Using some of the following reagents, describe the preparation of 500 mL, pH 7 citric acid

1. 8 M citric acid

1. 2 M sodium dihydrogen citrate

1. 5 M sodium hydrogen citrate

0. 8 M sodium citrate

0. 1 M HCl

0. 1 M NaOH

Citric acid: Ka1=7. 4 x 10-4, Ka2=1. 7 x 10-5, Ka3=4. 0 x 10-7

Isotopes are any of two or more forms of an element where the atoms have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons within their nuclei. Thus, isotopes have the same atomic number but a different mass number.

In an atom, there are three components called subatomic particles as follows:

In a neutral atom, the number of protons, which is the atomic number, equate the number of electrons.

According to this question, the transparent subatomic particle inside the atom's nucleus is proton while the blue colored particle is the neutron.

In atom A, there are 3 protons, hence the atomic number of atom A is 3. However, in atom B, the number of protons and neutrons are 4 and 3 respectively, hence, the mass number i.e. protons + neutrons is 7.

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The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in the element, ⁴⁸₂₂X is:

Number of protons = 22

Number of electrons = 22

Number of neutrons = 26

Protons are the positively charged particles found within the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom gives the atomic number of that element.

Electrons are the negatively-charged particles found within electron shells or a[orbits around an atom.

Neutrons are the neutral particles found within the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons together with the protons gives the atomic mass of the atom.

The given element, ⁴⁸₂₂X has the following number of protons, electrons, and neutrons:

Number of protons = 22

Number of electrons = 22

Number of neutrons = 48 - 22

Number of neutrons = 26

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The green wavelength is absorbed by the medium hence it does not appear.

We know that absorption has to do with the process by which the atom is able to take in energy and this would lead to the upward movement of the electrons that are in the atom.

Thus the wavelengths that can be taken in by the atom as it is absorbing energy can be seen in the absorption spectrum. It is also possible to have gaps in the absorption spectrum due to absorption by the medium.

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Answer:

200Joules

Explanation:

W=Fd                                                                                                                                         W=10×20                                                                                                                             W=200J

The Bronsted-Lowry acid, base and the conjugate acid-base in each of the following reactions are mentioned below serially:

Bronsted-Lowry acid                                  Bronsted-Lowry base

HNO₃                                                           H₂O

H₂O                                                              NH₃

H₂SO₄                                                          OH⁻

H₂O                                                              C₂H₃O₂⁻

H₂PO₄⁻                                                         OH⁻

H₃O⁺                                                             H₂PO₄⁻

HCO₃⁻                                                           H₂O

H₂O                                                               HCO₃⁻

Conjugate acid:                                           Conjugate base:

H₃O⁺                                                             NO₃⁻

NH₄⁺                                                             OH⁻

H₂O                                                              HSO₄⁻

HC₂H₃O₂⁻                                                    OH⁻

H₂O                                                              HPO₄²⁻

H₃PO₄                                                          H₂O

H₃O⁺                                                            CO₃²⁻

H₂CO₃                                                          OH⁻

Bronsted-Lowry acids are known to be substances those donate protons or H+ ions to other compounds to produce conjugate bases. Bronsted-Lowry bases are the substances that accept protons or H+ ions from other compounds to form conjugate acids.

For the given reactions:

a. HNO₃ + H₂O ⇔ H₃O⁺ + NO₃⁻

Bronsted-Lowry acid: HNO₃

Bronsted-Lowry base: H₂O

Conjugate acid: H₃O⁺

Conjugate base: NO₃⁻

b. NH₃ + H₂O ⇔ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻

Bronsted-Lowry acid: H₂O

Bronsted-Lowry base: NH₃

Conjugate acid: NH₄⁺

Conjugate base: OH⁻

c. H₂SO₄ + OH⁻ ⇔ HSO₄⁻ + H₂O

Bronsted-Lowry acid: H₂SO₄

Bronsted-Lowry base: OH⁻

Conjugate acid: H₂O

Conjugate base: HSO₄⁻

d. C₂H₃O₂⁻ + H₂O ⇔ OH⁻ + HC₂H₃O₂

Bronsted-Lowry acid: H₂O

Bronsted-Lowry base: C₂H₃O₂⁻

Conjugate acid: HC₂H₃O₂⁻

Conjugate base: OH⁻

e. H₂PO₄⁻ + OH⁻ ⇔ HPO₄²⁻ + H₂O

Bronsted-Lowry acid: H₂PO₄⁻

Bronsted-Lowry base: OH⁻

Conjugate acid: H₂O

Conjugate base: HPO₄²⁻

f. H₂PO₄⁻ + H₃O⁺ ⇔ H₃PO₄ + H₂O

Bronsted-Lowry acid: H₃O⁺

Bronsted-Lowry base: H₂PO₄⁻

Conjugate acid: H₃PO₄

Conjugate base: H₂O

g. HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇔ H₃O⁺ + CO₃²⁻

Bronsted-Lowry acid: HCO₃⁻

Bronsted-Lowry base: H₂O

Conjugate acid: H₃O⁺

Conjugate base: CO₃²⁻

h. HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇔ H₂CO₃ + OH⁻

Bronsted-Lowry acid: H₂O

Bronsted-Lowry base: HCO₃⁻

Conjugate acid: H₂CO₃

Conjugate base: OH⁻

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When the hydrochloric acid react with the lime water then the product is formed by the reaction is calcium chloride.

The reaction of the hydrochloric acid with the reaction of the lime reaction is given as :

Ca(OH)₂   +      HCl    ---->      CaCl₂   +   H₂O

lime water     hydrochloric    calcium      water

                         acid             chloride

the safety taken during the reaction of acid and bases are :

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The major product of the reaction is (2S,3R)-3-methoxy - 3-methylpentan-2-ol

Epoxide reacts with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid.

In this chemical reaction, methanol act as nucleophile and sulfuric acid act as catalyst.

What are Epoxides?

Epoxides are a type of cyclic ether in which a three-membered ring is formed by a oxygen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms. They are also known as oxiranes. Epoxides are used in a variety of applications, including as chemical intermediates, catalysts, and as raw materials for a range of products.

What is sulfuric acid?

Sulfuric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that is used in a variety of industrial applications. It is also known as battery acid, as it is used in car batteries to facilitate a chemical reaction. Sulfuric acid is colorless and odorless, and is composed of two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four oxygen atoms.

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There are 3.00 molecules of CO2 in 132.03 grams of CO2.

Mass is quantitative measure of interia a fundamental quantity of all matter.

Mass of CO2 = 132.03 grams

Number of molecules of CO2 = ?

Molar mass of CO2 = ?

For the molar mass of CO2: Atomic mass of Carbon = 12; Oxygen = 16

= 12 + (16 x 2)

= 12 + 32 = 44g/mol

Apply the formula:

number of molecules = (mass in grams/molar mass)

N = (132.03 grams/44g/mol)

N = 3.00 molecules

Thus, there are 3.00 molecules of CO2 in 132.03 grams of CO2.

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Answer:

[A] Plant shoots are positively phototropic and negatively gravitropic. [B] Plant shoots are negatively phototropic and positively gravitropic. [C] Plant shoots are negatively hydrotropic and positively gravitropic. [D] Plant shoots do not display any major tropisms.

Answer:-Gravitropism. It is a type of tropism where plants show some growth in response to gravity. ...

Chemotropism. There are few chemical substances, which are actively responsible for bringing a curvature movement in plant organs. ...

Thigmotropism. ...

Hydrotropism. ...

Thermotropism.                                                                                                                     The below mentioned article will highlight the six types of tropic movements in plants.

The six types are: (1) Thigmotropism (Haptotropism) (2) Phototropism (3) Geotropism (4) Thermotropism (5) Chemotropism and (6) Hydrotropism.                A tropism is a growth movement whose direction is determined by the direction from which the stimulus strikes the plant. There are two forms: Positive = the plant, or a part of it, grows in the direction from which the stimulus originates. and Negative = growth away from the stimulus.                         tropism is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus. In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus (as opposed to nastic movements which are non-directional responses).

Answer:

According to the graph, during year 14, revenue from online ads is approximately $4.2 million, while revenue from online ads has more than doubled revenue from printed ads (at least by year 14)

Both curves intersect between the seventh and eighth year, I would say around the middle of year 7, and both online ads and printed ads generated an approximate revenue of $2.2 million each

Explanation:

Answer:

c. decomposition

Explanation:

it formula is splitting between O2 and 2H2O

If the solution absorbs large amount of light, then it will transmit very less amount of light. Therefore, A high absorbance corresponds to a Low transmittance.

What is spectrophotometer?

A spectrophotometer is a device that accurately measures electromagnetic energy at specific wavelengths of light. It uses properties of light and energy to identify colors and determine the amount of each color in a ray. The two main components of a spectrophotometer are the spectrometer and the photometer.

Spectrometer: A spectrometer sends a straight beam of light through a lens to a prism, which splits it into individual wavelengths. A wavelength selector then filters only the specified wavelengths and sends them to the photometer.

Photometer: A photometer is a piece of device that detects the number of photons absorbed and transmits that measurement to a digital readout.

Therefore, A high absorbance corresponds to a Low transmittance.

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The value of the Equilibrium Constant is 1  when 0.025 m NH3, 0.25m N2 is added to the flask.

The value of a chemical reaction's reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state that a dynamic chemical system reaches when enough time has passed and at which its composition has no observable tendency to change further, is the equilibrium constant for that reaction. As a result, the composition of a system at equilibrium can be calculated from its initial composition using known equilibrium constant values. The equilibrium constant's value, however, may be impacted by parameters affecting the reaction, such as temperature, solvent, and ionic strength.

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When both products are soluble, a double replacement equation will not produce a reaction.

We use the (s) symbol for solid because salt is an insoluble substance that will not dissolve in water. The silver, fluoride, potassium, and chloride ions would have effectively moved to a new location if there had been no precipitate formation, but they would still be floating around as ions. In this scenario no reaction happens.

A double replacement reaction occurs when two ionic compounds swap ions to form two new ionic compounds. The following response is an example of this kind: AB + CD AD + CB.

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Unique properties of water

Water molecules have a bent overall structure, partial positive charges on the hydrogens, partial negative charges on the oxygen, and are polar. This is due to the fact that oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, making it more effective at drawing electrons. Excellent solvents include water.

Temperature alters the three states of water, which are solid (frozen), liquid, and gas. Although the interactions of the water molecules change, the molecules themselves do not alter between the phases.

Water quality's physical characteristics

Color: Polluted water may be coloured; pure water is colourless.

Turbidity: Clear, light-unabsorbing water is the opposite of pure water.

Taste and odour: Pure water never has a taste or an odour.

Given their polar nature, water molecules form hydrogen bonds. This gives water its distinctive properties, including polarity, solvency, cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and the capacity to act as a buffer. A solute that has dissolved in a solvent creates a homogeneous mixture known as a solution.

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The reason that methyl salicylate be much more volatile than salicylic acid is because:

Salicylic acid's COOH group is esterified with methanol in methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen), whereas acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) has acetic acid as the acid component of the ester and salicylic acid provides the phenolic OH group.

Note that Methyl salicylate, a volatile methyl ester of salicylic acid, can also diffuse into the atmosphere and aid in plant-plant communication.

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The response dates back 141 years. The formula (1/2)n = x can be used to compute it. x is the remaining fraction, There are n half-lives in total.

The amount of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction. A first-order reaction's half-life is a constant that is correlated with its rate constant radioactive atoms: t1/2 = 0.693/k.

The period of time it takes for half of the atoms in a given sample to experience radioactive, or nuclear, decay, is known as the half-life of a radioisotope.

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10.5 kJ is required to convert the temperature of water.

What is Temperature?

Temperature is a unit used to describe hotness or coldness. It can be stated in terms of any number of arbitrary scales and shows the direction in which heat energy will naturally flow, i.e., from a hotter body to a colder body (one at a lower temperature). Temperature is not the same as the energy of a thermodynamic system; for instance, an iceberg has a significantly larger total heat energy than a match.

As opposed to extensive characteristics, like mass or volume, temperature is referred to as an intense property—one that is independent of the quantity of matter being considered—along with pressure, density, and other comparable properties.

q=m⋅c⋅ΔT, where

q - heat absorbed

m- the mass of the sample

c- the specific heat of the substance

ΔT - the change in temperature, defined as final temperature minus initial temperature

q=100.0g⋅4.18Jg∘C⋅(50.0−25.0)∘C

q= 10.5 kJ

10.5 kJ is required to convert the temperature of water.

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Therefore, 0.25 moles of unit cells will be present in 58.5 g.

Therefore, 6.0231023 6.023 10 23 molecules make up 1 mole of NaCl. The total number of atoms in 1 mole of NaCl N a C l is twice Avogadro's number, or 6.0231023 6.023 10 23 because each molecule of the salt has two atoms (Na and Cl).

Similar to covalent compounds, the formula mass of an ionic compound is determined by adding the average atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound's formula.

1 mole of NaCl

Avogadro's number, or 6.0231023

0.25 moles of unit cells will be present in 58.5 g.

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Answer:

Trichloroethane is a solvent used to remove grease from clothes.

Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.

Diels alder reaction is the reaction between diene and dienophile. Diene is electron rich and dienophile is elctron deficient species. In that diene involved 4 electron and dienophile involved 2 electron.

Diels-Alder reactions are usually catalyzed by Lewis acids. However, Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by bases are unusual and only a few asymmetric, base-catalyzed reactions are known.

For example, the reaction of anthrone and N-methylmaleimide can be catalyzed by alkaloids However, only moderate ees were obtained.

These compounds can also be formed from the same type of cyclization process when the silyl group is attached to the 2 and/or 3 positions of a 1,3-diene.

The Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known and established reaction in organic chemistry consisting of a highly selective [4+2] cycloaddition of a diene to an alkene (dienophile) to yield cyclohexene derivatives.

This reaction provides an opportunity to surpass the limitations related to the coupling of chemically sensitive (bi ) molecules (as antibodies), especially in aqueous environments where both the rate and stereoselectivity of Diels–Alder reactions are significantly increased.

Here we do combination of reactant A and B ana get product back.

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3 moles or 84.03 g of CO produces 3 moles of or 132 g of CO₂. Thus, the mass of CO required to produce 635 g of CO₂ is 404.23 g.

Carbon monoxide  is an inorganic gas produced from the covalent bonding  of carbon with oxygen. When carbon monoxide reacts with metal oxides it produces carbon dioxide.

From the given balanced reaction, 3 moles of CO produces 3 moles of CO₂.

Molar mass of CO = 28.01 g/mol, 3 moles =  (28.01 ×3) 84.03 g

molar mass of CO₂ = 44.01 g/mol , 3 moles = 132 g.

Thus, mass of CO required to produce 635 g of CO₂ is :

= (84.03 × 635 g) /132 g = 404.23 g.

Therefore, the mass of CO required to produce 635 g of CO₂ is 404.23 g.

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Answer:

The equation gives the frequency of a photon

f = E/h,

Where E is the photon's energy and h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10-34 J s).

Substituting the values, we get:

f = 2.55 x 10-18 J / (6.626 x 10-34 J s)

 = 3.85 x 1015 Hz

Explanation:

The coefficients in front of br2 and oh- in the balanced reaction:

Br2 = 3, OH- = 6

There are indices that are part of the chemical formulas of the reactants and products. Also, there is a coefficient in front of the formula that indicates how many molecules of that substance are used or produced.

The number before the equation to balance the equation is called the factor which multiplies all the atoms in the equation. For example, the symbol 2NaHCO3 indicates two units of sodium bicarbonate containing 2 Na atoms 2 H atoms 2 C atoms, and 6 O atoms. Coefficients indicate how many numerators there are in a given expression.

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Answer:

The corrrect answer will be option-A.

Explanation:

A scientific experiment contains two types of groups: the control and the experimental groups. The control group in any scientific experiment is the sample which does not receive the variable we need to test which is provided in the experimental groups.

In the given question, the scientist wanted to study the effect of fertilizers on the growth of the grass. so the parameter (variable) to be studied is fertilizer. The experimental samples are provided with different concentration of the fertilizer but the control sample will not receive the fertilizers as the control sample provides the base or reference to the experimental group to increase the accuracy of the results obtained.

Thus, option-A is the correct answer.

Ka of Monoprotic Acid

Ka = [H+] [A-] / [HA]

One proton or hydrogen atom per molecule is all that a monoprotic acid contributes to an aqueous solution. In contrast, polyprotic acids, which can donate more than one proton or hydrogen, can do so. Depending on how many protons they can contribute, polyprotic acids can be further divided into several types.

Given,

Ph = 5.42;

Conc of unknown MonoProtic Acid = 0.095M;

X= conc. of H+ = 3.8×10∧-6

Ka = x∧2 / 0.095 - x

We know the value of x, obtained from pH:

x = [H+] = 10∧-5.42 = 3.8 x 10∧-6

We solve for Ka

Ka = [3.8 x 10∧-6]2 / [0.095 - 3.8 x 10∧-6]

Ka = 1.5216 x 10∧-10

So, Ka of Monoprotic Acid

Ka = [H+] [A-] / [HA]

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Melt-away creamery combines sugar, cream, and best natural flavorings, then churns and freezes resulting mixture at low temperature, creating ice cream. This method is an example of process manufacturing.

A production method that creates goods by combining supplies, ingredients or raw materials using formula or recipe is called process manufacturing.

It is usually used in industries that produce bulk quantities of goods, like food, beverages, refined oil, gasoline, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and plastics. Process manufacturing is also known as a process industry and is defined as an industry, like the chemical or petrochemical industry, that is concerned with the processing of bulk resources into other products.

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The reaction takes place in third order. The rate constant of the reaction for the given rate and concentrations is 1.23 × 10³ mol⁻² L² /s.

The rate of a reaction is the rate of increase in the concentration of products or rate of decrease in the concentration of the reactants.

For the given reaction, the rate law is written as:

rate = k[A][B]²

[A] = 0.023

[B] = 0.054

rate = 8.31 ×10⁻² M/s

Rate constant k = rate/[A] [B]²

K = 8.31 ×10⁻² M/s/(0.023 × 0.054²)

  = 1.23 × 10³ mol⁻² L² /s

Therefore, the rate constant for the reaction is 1.23 × 10³ mol⁻² L² /s.

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Your question is incomplete. But your complete question probably was:

The rate of a reaction is, Rate = k[A][B]2.when the concentration of a and b were 0.023 m and 0.054 m, the reaction rate was 8.31x10-2 m/sec, calculate the value for k (with units).