Thermodynamic data is data that relates to the physical properties of a system related to temperature, pressure, and energy.
What is Thermodynamic data?
Thermodynamic data is data that describes the physical properties of a material system in terms of temperature, pressure, and other thermodynamic variables. It is used to predict the behavior of materials in different conditions and to analyze processes such as heat transfer or chemical reactions. It is also used to design and optimize energy systems, such as engines and power plants.
The standard change in entropy when one mole of sodium nitrate is dissolved in water is:
ΔS° = S° (products) - S° (reactants)
ΔS° = (60.25 + 146.4) - 116.3 = 90.3 J/K•mol
The solubility of sodium nitrate will increase if the temperature of the system is increased.
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the efficiency of the turbines and generators is 80%
calculate the useful output energy transfer from the hydroelectric power station in 1 minute
use your answer to part (b)
when a set amount of marble chips (caco3) is added to a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid, a reaction occurs. what should be done to decrease the rate of reaction the next time the experiment is performed
A tiny amount of weak hydrochloric acid is mixed with a quantity of marble chips (CaCO3), to decrease the rate of reaction we do decreasing the surface area of the marble chips, decreasing conc. HCL and many more.
Several ways are:-
1. Decreasing the surface area of the marble chips: By breaking the marble chips into smaller pieces, the surface area that is available for the acid to react with is reduced, slowing down the reaction.
2. Decreasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid: By using a less concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid, the number of acid molecules available to react with the marble chips is reduced, slowing down the reaction.
3. Increasing the temperature: By performing the reaction at a lower temperature, the kinetic energy of the acid and marble chip molecules is reduced, slowing down the rate of collision between them, which slows down the reaction.
4. Using a catalyst: Addition of a catalyst to the reaction can change the reaction mechanism and decrease the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur, thus slowing down the reaction.
5. Using an inhibitor: An inhibitor is a substance that slows down the reaction by binding to the enzyme or catalytic site and preventing the substrate from binding.
It's important to note that these methods may also affect the overall yield of the reaction, so it's essential to use the appropriate method(s) for the specific experiment and goals.
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Entropy and the inefficiency of energy transfer are part of __________________. the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics the third law of thermodynamics system resiliency feedback systems
Entropy and the inefficiency of energy transfer are part of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics states that neither creation nor destruction of energy is possible. The universe becomes more entropic when a spontaneous process occurs, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics' third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal is 0 at absolute zero Kelvin. The overall entropy of a system may only ever increase or stay constant during spontaneous processes, according to the second law of thermodynamics. If the physical process is irreversible, the overall entropy of the system and its surroundings must increase. For a process to be irreversible, the final entropy needs to be higher than the starting entropy: Sf > Si (irreversible process). The overall entropy of a system and its surroundings can remain constant when a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium or undergoing a reversible process. The second law is sometimes known as the Law of Increased Entropy.
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What happens to molecules when they move faster?
When molecules move faster, they increase their kinetic energy.
What is Kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy is essentially the energy of motion. It is the type of energy that an object possesses as a result of its motion. It is commonly defined as the work required to accelerate a given mass body from rest to its stated velocity. Kinetic energy is directly related to the object's mass and the square of its velocity.
This increase in kinetic energy causes the molecules to vibrate more rapidly, resulting in an increase in temperature. As molecules move faster, they also collide with each other more frequently, leading to more chemical reactions.
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Which of the following substances would you expect to have a nonzero dipole moment? Check all that apply.
O Chloroethane, CH3 CH2C1 O XeF4 O Cl20
BF3
O Chloroethane, CH3CH2Cl, O XeF4 of the following substances would expect to have a nonzero dipole moment
A substance with a non-zero dipole moment means that the electrons are not distributed symmetrically in the molecule, resulting in a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end. Chloroethane, CH3CH2Cl has a polar covalent bond between C-Cl and since the C-Cl bond is polar the overall molecule is polar and thus has a nonzero dipole moment.O Chloroethane, CH3 CH2C1 O XeF4 O Cl20. BF3XeF4 has a tetrahedral electron pair geometry, with 4 polar covalent bond Xe-F, and since all the F atoms are in the same plane as the Xe atom, the molecule is polar and thus has a nonzero dipole moment. Cl20 has a polar covalent bond Cl-Cl but since the molecule is symmetric the overall dipole moment is zero. BF3 has a trigonal planar electron pair geometry, with 3 polar covalent bond B-F, but since the molecule is symmetric the overall dipole moment is zero.
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For each of the following chemical equations, write all possible mole ratios. a. 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l ) + O2(g) b. 4NH3(g) + 6NO(g) → 5N2(g) + 6H2O(l ) c. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
What is c. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
a) The mole ratio is 2/1
b) The mole ratio is 4/6
c) The mole ratio is 2/3
What is the mole ratio?We have to note that the mole ratio is the ratio of the stoichiometric coefficient that we have between two reactants that can be found in an equation. In the case of the reaction equations that we have, we must look closely at each equation.
As we can see, each of the reaction equations is balanced and we can now be able to obtain the mole ratio of each of the reaction as shown in the answer above.
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Given that 1 kWh = 3. 6 MJ and that 1 Btu = 1055 J, show that 1 kWh = 3412 Btu.
Given that 1 kWh = 3. 6 MJ and that 1 Btu = 1055 J, It is shown that 1 kWh = 3412 Btu.
1 kilowatt (kWh) = 3.6 mega Joules (MJ)
1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1055 Joules (J)
As we know that:
1 MJ = 1000000 J
Since
1 kWh = 3.6 x 1000000 J
Calculate for 1 J
1 J = 1 ÷ 1055 Btu
1 kWh = 3.6 x 1000000 x (1 ÷ 1055) Btu
1 kWh = 3412.32 Btu
So it is calculated that 1 kilowatt (kWh) is equal to 3412 British thermal units (Btu).
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An oxygen-binding protein was purified from a mollusk. It was found to exhibit fluorescence, which means that it has amino acid residues that absorb light of one wavelength and then emit light of a longer wavelength. Generally, the more exposed these residues are to solvent, the greater their fluorescence intensity. When placed in a deoxygenated buffer solution, the protein's fluorescence was measured and assigned a value of 1.0. Then the amount of protein fluorescence was measured under various other conditions and expressed relative to the initial measurement. The results are summarized in the table. Which conclusion is supported by these results
The conclusion is supported by these results is binding of oxygen to the protein changes the protein's tertiary structure to a conformation that resists the effects of urea.
Simple definition of fluorescenceFluorescence is a property that some chemicals have that allows them to emit visible light after absorbing radiation that is typically invisible, like ultraviolet light.
Fluorescence is the name given to the process of electromagnetic radiation typically visible light emitting from a material as a result of atoms being excited. These excited atoms almost immediately (within 10⁻⁸ seconds) begin emitting again. In most cases, the initial excitation is brought on by the energy absorption of incident radiation or particles, like X-rays or electrons.
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The function t=f(a) models the time, in minutes, for a chemical reaction to occur as a function of the amount a of catalyst used, measured in milliliters. What are the units for f′′(a) ?
The unit of f''(a) is milliliters/minute^2
The function t=f(a) models the time, in minutes, for a chemical reaction to occur as a function of the amount a of catalyst used, measured in milliliters.
So, here double differentiation is to be done.
t=f(a)
differentiating with respect to t,
d(t)/dt = d(f'(a))/dt
or, d(f'(a))/dt = 1
again differentiating with respect to t,
d [d(f'(a))/dt]/dt = d(1)/dt = 0 ...1
or, f''(a) = 0
so, here if we put 'unit expression' in Left hand side of 1
it is d [d(f'(a))/dt]/dt i.e. mililiters/miniute/minute [as given t is measured in minute and f(a) is measured in ml)
or, ml/minute^2
so as we are performing double differentiation, the unit of f''(a) is milliliters/minute^2
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The rate law for the reaction2NOBr
The rate constant of the reaction is 0.56 M⁻¹s⁻¹. The time required to change the concentration of the reactant from 0.900 to 0.100 M is 15.87s.
What is the half-life period of a reaction?The half-life of a reaction can be defined as the time needed for a reactant to reach one-half of its initial concentration. For a 1st-order reaction, the half-life is independent of concentration and constant with time.
The half-life period of the second-order reaction can be written as:
[tex]\displaystyle t_{1/2} =\frac{1}{k[A]_o}[/tex]
Given the half-life of the reaction = 2.00 s
The initial concentration of [NOBr]₀ = 0.900 M
The rate constant of the reaction, k = 1/2 ×0.900 = 0.56 M⁻¹s⁻¹
The time required to change concentration from 0.900 to 0.100 M is:
[tex]\displaystyle kt =\frac{1}{[A]} -\frac{1}{[A]_o}[/tex]
0.56 ×t = 1/0.1 -1/0.9
t = 15.87 s
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2POCl3(g)---> 2PCl3(g)+O2(g), deltaH_o=572 kJ, delta S_o=179 J/K
At what temperature (if any) would the decomposition of POCl3 become spontaneous?
At T=3195.53 Kelvin, decomposition of PoCl3 becomes spontaneous.
What is meant by spontaneous?In chemistry, spontaneous processes is one that occurs without addition of external energy. Spontaneous process can occur quickly or slowly, because spontaneity is not related to the kinetics or reaction rate.
Spontaneous reaction happens in given set of conditions without interruptions whereas the nonspontaneous reaction occurs with the help of external agents like heat or energy.
Given, ∆H=572KJ and ∆S=0.179J/K
According to thermodynamical concept;
As, T=∆H/∆S,
=572/0.179
= 3195.53 Kelvin
We know, change in Gibbs free energy (∆G)=0 ; which shows that reaction is in equilibrium.
Above this temperature the reaction becomes spontaneous and moves in forward direction.
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Spreadsheets are super helpful in helping you stay organized when calculating recipe costs because they have different rows and columns to track all your _____ individually and what they cost.
Question 1 options:
ideas
customers
ingredients
reviews
Question 2 (1 point)
Ryan is a baker who likely does what to his ingredients rather measuring them out with cups?
Question 2 options:
splitting up
sharing
weighing out
cultivating
Question 3 (1 point)
What company has a trade secret that claims to use "eleven herbs and spices," supposedly scribbled on a piece of yellow notepaper inside an iron safe in Louisville, Kentucky, and as the story goes, the safe is actually a vault surrounded by cameras, motion-detectors, and even guards!
Question 3 options:
Chik-Fil-A
Coca Cola
McDonald's
Kentucky Fried Chicken
Question 4 (1 point)
What kind of measuring device comes in sets, with each part of the set holding a pre-determined volume and increasing in size from ¼ to 1?
Question 4 options:
strain measuring spoons
conversion measuring spoons
tare measuring cups
standard measuring cups
Question 5 (1 point)
What kind of cups for measuring are sometimes made from glass or something transparent so the markings on the side with different measurements are visible?
Question 5 options:
graduated measuring cups
standard measuring cups
tare measuring cups
Maillard measuring cups
Question 6 (1 point)
Schools, hospitals, prisons, universities, summer camps, and government buildings are just a few examples of the types of institutions and commercial kitchens that depend on what kind of recipes on a daily basis?
Question 6 options:
trade secret recipes
small volume recipes
improvised recipes
standardized recipes
Question 7 (1 point)
As a big-time chef, your job entails nothing more than simply putting out spectacular food.
Question 7 options:
True
False
Question 8 (1 point)
Rice never loses its food value, regardless of how many times its rinsed.
Question 8 options:
True
False
Question 9 (1 point)
When a food cost analysis is properly done, it can serve as a tool to monitor your overall expenses so you can make a profit and stay within the confines of your budget.
Question 9 options:
True
False
Question 10 (1 point)
When looking for consistency and reliability, in cooking and other endeavors, it's far better to rely on what rather than guesswork?
Question 10 options:
intuition
hypotheses
numbers
estimates
Question 11 (1 point)
Most failing restaurants find themselves in trouble because they do not understand the what that is associated with what they are doing?
Question 11 options:
cost
time
resilience
integrity
Question 12 (1 point)
When adhering to the ABCs of eating when planning out your diet, ensuring that you are not too heavy on fat, salt, or sugar means that you are using what?
Question 12 options:
adequacy
moderation
variety
balance
Question 13 (1 point)
Inventory control provides predictable information on the quantity of ingredients needed for each _____ cycle.
Question 13 options:
revenue
standardized
nutrient
production
Question 14 (1 point)
As delightful as it is to design a delicious, exciting, and colorful menu, it is equally as important to see the hidden costs and risk behind every decision.
Question 14 options:
True
False
Question 15 (1 point)
What happens to ingredients through the process of trimming, cleaning, and cooking?
Question 15 options:
They shrink.
They grow.
They disintegrate.
They multiply.
Answer:
A-Ideas
Explanation:
How many planes of cleavage does this mineral have? Choose one: A. 0 B. 2 at 90° intersections C. 3 not at 90° intersections D. 1
The planes of cleavage that the mineral have is 1 as the mineral name is Muscovite mica.
The crystal lattice structure of a mineral affects its propensity to split or break along flat planar faces, or cleavage. These 2D surfaces, also known as cleavage planes, are produced by the alignment of atoms in the crystal structure or lattice through relatively weak connections.
The mineral depicted in the image is called "Muscovite mica," and it has layers that seem like flat sheets. Muscovite mica is far more likely to break along the layers because it only has weakly bonded potassium ions. There is just one ideal cleavage plane as a result. This cleavage is evident in the capacity to peel mica sheets.
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what is the mole fraction of ethanol c2h5oh in an aqueous solution in which the ethanol concentration is 4.6 molal
The mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH is 0.076 that can be calculated by using the density of water.
The mole fraction of any solution is described because the ratio of the quantity of moles of that is present withinside the technique to the entire quantity of moles of all of the additives of the solution. Molarity on the other hand is the ratio of moles to the volume.
Molecular mass of ethanol = 46g
The molarity of the solution is 4.6 molal=4 moles in 1L solution
Molecular mass of water =18g
Density of water = 1kg/m3 = 1000g/L
So, mass of water in 1 l solution = 1000g
So moles = 1000/18 = 55.55 moles
Thus, mole fraction of ethanol= 4.6/(4.6+55.6) =0.076
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How can light help us understand atoms?
Answer: We can calculate the energy levels of an atom
Explanation:
Spectral lines tell us how many different energy levels an atom has, and how far apart those energy levels are spaced.This is possible because spectral lines are the result of an excess (emission lines) or deficiency (absorption lines) of observed photons emitted from certain types of matter. The lines are caused by electrons moving between energy levels within individual atoms. Since each element emits it's own unique spectrum, this means that different types of atoms must have a distinct number of electrons in very particular energy levels.
How does a meter stick measure reaction time?
We can use the distance when the meter stick fell before you caught it to figure out your reaction time.
Meterstick is either a straightedge or foldable ruler which is used to measure a length, and is especially common in the construction industry. They are often made up of wood or plastic, and often have metal or plastic joints so that they can be folded together. Metersticks are usually divided with lines for each millimeter (1000 per meter) and numerical markings as per centimeter (100 per meter), with the numbers or either in centi- or millimeter.
Formula is the basis: d = 1/2 gt2. In this formula, “d” is equals to the distance the object fell, “g” equals to gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2), and “t” is the time the object was falling.
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Calculate the moles in 8334 grams of krypton, show work
What is measuring tools for sewing?
Measuring tools like Clear ruler, yardstick, measuring tape etc. They are very useful for the perfect fit and shape of any garment and even home furnishing.
Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches which is made up of a sewing needle and thread.
Measuring tools are the instruments used by practitioners and researches to aid in the assessment or evaluation of the subjects, clients or patients etc. These instruments are used to measure or collect the data on a variety of variables ranging from psychosocial wellbeing or physical functioning.
Measuring tools in sewing are as follows: Measuring tape, clear ruler, quilting ruler, yardstick, French curve etc.
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Which of the following properties of covalent compounds are influenced by ionic character?
a. melting point
b. boiling point
c. viscosity
d. all of the above
The property of the covalent compound that is influenced by ionic character is boiling point. Option B
What is the ionic character?We know that for compounds, the kind of bonds that they have are usually neither here nor there. The bonds would have an ionic character and also a given amount of the covalent character.
We must note that the ionic character of a bond is very important when we discuss intermolecular interactions and they do affect the boiling points of the substances very much.
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PbO + NaOH →→
complete and balance the following formula
Answer:
Explanation:
Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH
The balanced equation would be PbO + 2NaOH → Pb(OH)2 + Na2O
The reactant PbO is a lead oxide which is an acidic oxide, it reacts with NaOH, a strong base, to form Pb(OH)2, a lead hydroxide, which is a salt of lead, and Na2O which is sodium oxide , a base.
Which of the following can result in deviations from Beer\'s law when the path length is constant? Solute concentrations less than 0.01 M Stray light reaching the detector The absorbing species undergoes dissociation or association The sample is homogeneous The use of polychromatic radiation
The option that can lead to deviations from Beer's law at constant path length is option A.
Using monochromatic radiation All radiation that was not absorbed by his sample when stray light reaches the detector is transmitted to the detector.
All of the above factors can lead to deviations from Beer's Law if the path length is constant. Optical pathlength refers to the distance that light travels through a sample and is usually kept constant in spectrophotometric experiments in order to accurately measure the sample's absorbance.
Therefore, unless monochromatic radiation is used, the absorbance of the sample may not accurately reflect the concentration of the solute, as different wavelengths of light may be absorbed differently.
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Gaseous ammonia chemically reacts with oxygen O2 gas to produce nitrogen monoxide gas and water vapor. Calculate the moles of water produced by the reaction of 0.90mol of ammonia. Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if necessary, and round it to 2 significant digits.
1.08 moles of water () produced by the reaction of 0.90mol of oxygen.
Explanation:
Moles of oxygen given = 0.90 mole
Moles of water are to be calculated.
Step 1 : Write the chemical reaction and balance it.
5 mole of reacts with 4 mole of to give 4 moles of NO and 6 moles of .
Step 2 : Calculate moles of water () utilising mole ratio.
The coefficient of is 6 and coefficient of is 5, So mole ratio of to is 6 : 5
Moles of = 0.90 × 6 (moles of ) ÷ 5 (moles of )
Moles of = 1.08 moles
1.08 moles of is produced by the reaction of 0.90 mole oxygen ()
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what is the total random kinetic energy of all the molecules in one mole of hydrogen at a temperature of 300k
The total random kinetic energy of all the molecules in one mole of hydrogen at a temperature of 300k is 3741.3 J.
Given temperature (T) = 300K
The number of moles of hydrogen given are (n) = 1
Molecular weight of hydrogen (M) = 1g
Let the kinetic energy = KE
We know that Kinetic Energy (KE) = 1.5nRT where R = Rydbergs constant
So, KE (total) = 1.5nRT,
the total random kinetic energy is KE = (1.5) x (1) x (8.314) x (300) = 3741.3J/mol
The energy of motion is known as kinetic energy, and it can be observed in the motion of objects or subatomic particles. Examples of kinetic energy in action include a person walking, a baseball soaring through the air, a piece of food falling from a table, and a charged particle in an electric field.
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What is the cause of periodic repetition of properties of elements?
The periodic repetition of properties of elements is due to the regular arrangement of electrons in the atoms of those elements. This regular arrangement is known as the "periodic table" of elements. This is due to the behavior of electrons in atoms and the increasing number of valence electrons as atomic number increases, resulting in a regular pattern of electron configurations and properties.
Elements are arranged in the periodic table according to increasing atomic number. Elements in the same vertical row (group) have similar chemical and physical properties, and elements in the same horizontal row (period) have similar electronic configurations of their atoms.
The reason for this repeating periodic property is the behavior of the electrons in the atoms. As the atomic number increases, the number of protons in the nucleus increases, and the number of electrons in the atom increases. These electrons occupy different energy levels or shells around the atomic nucleus. The outermost shell electrons, the so-called valence electrons, are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms and participate in chemical bonds. As the atomic number increases, the number of valence electrons in the atom increases. This results in a regular pattern of electron configurations and thus a regular pattern of properties.
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How many oxygen atoms are in 2.50 L of oxygen?
Answer:
There are 8.30x104-24 atoms of oxygen in 2.50 mol of oxygen gas. There are 7.53x10*23 atoms of oxygen in 2.50 mol of oxygen gas.
What is a proposed explanation for an observation? A. experiemnt B. hypothesis C. theory D. scientific law
A proposed explanation for an observation is theory. Option C is the correct answer.
What is a theory?This refers to a carefully articulated explanation for observations of the natural world that have been arranged using the scientific method, gathering many facts and hypotheses.
A proposed explanation for an observation is a statement or theory that attempts to explain or account for an observation. It is a possible explanation for a phenomenon and is often based on available evidence, research, and data. It may be tested and refined through further observation and experimentation to determine its accuracy and validity.
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Explain what it means for materials to move down their concentration gradient and up their concentration gradient.
Moving down the concentration gradient means that materials move from an area of high concentration of the material to an area of low concentration of the material.
What is concentration?In chemistry, concentration is the amount of a substance in a given space. Another way to describe concentration is the proportion of the solute to a solvent or entire solution. In general, mass/unit volume is used to express concentration. Instead of using volume, concentration can be stated as a mass per unit. Although concentration is typically used to describe chemical solutions, it may be computed for any mixture.
This can be seen in osmosis, where water moves from a higher concentration of solute to a lower concentration of solute.
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A 0.470-g chunk of sodium metal is cautiously dropped into a mixture of 50.0 g of water and 50.0 g of ice, both at 0°C. The reaction is given below.
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) ΔH = -368 kJ
Will all the ice melt? The enthalpy of fusion for ice is 6.02 kJ/mol.
What is the amount of heat released?
_____ kJ
What is the amount of heat required to melt 50.0 g of ice?
_____ kJ
Assuming the final mixture has a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J/g · °C, calculate the final temperature.
_____kJ
Ice will not melt as we need 16.72 KJ of heat but we have only 3.76 KJ
What is the enthalpy of fusion?In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of fusion can be described as the change in its enthalpy resulting from giving energy, heat, to a specific amount to change its state from a solid to a liquid.
Given the reaction is 2 Na (s) + 2 H₂O(l) → 2 NaOH (aq) + H₂ (g)
Given the mass of sodium = 0.470 g
The moles of sodium = 0.470/23 = 0.020 mol
Given that two moles of sodium (Na) release heat = 368 KJ
Heat released by 0.020 mol of sodium (Na) = (368/2) × 0.020 = 3.76 KJ
Given the mass of ice = 50g
The number of moles = 50/18 = 2.78 mol
For melting, one mole of ice heat is required = 6.02 kJ/mol.
For 2.77 mol of ice = 6.02 × 2.78 = 16.72 KJ
But we have only 3.76 KJ of heat therefore, the ice will not melt.
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What is the pH of a 7.5 × 10-3 M Ba(OH)2 solution at 25°C?
a. 0.015
b. 1.82
c. 12.18
d. 11.88
A 7.5 10-3 M Ba(OH)2 solutions at 25°C has a pH of 1.82. (option b).
What exactly is a solution exemplar?A homogenous solution of two or more ingredients with particles smaller than one nm is referred to as a solution. Solutions come in many forms, such as soda water, salt and sugar solutions, etc. In a solution, every element appears as a single phase.
What is the ideal definition of a solution?In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mix of two or more molecules in relative proportions that can be constantly changed up to what is known as the limit of solubility. Although the term "solution" is frequently used to refer to the liquid state of matter, solutions of gases and solids are also possible.
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How many grams are in 2.5 moles of KCl
Answer:
186.25
Explanation:
KCL= 74.5 (molar mass)
2.5*74.5= 186.25