost seven cycles of glaciation(glacial advance and retreat) leading to excessively high carbon dioxide levels.
Thus, option C is the correct choice.
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What is the energy of a wave with a wavelength of 7.3E-9 m
The energy of a wave with a wavelength of 7.3E-9 m is 2.72 x 10^-17 Joules.
What is wavelength?The wavelength is described as the spatial period of a periodic wave the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
To calculate the energy, we use the Planck's equation
E = h x c / λ
substitute the values of the given parameters, we have
Planck's constant in joules (h = 6.6261 × 10⁻³⁴ J⋅s),
speed of light (c = 299792458 m/s).
λ = 7.3E-9 m
Energy = 6.6261 × 10⁻³⁴ x (299792458/ 7.3E-9 m)
Energy = 2.72 x 10^-17 Joules.
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the inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s]. Explain this observation.
The inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s] because kcat/kM = 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland.
Uncompetitive inhibition is an example of a reversible inhibition.
At [S] > KM the effect of the inhibitor on reducing Vmax is apparent because as [S] increases, V approaches Vmax / α′
At [S] < KM the effect of the inhibitor is minimal because as [S] decreases, V approaches Vmax[S] / KM.
kcat = Vmax/[Etotal]
= ( 164*10-6 (mol/L)min-1 )/(1*10-9 mol/L)
= 1.64 x 10^5 min-1
kcat/kM = ( 164000 min-1 / 32*10-6 M
= 5125*106 (M.min)-1
= 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
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true or false even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in glycolysis are endergonic.
The statement "Even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in glycolysis are endergonic" is a TRUE statement.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway of reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate (in the presence of oxygen) or lactate (in the absence of oxygen). There are ten sequences of reactions in it catalyzed by enzymes.
The overall reactions of glycolysis are exergonic, which means energy is released into its surroundings, However, some of the reactions within glycolysis absorb energy instead of releasing energy, making them endergonic reactions. One of them is the second reaction in glycolysis, where isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of G-6-P to F-6-P.
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If the free energy change delta G for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:A) at equilibrium.B) endergonic.C) endothermic.D) exergonic.E) exothermic.
The reaction is exergonic. that is the free energy change delta G for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is exergonic.
Chemical thermodynamics, exergonic reactions are chemical reactions in which the change in free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy).
This shows the spontaneous reaction when the system is closed and the initial and final temperatures are the same.
Reactions can be endergonic or exergonic. Endergonic reactions require heat or energy input. The exergonic reaction is the opposite. it gives off heat. Answer and Explanation:
Reactions with negative values of G are exergonic, meaning they release heat.
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is there evidence of the diffusion of iodine molecules? if so, what is the evidence and in which direction did iodine molecules diffuse?
Yes, Water moves through osmosis as it transitions from a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis via the dialysis tube was demonstrated by the fact that there was an increase in liquid in the dialysis bag and a decrease in water and iodine solution in the cup.
Osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane, and movement occurs continuously. A membrane is not required for diffusion, which is the movement of molecules.
They both transition from a high concentration to a low concentration, they don't require energy, and they happen in both plants and animals.
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1. in this experiment, why 3-sulfolene was used instead of 1,3-butadiene? explain thoroughly for full credit.
Starting with solid 3-sulfolene and decomposing was easier than starting with gaseous 1,3-butadiene.
3-Sulfolene is used to produce 1,3-butadiene by decomposition with maleic anhydride in solution. The solution should be heated slightly to decompose all the sulfolene to butadiene which reacts with the anhydride.
Diene is produced in a reaction vessel by heating butadiene sulfone until it decomposes into 1,3-butadiene and sulfur dioxide. The Diels-Alder reaction involves the replacement of four pi electrons from the diene and two pi electrons from the dienophile. This reaction is used to generate vitamin B6. The activation energies for these processes are reached only at high temperatures.
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how many moles of agcl(s) would form when 100. ml of 0.400 m agno3 is mixed with 90.0 ml of 0.250 m cacl2 ? g
100ml of 0.400 m AgNO3 and 90.0 ml of 0.250 m CaCl2 would combine to create 0.0225 moles of AgCl(s).
AgNO3 + CaCl2 -> AgCl + Ca(NO3)2 is the result of the given reaction
One mole of AgNO3 interacts with one mole of CaCl2 to produce one mole of AgCl in this reaction.
Given that AgNO3 (v1) has a volume of= 100 ml
Volume of CaCl2(v2) = 90ml
molarity of AgNO3 (m1) = 0.400M
Molarity of CaCl2 (m2) = 0.250M
Moles of AgNO3 formed: v1 x m1/1L = 0.1 x 0.4/1 = 0.04
moles of CaCl2 formed: v2 x m2/1L = 0.09 x 0.25/1L = 0.0225
Since AgNO3 exceeds 0.0225 moles of AgCl, CaCl2 is the limiting reactant in this limiting reactant problem.
Hence the number of moles of AgCl formed = 0.0225
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Glucose, C6H12O6 is a sugar found in fruits and honey. is the molar mass of fructose?
Answer:
C6H12O6 is molar mass of fructose
Explanation:
the major component of honey is fructose.180.16g/mol
a chemist mixes solid agcl, cucl2, and mgcl2 in enough water to give a final volume of 50.0 ml.
Because AgCl is insoluble in water. But Cu2Cl2, MgCl2 are soluble in water.
Silver chloride, AgCl, is a white crystalline solid with a poor water solubility. AgCl occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite. When exposed to sunshine or heat, silver chloride oxidises to silver and chlorine.
AgCl has various disinfecting and antiseptic qualities and is also used to treat mercury toxicity. This substance is used in antimicrobials, wound healing products, personal deodorants, water treatment, and antidotes.
Ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact are all harmful. Prolonged exposure can cause argyria, a blue discoloration of the skin. Irritating to the eyes and skin. Dangerous to the environment.
Light sensitive compounds include silver chloride. They may also respond to light extremely quickly and lose their characteristics. As a result, they must be stored in dark bottles to prevent light from entering.
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determine the value of kp for the following reaction: 4hcl(g)+o2(g)⇌2cl2(g)+2h2o(g)
The equilibrium constant at a temperature of 25°C is Kp = 28.18. This value can be expressed to three significant digits as Kp = 28.2.
What exactly is balance?A state of balance between conflicting forces or influences is known as equilibrium. It is a principle that is applied in a variety of fields, including as physics, chemistry, and economics.
The following equation can be used to determine the equilibrium constant for the specified reaction:
Kp = [Cl₂]²[H₂O]² / [HCl]⁴[O₂]
The partial pressures of the gases can be used to determine Kp on the assumption that the gas is ideal.
Kp = (PCl₂)²(PH₂O)²/ (PHCl)⁴(PO₂)
Kp is easily calculable if the partial pressures of each gas are known. Finding the equilibrium constants at a given temperature is important because no pressures are provided in this scenario.
According to the information in the thermochemical table, Kp = 28.18 is the equilibrium constant at 25°C. 3 significant figures can be used to express this amount Kp = 28.2.
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why don't we see hydrogen balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k?
These stars are so cool that nearly all of the hydrogen atoms are in the ground state that's why don't we see hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k.
What are hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra?The hydrogen emission spectrum includes the Balmer series as a subset. In the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, only these lines are present. The hydrogen Rydberg constant has a value of 109,677 cm. The section of the hydrogen emission spectrum known as the Balmer series is essentially where an electron is energised to go from the second shell to any other shell. Other transitions follow suit and have their own series titles. Here is a list of a few of them:
Lyman series: The changes from the first shell to any other shell.Balmer series: The change from any other shell to the second shell.Paschen series: Third shell to any other shell transition.Brackett series: Fourth shell to any other shell transition.Pfund series: Fifth shell to any other shell transition.To learn more about Hydrogen Atoms here:
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Explain why the ymbol for the element ulfur and the formula for a molecule of ulfur differ�
The symbol for atomic sulfur and molecular sulfur is different. The symbol for atomic sulfur is S and the symbol for molecule sulfur is S₈.
The symbol of an element or atom is just the representation with few alphabets with no digit.
example
Symbol for Oxygen is O
Symbol for Nitrogen is N
Symbol for sulfur is S
However in case of molecule we know that molecule is the combination of atoms. In sulfur molecule 8 sulfur atom is present so we represent the molecule as S₈.
Thus the elemental form of sulfur is an eight atomic molecule
The forms is represented as S₈.
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calculate the freezing point of a 0.09500 m aqueous solution of glucose. the molal freezing-point-depression constant of water is 1.86oc/m
The freezing point of a 0.09500 m aqueous solution of glucose is -0.1767 °C.
Let's use the freezing point depression's accumulative feature.
ΔT=Kf.m.i
i= Van't Hoff factor (number of ions dissolved). Due to the non-electrolyte nature of glucose, I = 1
m = molality (mol of solute/kilogram of solvent).
We have these numbers → is 0.095 m
The freezing-point-depression constant for water Kf is 1.86 °C/m when
ΔT = T° freezing pure solvent - T° freezing solution
(0° - T° freezing solution)= 1.86 °C/m for . 0.095 m. 1
T° of freezing solution= 1.86 °C/m. 0.095 m . 1 → -0.1767°C
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What substance would precipitate if you were to add a saturated sodium carbonate solution to a saturated sodium chloride solution? Why?
NaCl + Na₂CO₃ ⇌ NaCl + Na₂CO₃
Answer:
Explanation: This is an example of a double displacement reaction. Here sodium carbonate is added to sodium chloride. The result is no visible reaction.
There is no effect of mixing the solids. Mixing solutions would have little effect unless they were at very high concentrations, then it is possible some sodium carbonate would precipitate due to the common ion effect.
Which equations represent precipitation reactions? na2s febr2 → 2nabr fes mgso4 cacl2 → mgcl2 caso4 lioh nh4i → lii nh4oh 2nacl k2s → na2s 2kcl agno3 nacl → agcl nano3
• 2KOH(aqueous) + CaCl2(aqueous)—Ca(OH)2(aqueous) + 2KCl
• AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous)—AgCl(precipitate) + KNO3(aqueous)
• NaCl and aqueous AgNO3 (aqueous) AgCl + NaNO3 in water;
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl in water; MgCl2 (aqueous) + 2H2O(l)
How do you recognize a precipitation reaction in an equation?
Usually, only net ionic equations are used to describe precipitation reactions. A net ionic equation cannot be stated if all products are watery since all ions cancel each other out as spectator ions. As a result, there is no precipitation response.
An illustration of a precipitate equation
Precipitation reaction examples include adding 2 KI (aq.), 2 KNO3 (aq.), and PbI2 (s/ppt). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and insoluble barium sulfate are produced by the reaction of barium chloride (BaCl2) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) (BaSO4).
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the correct formula for the compound formed from mg and s is ________.
Answer:
MgS thus, magnesium sulphide
What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions? How do they affect the enthalpy and the temperature of the system and the surroundings?
The enthalpy of a system refers to the heat content of the system. In an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system increases because heat is being absorbed from the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system decreases because heat is being released to the surroundings.
The temperature of the surroundings can also be affected by endothermic and exothermic reactions. In an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases because heat is being absorbed by the system. In an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the surroundings increases because heat is being released by the system.
In summary, endothermic reactions absorb heat and have a positive enthalpy change, while exothermic reactions release heat and have a negative enthalpy change. The temperature of the system and the surroundings will change in opposite directions in endothermic and exothermic reactions.
an organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be
organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be C10H12O2
73.14% C , 7.37% H , 19.49 % O
lets say there are 100g of compound then there are 73.14g C , 7.37g H , 19.49g O
no of moles of C = 73.14 / 12.01 = 6.09 mol
no of moles of H = 7.37/1.0079 = 7.31 mol
no of moles of O = 19.49/15.9994 = 1.22 mol
now divide by the smallest no of moles( 1.22 mol) for each
we get C:H:O = 4.99 : 5.99 : 1.00
therefore C5H6O is the empirical formula
molecular formula = n ( C5H6O)
n = molecular mass / empirical mass of compound = 164.2 / 82 = 2
molecular formula =2( C5H6O) = C10H12O2
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An organic compound contains 20.0 % Carbon, 6.66% Hydrogen, 47.33% Nitrogen and the rest was Oxygen. Its molar mass is 60 gm. The molecular formula of the compound is? (A)
C
H
4
N
2
O
(B)
C
H
2
N
O
2
(C)
C
2
H
6
N
O
(D)
C
H
18
N
O
A molar empirical mass of 60 g is present ( same as the given molar mass ). Consequently, the molecular formula is CN2OH4.
How is an organic molecule's percent yield calculated?After dividing the actual yield produced in the lab by the predicted theoretical yield, multiply the result by 100 to determine the yield percentage.
How do you figure out the recovery percentage?Percent recovery is calculated as the difference between what you actually gathered and what you were expected to collect. Consider that after recrystallization, you obtained 7.0 g of dry pure material from 10.0 g of impure material. Your recovery rate is then 70% (7/10 x 100).
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an element e has the electron configuration [ar]3d104s24p2. what is the formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be?
The formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be EF4.
Define electron configuration.
The most common nomenclature for describing an atom's electronic configuration is its electron configuration. We allow each electron to occupy an orbital under the orbital approximation, which can be solved by a single wave function.
Since the valency of the element E is 4 and and the valency of flourine is 1, the compound of these two elements will have the formula EF4.
Therefore, the formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be EF4.
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8) estimate how many ml of 0.100 m naoh would be needed to back titrate an analytical solution containing at most 200 mg of mg(oh)2 (fw 58.32) to which 45.0 ml of 0.225m hcl was added?
Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] + 2HCl [tex]- >[/tex] HgCl[tex]\\_{2}[/tex] +2H[tex]_{2}[/tex]O
200Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] = 200/58.32 of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] = 3.429 mol of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex]
1 mole of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] reacts with 2 moles of HCl = 10.125 moles of HCl
therefore result from the above equation is 6.858 moles of HCl .
Excess remaing HCl in the solution is 3.267 moles
we have to titrate the solution with 0.100M of NaOH.
HCl +NaOH [tex]- >[/tex] NaCl+ H[tex]_{2}[/tex]O
therefor the amount of NaOH required is 3.267/0.100
it is 32.67 ml
32.7ml of 0.100 m naoh would be needed to back titrate an analytical solution containing at most 200 mg of mg(oh)2 (fw 58.32) to which 45.0 ml of 0.225m hcl was added
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the water took longer to evaporate. what does this imply about the strength of the attraction of the molecules to each other?
The strength of attraction of the water molecules to each other is the hydrogen bonding.
The slowest evaporating liquid might be the water. Water 's hydrogen bonding, being the most powerful sort of intermolecular force, might be the toughest to triumph over to break out into the fueloline kingdom and could bring about the longest time. Hydrogen bonds do not form in all molecules because hydrogen can only form these bonds with highly electronegative atoms. It is a weak type of force that happens when a hydrogen atom is bonded to an atom which has a high electronegativity.
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carbon disulfide has a vapor pressure of 363 torr at 25 degrees and a normal boiling point of 46.3 degrees find the change in hvap
The change in enthalpy of vaporization is 27.4 kJ/mol that can be calculated using Clausius-Clapeyron relation.
The Clausius-Clapeyron relation is used to characterize a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of the same constituent such as ice. The plot is drawn between 1/T vs ln P.
T1= 25+273=298 K
P1=363 Torr
T2= 46.3+273 = 319.3 K
P2= 760 Torr which is the atmospheric pressure.
By using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
ln(P2/P1)=ΔH/R[1/T1-1/T2]
ln (760/363)=ΔH/8.314x10^-3[1/298-1/319.3]
ΔH=27.44 kJ/mol
Therefore, the change in enthalpy of vaporization is 27.4 kJ/mol.
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what is the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution containing 9% (by weight) ethylene glycol (62 g/mol) at 25oc. ph2o
A solution of 9% (by weight) ethylene glycol (62 g/mol) in water at 25 °C has a vapor pressure of 23.1 torr.
Raoult's Law.
Consider a 100 g solution.
Ethylene glycol mass is 9 g
water mass is 100 g - 9 g = 91 g moles.
Ethylene glycol = 9 g times 1 mole/62 g =0.1451 moles.
moles water = 9 g x 1 mole/18 g = 5.0555 moles water
Total moles are equal to 0.1451 + 5.0555 = 5.2006 moles
the mole percentage of water = 5.0555 moles/5.2006 moles = 0.9720
Vapor pressure is equal to the mole percentage of water times the pure water vapor pressure (0.9720)(23.8 torr) = 23.1359 torr.
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gas is placed in a balloon with a volume of 3.0 l at 35oc and 800 torr. what would be the new volume for the gas if placed under stp?
gas is placed in a balloon with a volume of 3.0 l at 35oc and 800 torr. what would be the new volume for the gas if placed under stp The new volume will be "13.0 L" when the balloon is inflated to less than 800 mmHg.
Ideal gas formula
The answer to the query is
P1 = 1 atm for pressure
P₂ = 1.053 atm
T1 = 273.15 K for the temperature.
T₂ = 373.15 K
V1 = 10.0 L of volume
The ideal gas equation can be used to:
⇒ PV = nRT
or,
Then,
The new book will be:
→ V₂ =
By changing the values above,
=
= 13.0 L
Consequently, the strategy described above is appropriate.
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retinal damage can be caused by light between 445 nm and 470 nm. what is the energy in kj/mol of photons with a wavelength of 457.5 nm?
2.17x10^-33kj/mol of energy is damaged by the photons which are caused by the light.
The Energy of Proton:
The energy of a photon has a direct relationship with the frequency of the photon. It can be defined as the energy a single photon carries.
The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength.
Given that:
The light lies between 445nm and 470nm. so the value of c is 15nm
wavelength=4577.5nm
If the photon's wavelength is known, the photon's energy can be calculated using the formula :
[tex]E=\frac{h c}{wavelength}[/tex]
h is Planck's constant,h=6.626x10^-34 c is the speed of light and the wavelength of the radiation are all represented in the equation.
Now substitute the values in the formula,
[tex]E=\frac{ 6.626*10^-34*15}{457.5}[/tex]
E=2.17x10^-33kj/mol
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what volume of 0.2500 m strontium hydroxide is required to completely react with 75.00 ml of 0.07942m hcl?
The volume of 0.2500 m strontium hydroxide is required to completely react with 75.00 ml of 0.07942m hcl is 11.91 mL.
Calculation:-
Sr(OH)2 + 2 HCl => SrCl2 + 2 H2O
Moles of HCl = volume x concentration of HCl
= 75.00/1000 x 0.07942 = 0.0059565 mol
Moles of Sr(OH)2 = 1/2 x moles of HCl
= 1/2 x 0.0059565 = 0.00297825 mol
Volume of Sr(OH)2 = moles/concentration of Sr(OH)2
= 0.00297825/0.2500
= 0.01191 L = 11.91 mL
The health risks associated with radioactive strontium are very low at concentrations commonly found in the environment. Higher-than-normal levels of radioactive strontium lower blood cell concentrations and increase the risk of certain types of cancer. There is a possibility. Strontium is a soft silvery-yellow alkaline earth metal.
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a 100 ml solution containing 0.100 m nahco3 is treated with excess acid, producing carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere. how much work (in j) is done by the co2 if this reaction occurs at 298k and 1 atmosphere of pressure?
If the reaction occurs at 298K and 1 atmosphere of pressure, the work done by the CO₂ is -24.8 Joules.
How to calculate work (in joule) is done by the CO₂ if the reaction occurs at 298K and 1atm of pressure?Work is the energy required to move something against a force. The energy of a system can change due to work and other forms of energy transfer such as heat. Gases do expansion or compression work with the equation W = - P * ΔV.
From the question given
molarity of (NaHCO₃) = 0.1m
Volume of NaHCO₃ (V) = 100ml * 10⁻³ L / 1 ml = 0.1L
T (temperature) = 298k
P (pressure) = 1atm
moles of NaHCO₃
= molarity * Volume in Liters
= 0.1m * 0.1L = 0.01L
NaHCO₃ + HCl -> CO₂ + H₂O + NaCl
moles of CO₂ = moles of NaHCO₃ * (coefficient of CO₂ / Coefficient of NaHCO₃)
= 0.01L * 1/1
= 0.01 mol (moles of CO₂)
so, initial moles of CO₂ = 0
final moles of CO₂ = 0.01mol (based from the calculation)
Δn 0.01 - 0 = 0.01mol
Now, let's use work formula (as mentioned above on explanation part)
Work = - P * ΔV
= - Δn * R *T
Where R = 8.314J / mol.K
= - ( 0.01mol * 8.314 J / mol*K * 298K)
= -24.8J
Therefore, the work done by the CO₂ on this 100ml solution is -24.8Joules.
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Why do people debate how to account for different roughness conditions in different portions of compound channel cross-section? how do we try to deal with this concern?
People argue how to take into account for varied roughness conditions in different regions of natural and restored waterways since they are typically constructed of compound channels rather than simple cross-sectional areas like rectangles, trapezoids, triangles, or simple curved forms.
What is a compound channel ?
A "compound" channel consists of a main channel that can handle regular flows and a flood plain that is submerged during heavy flows on one or both sides.
According to several researchers and practitioners, non-compound channels with channel beds and sides constructed of different materials or main channels with unusually shaped geometry and varying roughness should be the key applications for these composite roughness coefficient approaches. Furthermore, they propose the use of a composite roughness for compound channels when there are negligible roughness variations between the main channel and flood plains. These engineers recommend that the segmented conveyance approach instead be used in the majority of compound channel applications.
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