Water in a truck's radiator can get hotter than 100 °C when the radiator is sealed tightly. How is it possible for water to exist as a liquid at temperatures above its normal boiling point?

a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle because the kinetic-molecular theory states that the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. Since the flame of a burning candle is hot, the wax molecules move faster, allowing them to take up more space and eventually melt.

The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the following five fundamental principles:

The average distances between the molecules that make up a gas are substantially bigger than the diameters of the individual molecules. When compared to the volume of the gas itself, the volume filled by the gas' molecules is insignificant.

In a perfect gas, neither the molecules nor the container walls are attracted to one another.

The molecules move randomly and continuously and, as physical objects, they are subject to Newton's laws of motion. Until they collide with one another or the container walls, the molecules move in a straight line.

Collisions are fully elastic; although two molecules' orientations and kinetic energies change when they collide, the overall kinetic energy is conserved. It is not "sticky" to collide.

The relationship between the average gas molecule kinetic energy and absolute temperature is direct. The word "average" is crucial in this context because individual molecules' velocities and kinetic energy will vary widely, with some even having zero velocities at specific times. This suggests that if the temperature were to drop to absolute zero, all molecular motion would stop.

Explanation:

b.  Since a freezer is much colder than room temperature, the water molecules move very slowly and become organized, allowing them to form ice cubes.

c. All matter is made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. When the ginger ale is poured into the glass, the molecules of the liquid spread out to fill the shape of the glass due to their motion.

d. The molecules in a liquid are in constant motion, and that when they move, they bump into each other, passing energy from one to the other. This energy causes the particles to move faster. As they move faster, they create turbulence that causes them to break away from the liquid surface. These particles then form a vapor, which is an invisible form of water called water vapor. As these particles accumulate together, they gradually evaporate from the swimming pool, eventually diminishing its water level.

e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days because the molecules of water vapor slow down and as they lose energy they no longer have enough kinetic energy to remain in the gaseous state. The molecules then condense and form liquid water droplets on cool surfaces such as windows.

f. Snow gradually disappears even when the temperature remains below freezing because the heat stored in the snow starts to melt the snow. This occurs even when the outside temperature remains at freezing or below because the heat is released from the snow and warms the surrounding air.

g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases because the particles of gases have more energy and thus more freedom of movement than particles of solids and liquids. The particles of gases can move around and can occupy larger spaces than particles of solids and liquids, allowing them to be compressed more effectively.

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The enthalpy of the reaction is -393.2 kJ/mol. The answer is (C).

Enthalpy of reaction (ΔHrxn) refers to the heat energy that is either absorbed or released during a chemical reaction, while the pressure remains constant. It is determined as the difference between the enthalpies of the products and the reactants, and enthalpy, in turn, refers to the heat energy stored within a substance.

ΔHf°(H2O(l)) = -285.8 kJ/mol

ΔHf°(KOH(aq)) = -482.4 kJ/mol

ΔHf°(H2(g)) = 0 kJ/mol

ΔHf°(K(s)) = 0 kJ/mol

To calculate the enthalpy of the reaction, we first need to balance the equation:

The given equation is the balanced equation

ΔHrxn = [2ΔHf°(KOH(aq)) + ΔHf°(H2(g))] - [2ΔHf°(H2O(l))]

ΔHrxn = [2(-482.4 kJ/mol) + 0 kJ/mol] - [2(-285.8 kJ/mol)]

ΔHrxn = [-964.8 kJ/mol] - [-571.6 kJ/mol]

ΔHrxn = -393.2 kJ/mol

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The answers are:

A rock is a naturally occurring collection of minerals, and the kind and quantity of minerals it contains influence its hardness. Quartz, feldspar, mica, and calcite are just a few of the minerals that are present in all rocks. Additionally, rocks may include mineraloids and organic byproducts. Rocks are categorised based on their texture, mineral makeup, and additional features including colour, streak, lustre, and cleavage.

The three rocks are sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Rocks can be utilised in a variety of applications, including building, landscaping, and industrial activities.

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Compared to crushed pills, loose powder medications have a higher surface area, which allows for faster body absorption and disintegration, leading to a speedier effect.

The drug's surface area has a direct relationship with the dissolving rate. Higher dissolving rates may be attained by reducing the particle size since surface area grows as particle size decreases.

Therefore, disintegration agents are added to formulations to encourage the breakdown of tablets into minute granules and their component particles. This enables a faster liberation of the drug particles from the tablet matrix, increasing the surface area for subsequent dissolving.

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The mole fraction of the solute in the solution is calculated as 0.1406.

Non-volatile solute is a substance that does not readily evaporate at given temperature and pressure.

Raoult's law : P_total = P_solute + P_water

P_total is total vapor pressure of solution, P_solute is partial pressure of  solute, and P_water is partial pressure of water.

Since the solute is non-volatile, we can assume that its partial pressure is negligible compared to the pressure of water. Therefore: P_total ≈ P_water

P_total = X_water * P°_water

X_water is mole fraction of water and P°_water is vapor pressure of pure water at same temperature.

305 torr = X_water * 355.1 torr (since P_total ≈ P_water)

X_water = 305 torr / 355.1 torr = 0.8594

X_solute = 1 - X_water = 1 - 0.8594 = 0.1406

Therefore, the mole fraction of the solute in the solution is 0.1406.

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Reactant: C3H8 + O2 = Product:  CO2 + H2O

Reactant: Zn + HCI =  Product: ZnCl₂

Reactant: KI + Pb(NO3)2 = Product: KNO3 and PbI2

Reactant: Mg(CIO3)2 = Product: MgCl2 and O2

Reactant: F2 + KBr = Product: KF and Br2

Chemical reactions entail the conversion of one or more substances into novel species, thanks to the breaking and forging of chemical bonds.

Essentially, such transformations involve the reconfiguration of atoms and/or molecules, culminating in distinct chemical and physical attributes contrasting from those of the initial materials.

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Answer: the standard change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction at 25 ∘C is 6.24 kJ/mol.

Explanation: One can employ the equation in order to calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) for the reaction at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius.

The standard free energy change, ΔG°, can be expressed as the negative product of the universal gas constant (R), temperature (T) and the natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant (K).

The equilibrium constant is denoted by K and the gas constant R has a value of 8.314 J/mol·K, while T stands for temperature in Kelvin, which is equivalent to 298 K for 25 ∘C.

K can be determined by utilizing the partial pressures at equilibrium.

K equals the square of the product of PC and the cube of PD divided by the cube of PA multiplied by the fourth power of PB.

After replacing the provided values, the result obtained is:

The value of K is obtained by raising 4.36 atm to the power of 2, and 4.70 atm to the power of 3, and then dividing that by the product of 4.62 atm to the power of 3 and 4.36 atm to the power of 4.

The numeric value of K is 0.0786.

We can now compute the value of ΔG° by using the available data.

The change in Gibbs energy under standard conditions is equal to the negative product of gas constant, temperature and natural logarithm of equilibrium constant.

The standard Gibbs free energy change is determined by multiplying the constant of gas by the temperature and natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant.

The value of ΔG° can be expressed as - (8.314 J/mol·K) multiplied by 298 K and -2.547.

The standard free energy change is either 6,237 joules per mole or 6.24 kilojoules per mole.

Answer: 0.313 mole of NH3

Explanation:

The experiment employing these pipettes would most likely have a 5% error rate.

When your estimate aims at a known, accurate figure, percent error is a useful metric. Use it to measure how near an estimate is to the actual value, in general. When an approximation value is near to the true value, there are fewer mistakes.

The percent error is the distinction between the estimated value and the actual value in relation to the actual value. In other words, the relative error is multiplied by 100 to calculate the percent error.

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NaOH is a base through all 3 definitions of base: Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis.

Arrhenius

An Arrhenius base is defined as a compound that increases the OH⁻ concentration in an aqueous solution. In other words, Arrhenius bases are compounds that have an OH⁻ ion. NaOH does dissolve into Na⁺ + OH⁻, so it will increase the OH⁻ of a solution. This means the compound is an Arrhenius base.

Bronsted-Lowry

Bronsted-Lowry bases are defined as a species that can accept a proton. Remember that a proton can be shown as H⁺. As stated above, NaOH dissolves into Na⁺ + OH⁻. In this form, the OH⁻ can accept the H⁺ to create H₂O. Thus, NaOH is a Bronsted-Lowry base.

Lewis Base

Lewis bases are compounds that can donate an electron pair. The O in dissolved NaOH has 3 electron pairs, which is what causes the negative charge on OH⁻. The O is able to donate one of the electron pairs to another species during a reaction. So, NaOH is a Lewis base.

The element with an underlined name has the oxidation state U2O74 in the specified compound state.

Each element's charge corresponds to its oxidation number in a binary ionic compound. Looking at the periodic chart will reveal the charge, which is determined by the element's group: Elements in group 1: +1 charge. components from group 2: +2 charge.

Carbon monoxide (CO), the only typical example of carbon in a +2 oxidation state, is a gas. Due to the ease with which carbon monoxide may be converted into carbon dioxide, which has a more thermodynamically stable oxidation state of +4, carbon monoxide is a powerful reducing agent.

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Explanation:

41.3 × (6.022 × 10²³)

248.7 × 10²³

2.487 × 10²⁵

The volume (in liters) of ammonia, NH₃ produced from the reaction is 127 liters (option C)

First, we shall determine the mole in 17 g of H₂. Details below:

Mole = mass / molar mass

Mole of H₂ = 17/ 2

Mole of H₂ = 8.5 moles

Next, we shall determine the volume of H₂. Details below:

1 mole of hydrogen gas, H₂ = 22.4 Liters

Therefore,

8.5 moles of hydrogen gas, H₂ = (1.24 mole × 22.4 Liters) / 1 mole

8.5 moles of hydrogen gas = 190.4 liters

Finally, we shall determine the volume of ammonia, NH₃ produced. This is shown below:

N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) -> 2NH₃(g)

From the above equtaion,

3 liters of H₂ reacted with 2 liters of NH₃

Therefore

190.4 liters of H₂ will react = (190.4 liters × 2 liters) / 3 liters = 127 liters of NH₃

Thus, from the above illustration, we can conclude that the volume of ammonia, NH₃ produced  is 127 liters (option C)

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The mass in grams of 7.55 × 10²¹ molecules of water H₂O is 1.25 × 10⁻² g.

This is using mole concept.

The International System of Units (SI) uses the mole (symbol mol) as the unit of material amount. How many elementary entities of a particular substance are present in an object or sample is determined by the quantity of that material.

Exact 6.02214076 × 10²³ basic entities make up the mole. An elementary entity can be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle like a proton depending on the makeup of the substance. For instance, although having differing volumes and masses, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element) both have the same quantity of substance, and the mercury has exactly one atom for each molecule of the water.

The mass in grams of 7.55 x 10²¹ molecules of water H₂O can be calculated using Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 10²³molecules/gram-mole.

Mass (grams) = (7.55 x 10²¹ molecules) (1 Gram/6.02 x 10²³ molecules)

Mass (grams) =  1.25 x 10⁻² grams

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The concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution is 1.80 mol/L.To determine the concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution, we need to use the equation:

What is concentration ?

concentration (in units of mol/L) = moles of solute / volume of solution (in units of L)

First, we need to calculate the moles of NaOH added to the flask:

moles of NaOH = mass of NaOH / molar mass of NaOH

moles of NaOH = 36.0 g / 40.00 g/mol

moles of NaOH = 0.900 mol

Next, we need to determine the volume of the solution. We know that 36.0 g of NaOH were added to a 500.0 mL volumetric flask, but the final volume of the solution is not given. We can assume that the volume of the solution is 500.0 mL, since that is the volume of the flask. However, we also need to take into account the fact that the addition of NaOH may cause the volume of the solution to increase slightly due to the dissolution of the solute.

Assuming that the volume of the solution is 500.0 mL, we can convert this to units of liters:

volume of solution = 500.0 mL / 1000 mL/L

volume of solution = 0.500 L

Now we can use the equation above to calculate the concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution:

concentration = 0.900 mol / 0.500 L

concentration = 1.80 mol/L

Therefore, the concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution is 1.80 mol/L.

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Complete question is: If 36.0 g of NaOH (MM = 40.00 g/mol) are added to a 500.0 mL volumetric flask, and water is added to fill the flask, 1.80 mol/L concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution.

A: Polar Attraction, because water molecules have a slightly positive charge on one end and a slightly negative charge on the other end, which causes them to be attracted to each other due to electrostatic forces.

Polar attraction is the attraction between two polar molecules. Polar molecules contain atoms with slightly different charges, resulting in a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end of the molecule. The attractive force that occurs between two polar molecules is the result of the positively charged end of one molecule being attracted to the negatively charged end of the other molecule. This type of attraction is known as a dipole-dipole interaction.

Electrostatic forces are forces of attraction or repulsion between particles that are caused by their electrical charge. Electrically charged particles are either positively or negatively charged, and they exert a force on each other that is proportional to the magnitude of their charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Electrostatic forces can be used to explain phenomena such as the attraction of dust particles to surfaces and the clustering of ions in a solution.

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The equation can be written as; ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

The equation for the free energy change (ΔG) in a system can be expressed in terms of the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS)

The Gibbs free energy equation links changes in enthalpy and entropy that occur during a process to changes in a system's free energy. If G is negative, the process can happen spontaneously and is thermodynamically beneficial.

If G is positive, the process requires an energy input and is not thermodynamically favorable. The system is in equilibrium if G is zero.

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A chemist would most likely study how rain affects statues as it involves analyzing the physical and chemical changes caused by rainfall on different materials, such as metal or limestone.

A chemist would most likely study 'how rain affects statues'. This query falls under the domain of chemistry as it involves the study of physical and chemical changes caused by rainfall on different materials. Rainwater, due to the presence of various dissolved gases, can be slightly acidic. When this water comes in contact with statues, especially those made of certain metals or limestone, it can react causing corrosion or weathering, which a chemist would study.

In the case of metal statues, the acidic nature of rainwater can initiate corrosion processes, leading to the gradual degradation of the metal's surface. This phenomenon involves chemical reactions that a chemist is well-equipped to elucidate and study.

For statues crafted from limestone or other calcareous materials, rainwater can cause weathering, a process that involves chemical dissolution and physical erosion. Understanding the chemical intricacies of these reactions falls squarely within the purview of chemistry.

Hence, the study of 'how rain affects statues' inherently encompasses the investigation of the chemical alterations and transformations induced by rainfall, rendering it a quintessential domain of chemistry. This research not only sheds light on the impact of environmental factors on cultural artifacts but also contributes to the broader understanding of chemical interactions in the natural world.

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Considering both the forward and the reverse directions,  the Bronsted acids in the reaction is  H₂S and CH₃NH₃⁺. The correct option is B.

The chemical reaction is as :

CH₃NH₂(aq) + H₂S(aq) ⇄ CH₃NH₃⁺(aq) + HS⁻(aq)

According to the Bronsted - Lowry theory, acids are the substance that will donates the H⁺ ion or the proton and it will forms the conjugate base.

In the forward reaction, the H₂S donates the proton to the CH₃NH₂.

In the reverse reaction, the CH₃NH₃⁺ will donates the proton to the HS⁻.

Hence, the Bronsted - Lowry acids in the reversible reaction are H₂S and CH₃NH₃⁺. The option B is correct.

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Answer 1:

During the summer months in the northern hemisphere (where the United States is located), Earth is in position C, which is when the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun.

Answer 2:

The highest tide occurs during the full moon phase, which is represented by position C in the diagram.

Answer 3:

A star that has a luminosity of 10^-2 is likely a red dwarf.

Answer 4:

Telescopes that observe short-wavelength radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, do not need to be placed in orbit around Earth because these wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere. Therefore, telescopes that observe these wavelengths are typically placed in space, outside of Earth's atmosphere.

Answer 5:

The student is likely demonstrating the relationship between the Earth and the Sun's gravitational pull. The ball represents the Sun, and the string represents the gravitational force pulling the Earth towards the Sun. The demonstration shows how the Earth orbits the Sun due to this gravitational force.

Gravitational force is described as a force that exists between any two objects in the universe that have mass.

It is the force that causes objects with mass to be attracted to each other. The magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between them.

Along with the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force, gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of the universe.

Sir Isaac Newton initially introduced it in his law of universal gravitation, and Albert Einstein later elaborated on it in his theory of general relativity.

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Answer:

20 valence electrons

Explanation:

The number of valence electrons in carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) are 4, 1, and 7, respectively. The number of total valence electrons (TVE) in CH₂Cl₂ is calculated as follows-

TVE in CH₂Cl₂ = valence electrons in C + 2(valence electrons in H) + 2(valence electrons in Cl)

= 4 + 2(1) + 2(7)

= 20

The pH of a solution that has a hydronium concentration of 4.8 x 10⁻¹² is 11.32.

The term "potential of hydrogen" (sometimes known as "power of hydrogen") has historically been used to describe this property in chemistry. It is a scale used to describe how basic or how acidic an aqueous solution is. Lower pH values are recorded for acidic solutions (solutions with higher H+ ion concentrations) than for basic or alkaline solutions.The set of standard solutions whose pH has been defined by international agreement can be used to trace the pH scale.[4] Using a concentration cell with transference, the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode, such as the silver chloride electrode, is measured to get the primary pH standard values. With the use of a glass electrode, a pH meter, or a color-changing indicator, the pH of aqueous solutions can be determined.

The pH of a solution is the negative log of its hydronium ion concentration. To calculate the pH of a solution, we can use the following equation:

pH = -log[H⁺]

Therefore, the pH of a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of 4.8 x 10⁻¹² is -log(4.8 x 10⁻¹²) = 11.32.

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7.10 grams of C₈H₁₈ will react with 24.78 g of O₂ in this unbalanced combustion reaction.

Type of chemical reaction that occurs when substance reacts with oxygen gas to produce energy in the form of heat and light is called combustion reaction .

To balance the combustion reaction: C₈H₁₈ + 12.5 O₂ -> 8 CO₂ + 9 H₂O

The coefficients show that 12.5 moles of  O₂ are needed to react with 1 mole of C₈H₁₈.

1 mole of  O₂ has a mass of 32 g, so 24.78 g of  O₂ is:

24.78 g / 32 g/mol = 0.774 mol of O₂

0.774 mol of  O₂ / 12.5 mol of  O₂/mol of C₈H₁₈ = 0.06192 moles of C₈H₁₈

0.06192 moles of C8H18 x 114.23 g/mol of C₈H₁₈ = 7.10 g of C₈H₁₈

Therefore, 7.10 grams of C₈H₁₈ will react with 24.78 g of  O₂ in this unbalanced combustion reaction.

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Each oxygen atom in peroxide compounds like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has an additional electron that it shares with the other oxygen atom in the compound, giving the oxygen a charge of -1.

Any substance comprised of two or more elements that are chemically linked together is known as a compound. A compound's constituent parts are always present in a specific ratio. As an illustration, the substance water (H2O) consists of two hydrogen atoms that are chemically bound to one oxygen atom.

Actually, oxygen belongs to the second period of the periodic table. It can create two covalent bonds with other elements to complete its octet and has six valence electrons.

Each oxygen atom in peroxide molecules like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a charge of -1. This is due to the fact that each oxygen atom in the molecule has an additional electron that it shares with another oxygen atom.

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Although, a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question "How does crushing a candy to smaller pieces affect its digestion?"

Crushing the candy into smaller pieces increases the surface area of the solvent which will result in the reduction of digestion or dissolution.

Digestion is the process in which food taken is broken down into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Digestion helps in converting food into molecules, like glucose so that the body can utilize that energy for its growth and development.

While Crushing the candy into smaller pieces, we are increasing the surface area of the solvent which will result in the reduction of digestion or dissolution of the candy. Thus, the larger the size of the pieces, the slower will be the process of digestion. This physical process in which large pieces of food are cut and crushed into smaller pieces is known as mechanical digestion.

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Explanation:

The observations that water rolls off a duck's back but thoroughly wets a head of human hair reveal that the surfaces of the duck feathers and human hair have different physical and chemical properties.

Duck feathers have a unique structure that helps them repel water. They are coated in a special oil that makes them hydrophobic, or water-repelling. The oil forms a layer on the surface of the feathers that prevents water from penetrating into the feather structure. Additionally, the feather structure is tightly packed and has a lot of surface curvature, which also helps to prevent water from sticking to the feathers. This is why water rolls off a duck's back.

In contrast, human hair does not have a hydrophobic coating, and its surface is relatively smooth. This means that water can easily stick to the surface of human hair and thoroughly wet it.

Overall, these observations reveal that the chemical nature of the surfaces of duck feathers and human hair are different, and that these differences have a significant impact on how they interact with water.

a. The rate law for this reaction is: Rate = k[Cl] [H₂]. This means that the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentrations of both Cl and H₂ molecules.

Rate law is an equation that describes the rate of a chemical reaction as a function of the concentrations of reactants. The rate law allows us to describe how the rate of a reaction changes when the concentrations of reactants are changed. It is derived from the rate equation, which is a mathematical expression that can be used to calculate the rate of a reaction from the concentrations of the reactants and the rate constant.

b. The rate law for this reaction is: Rate = k[O] [Os]. This means that the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentrations of both O and Os molecules.
c. The rate law for this reaction is: Rate = k[NO₂]₂. This means that the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the square of the concentration of NO₂ molecules.

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Complete Question:

Answer:

C: 40.

Explanation:

To answer this question, we need to use the concept of heat transfer and the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.

When two substances are in contact, heat can flow from one substance to another until they reach thermal equilibrium (i.e., they have the same temperature). In this case, Substance 1 loses 40 calories of heat, which means it gives off 40 calories of heat to Substance 2. Therefore, Substance 2 will gain 40 calories of heat to reach thermal equilibrium.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 40.

As a result, AgNO3 has a molar solubility of 0.0245 M.

A compound's capacity to dissolve in a particular substance known as a solvent is indicated by a property termed molar solubility (M). It is specifically the most moles of a solute that may dissolve in one liter of solvent.

The Ksp (solubility product constant) formula, which is the product of the ion concentrations elevated to their stoichiometric coefficients in a saturated solution4, can be used to determine the molar solubility of AgNO3.

The formula for AgNO3 is AgNO3 → Ag+ + NO3-.

Therefore, Ksp = [Ag+][NO3-] = 6.00 × 10⁻⁴

Since AgNO3 dissociates completely in water, [Ag+] = [NO3-] = S (molar solubility).

Thus, Ksp = S² = 6.00 × 10⁻⁴.

Solving for S gives us S = √(Ksp) =√(6.00 × 10⁻⁴) = 0.0245 M⁴

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