Answer:
false
Explanation:
The statement is false as Crime rates have fluctuated over time, but historical data suggests that crime was often higher in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Since crime rates have changed over time it is challenging to say with certainty whether crime is higher or lower today than it was in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But historical evidence indicates that crime rates were frequently higher during that time. Higher crime rates were a result of a number of factors including rapid urbanization, unstable economic conditions and a lack of law enforcement resources in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In contrast modern times have seen a general decline in crime rates as a result of improvements in law enforcement practices, social and economic reforms and better living conditions. However it is crucial to remember that crime trends can differ across regions and eras and that particular types of crimes might exhibit different patterns.
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CH. 4 // The objective basis for stops and frisk is:A. The same as for arrestsB. Higher than for arrestsC. Lower than for arrestsD. The same as fourfull searches of a person
The objective basis for stops and frisk is lower than for arrests. This is because stops and frisks are based on "reasonable suspicion" rather than the "probable cause" required for arrests.
This means that law enforcement officers must have a reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity in order to stop and frisk them, but the level of suspicion required is not as high as the probable cause required for an arrest. Stops and frisks are a means of briefly detaining a person for investigation, while full searches of a person require a higher level of suspicion or a warrant.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
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The "means" side of the end means balance:A. is committed towards fairness in dealing with defendantsB. is devoted to giving government officials as much power possibleC. is concerned that too many defendants go free on technicalitiesD. fosters the result side of the criminal justice process
The "means" side of the equation denotes balance with a commitment to treating defendants fairly. Here option A is the correct answer.
The "end means balance" is a principle in criminal justice that seeks to balance the ends or goals of the criminal justice system with the means or methods used to achieve those ends. It acknowledges that the criminal justice system has multiple goals, including protecting public safety, punishing offenders, and ensuring fairness and due process.
At the same time, it recognizes that the methods used to achieve these goals, such as arrests, searches, and prosecutions, can have significant consequences for individuals and society. The "means" side of the end means balance is committed towards fairness in dealing with defendants. This means that the criminal justice system should use fair and just methods to investigate, prosecute, and punish individuals accused of crimes.
This includes protecting the rights of defendants, ensuring a fair trial, and preventing wrongful convictions. The means side of the balance acknowledges that the criminal justice system should not use excessive or unfair methods to achieve its goals, even if the ends are important.
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If the purpose of a tax cut is to increase consumption in spending, we often see tax cuts for the _ in times of economic hardship
If the purpose of a tax cut is to increase consumption and spending, then we often see tax cuts for the middle and lower-income earners in times of economic hardship.
This is because these groups tend to have a higher propensity to consume, meaning they are more likely to spend the additional disposable income resulting from the tax cut. By increasing consumption and spending, the hope is that it will stimulate economic growth and create jobs. Additionally, tax cuts for these groups can help alleviate some of the financial burden they may be experiencing during times of economic hardship. Overall, tax cuts for middle and lower-income earners can be a powerful tool in combating economic downturns.
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Which evidence is protected by the Fifth Amendment?A. WeaponsB. StatementsC. Appearance in a lineupD. Fingerprints
Answer:
The evidence protected by the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution is statements made by an individual. This amendment protects individuals from self-incrimination and prohibits the government from compelling a person to provide testimony or statements that could be used against them in a criminal case. Therefore, individuals have the right to remain silent and not provide self-incriminating statements to law enforcement officials or in a court of law. The Fifth Amendment does not protect physical evidence such as weapons, fingerprints, or appearance in a lineup.
Explanation:
Arkansas law makes it illegal to drive, or to be a front-seat passenger, without wearing safety belts? (T/F)
The given statement "Arkansas law makes it illegal to drive, or to be a front-seat passenger, without wearing safety belts" is true as Arkansas law requires drivers and front-seat passengers to wear safety belts while in motion.
According to Arkansas law, everyone in the front seats and the driver must buckle up when the car is moving. Additionally, when riding in a vehicle, all children under the age of 15 must be properly restrained in a child safety seat or booster seat.
Additionally, texting and emailing while operating a moving vehicle are illegal in Arkansas. It is allowed to make phone calls on a handheld device, but only when the driver is using a hands-free system. Fines and/or points on the driver's license may be assessed for violations of these laws.
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The ADA of 2008 adds new disabilities such as ____ to ADA coverage.
The ADA of 2008 adds new disabilities such as epilepsy, diabetes, and certain mental illnesses to ADA coverage.
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and other disability nondiscrimination statutes at the federal level of the United States were changed by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, a bill passed by Congress that became operative on January 1, 2009. The ADA's language should be interpreted broadly to include as many people as possible, the Act underlines, and in general, the definition of disability should not necessitate a thorough investigation.
The Amendments Act, which was ratified in September 2008, went into force on January 1 of 2009. The Amendments Act was enacted by Congress in part to overturn Supreme Court rulings that had interpreted the ADA's definition of a disability too strictly.
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if a driver loans his or her vehicle to an unlicensed driver, whether knowingly or unintentionally, it may be impounded for ____ days
If a driver loans his or her vehicle to an unlicensed driver, whether knowingly or unintentionally, it may be impounded for 30 days.
If a driver loans his or her vehicle to an unlicensed driver, whether knowingly or unintentionally, it may be impounded for a certain number of days depending on the state's laws and regulations. In addition, the driver may face legal and financial implications, such as fines, points on their driving record, and increased insurance rates.
It is important to always ensure that the person operating your vehicle is licensed and legally allowed to do so to avoid any potential consequences.
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the NIMS management characteristic of chain of command and unity of command means that
The NIMS management characteristic of chain of command and unity of command means that from the highest levels of the organization all the way down to the lowest there is a distinct and unbroken line of authority.
Everyone in the organization is aware of their immediate supervisor and who they report to thanks to the chain of command. Each employee in the company only reports to one direct supervisor. according to the concept of unity of command.
This system aids in making quick, effective decisions while ensuring that everyone is working toward the same goals and objectives. For efficient communication, coordination and decision making during emergencies, a clear chain of command and unity of command are essential.
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According to the Knapp Commission on police corruption, the most common form of corruption is
According to the Knapp Commission on police corruption, the most common form of corruption is known as "gratuity," which involves officers accepting small gifts or favors in exchange for performing their duties.
This might include accepting free meals, discounted merchandise, or preferential treatment from businesses or individuals in exchange for providing protection or other forms of assistance.
Other forms of corruption identified by the Knapp Commission included bribery, which involves accepting payments in exchange for performing illegal or unethical actions, and "grass eating," which involves accepting small bribes or kickbacks for performing routine tasks or turning a blind eye to minor violations.
The Knapp Commission was a pioneering effort to investigate and address police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s. The commission was established in response to widespread allegations of corruption within the New York Police Department, and it ultimately led to significant reforms in the department and in law enforcement agencies across the country.
The findings of the Knapp Commission highlighted the need for increased oversight and accountability in law enforcement, as well as the importance of creating a culture of integrity and ethical conduct within police departments. Today, police departments across the United States have implemented a range of measures to prevent and address corruption, including increased training, enhanced background checks, and stronger internal affairs units.
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Why must higher education pass rate be lowered to 30%
Answer:
I guess it depends on the goals of a university system.
If I am doing my math correctly, the set pass rate at my university when I started was around 29%. We were told that the bottom third would be flunked out each year. I do not remember the actual pass rate.
There is an advantage to that for university graduates, as a university degree now means more of an accomplihment, rather than that meaning somebody just hung around for four to six years.
There is a financial disadvantage to the college, in that those students who are being kicked out are no longer paying tuition and fees.
Explanation:
Answer:
If we scrap the 30% pass mark, our expectation of each Grade 12 learner is: Choose your NSC subjects wisely and get the best marks that you can in all your subjects. The higher your marks, the more opportunities for further study and work will open up for you. You can’t fail as there is no ‘pass mark’. Whatever marks you get, those marks are printed on your NSC certificate.
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True or False: Criminal justice is defined as the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses.
True: Criminal justice is defined as the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses.
Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognised as suitable legal professionals by the court in which they are acting. This may mean they have been admitted to the bar, or obtained a comparable qualification where available - such as solicitor advocates in England and Wales. They become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and charges need to be filed. They are employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to ensure such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Multiple offices exist in a single country, especially in those countries with federal governments where sovereignty has been bifurcated or devolved in some way.
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how did nathaniel bacon gain the assembly's approval for his expedition?
Under NOTS, you will lose your license if you earn ___ points in 12 months
Under the Negligent Operator Treatment System (NOTS), you will lose your license if you earn 4 points within a 12-month period.
The Negligent Operator Treatment System (NOTS) is a program implemented by the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to identify and monitor drivers who have exhibited negligent driving behavior. Under NOTS, if a driver earns four or more points within a 12-month period, they will be considered a negligent operator and may face license suspension or revocation. Additionally, if a driver earns six or more points within a 24-month period, they may also face license suspension or revocation.
To avoid accumulating points under NOTS, it is important to practice safe driving habits and obey traffic laws at all times.
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When parking in a handicap parking space, you can use another person's "special certificate" to park your vehicle as long as you are disabled. (T/F)
Answer:
Explanation:
False. Handicap parking spaces are reserved for individuals with disabilities who have a valid and current handicap parking permit or license plate. It is illegal to use another person's handicap parking permit or license plate, even if the person using it is also disabled. Each permit or plate is assigned to a specific person and cannot be transferred or used by anyone else. This is because misuse of handicap parking permits or license plates can prevent those who truly need them from accessing the designated parking spaces.
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The U.S. Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law." Under this clause, "persons" include
a. humans and other "beings in nature"
b. American citizens only
c. corporations, businesses, and other "legal persons"
d. none of the above
Option A, B, and C are correct, "persons" under this clause include humans and other "beings in nature", American citizens, and legal persons such as corporations, businesses, and other entities recognized under the law.
According to the United States Constitution, no one shall be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law." Humans and other "beings in nature" are considered "persons" under this article, as are American citizens and legal persons such as corporations, businesses, and other entities recognised by law.
The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to the federal government, whereas the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to the states. These provisions ensure that all individuals, whether citizens, noncitizens, or legal persons, have the right to due process before being deprived of their life, liberty, or property.
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As opposed to elite and group theory, public choice theory focuses ona. individuals.b. large groups.c. voters.d. legislators.
As opposed to elite and group theory, public choice theory focuses on a. individuals.
Public choice theory emphasizes the actions and decisions of individuals in the political process, particularly in regards to their own self-interest and rational behavior. This is in contrast to elite and group theory, which suggest that a small group of elites or interest groups hold significant power and influence in shaping political outcomes. This approach considers individual preferences and behavior as the foundation for understanding decision-making in the political process.
Public choice theory also places emphasis on the role of voters and legislators, but ultimately sees their actions as being driven by individual incentives and preferences.
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CH. 5 // stops differ from arrests in that:A. They always lead to a frisk or more invasive searchB. They produce written records of the police actionC. They occur in public places and are shorter in durationD. They are always shorter in duration
Stops differ from arrests in that they occur in public places and are shorter in duration.
Stops are temporary detentions where police officers detain and question a person briefly based on reasonable suspicion. Unlike arrests, stops do not require a warrant or probable cause. They also do not always lead to a frisk or more invasive search, and may not produce written records of the police action. Arrests, on the other hand, involve taking a person into custody based on probable cause and require a warrant or exigent circumstances.
Arrests also produce written records and may lead to searches and seizures of evidence.
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A ________________ opinion is NOT a type of opinion that can be issued by an appellate court.A. concurringB. majorityC. pluralityD. judgment
While appellate courts issue various types of opinions, a "judgment" is not considered a separate type of opinion. Here option D is the correct answer.
An appellate court is a court of law that hears appeals from lower courts or administrative agencies. When an appellate court reviews a case, it may issue an opinion, which is a written explanation of its decision. The opinion may be written by one judge or by a panel of judges who hear the case together.
Of the four options provided, a "judgment" is not a type of opinion that can be issued by an appellate court. A judgment is a final decision or ruling in a case, which may include an opinion explaining the reasoning behind the decision, but it is not considered a separate type of opinion.
On the other hand, the three other options listed are all types of opinions that appellate courts may issue. A "majority" opinion is the opinion of the majority of the judges on the panel who heard the case.
A "plurality" opinion is an opinion issued when no single opinion received the support of a majority of the judges, but a larger number of judges agreed with one opinion than any other. A "concurring" opinion is written by a judge who agrees with the outcome of the case but for different reasons than those stated in the majority opinion.
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In 2010, Sara writes Terror at the Track, a novel about racecar driving. Sara does not register the work with the
appropriate government office. Under federal copyright law, Sara's work is protected
a. for ten years.
b. for twenty years.
c. for the life of the author plus seventy years.
d. forever.
Sara writes the racecar-related book Terror at the Track in 2010. Sara fails to file the necessary paperwork with the relevant government agency. Sara's work is safeguarded by federal copyright legislation for the duration of her life plus seventy years. Option C is correct.
Under federal copyright law, Sara's work is protected for the life of the author plus seventy years, regardless of whether she registers it with the appropriate government office or not. Copyright protection is automatic and begins as soon as a work is created in a fixed tangible form, such as writing it down or saving it to a computer file.
The duration of copyright protection has changed over time, but since 1978, works created by an individual are protected for the life of the author plus seventy years.
This means that Sara's novel, Terror at the Track, will be protected by copyright until seventy years after her death. During this time, no one else can reproduce, distribute, or create derivative works based on Sara's novel without her permission or without qualifying for an exception or limitation under the law.
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As it concerns the unitary versus federal classification of states, which country has a uniquely in-between situation, with some unitary aspects and notable decentralization? A. Japan B. China C. North Korea D. Vietnam
The country that has a uniquely in-between situation with some unitary aspects and notable decentralization is Japan.
The country that has a uniquely in-between situation with some unitary aspects and notable decentralization is Japan. While Japan is officially classified as a unitary state, it has strong regional governments with significant power and autonomy. The federal system is not widely used in Japan, but the country's decentralized system is often considered to be a hybrid of unitary and federal structures.
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The country that has a uniquely in-between situation when it comes to the unitary versus federal classification of states is Vietnam. Option D
Vietnam has a unitary system of government, which means that the central government holds most of the power. However, Vietnam also has notable decentralization, which means that power is shared with regional governments.
In Vietnam, the Communist Party holds ultimate power, and the National Assembly serves as a legislative body. The country is divided into 58 provinces and five municipalities, with each province having its own People's Council and People's Committee. These bodies are responsible for local governance and decision-making, such as budgeting, infrastructure development, and social welfare programs.
Vietnam's system of decentralization has been a deliberate policy choice, as the country seeks to balance the need for centralized control with the benefits of local decision-making. This approach has helped Vietnam to achieve impressive economic growth in recent years, as local governments have been empowered to attract investment and develop their own economies.
Overall, Vietnam's system of governance is unique in its combination of unitary and decentralized elements, and serves as an interesting case study for other countries seeking to strike a balance between centralization and local autonomy. Therefore option D is correct.
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In the most common form of city government, what functions as the executive branch?
In the most common form of city government, known as the council-manager form of government, the executive branch is composed of a mayor and a city manager.
The mayor is elected by the people and is responsible for representing the interests of the city and its citizens. The mayor is the political head of the city, presiding over city council meetings, representing the city at public events, and serving as a spokesperson for the city.
The city manager is chosen by the city council and is the city's chief executive officer. The city manager is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the city, including overseeing the city budget, managing departments and personnel, and implementing the policies of the city council.
The city manager is also responsible for ensuring that the municipality meets its legal and financial obligations. The city manager and mayor often work together to ensure that the city is functioning efficiently and effectively.
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CH.7 // The Fourth Amendment:A. applies only to criminal casesB. protects just those in criminal casesC. limits the right to search to the gathering and use of evidence in criminal casesD. includes searches which go beyond the needs of criminal law enforcement
The "4th-Amend-ment" of "US-Constitution" : (d) includes searches which go beyond needs of criminal-law enforcement.
The "4th-Amendment" of "US-Constitution" protect it's indi-viduals from 'un-reasonable-searches" and seizures by government. It applies to all individuals, regardless of whether they are involved in criminal cases or not.
The 4th Amendment sets limits on the power of the government to search and seize individuals, their homes, and their property. It applies to all searches and seizures by the government, not just those related to criminal cases.
This Amendment prohibits the un-reasonable searches and seizures, which includes searches and seizures that go beyond the needs of criminal law enforcement. This means that searches and seizures that are motivated by reasons other than law enforcement, such as harassment or punishment, are prohibited by the Fourth Amendment.
Therefore, the correct option is (d).
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
The Fourth Amendment :
(a) applies only to criminal cases
(b) protects just those in criminal cases
(c) limits the right to search to the gathering and use of evidence in criminal cases
(d) includes searches which go beyond the needs of criminal law enforcement
Possible dangers that responsible citizens could encounter when using social media to discourage dumping
Which countries have not signed UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) ?
Making decisions according to the law of criminal procedure as outlined in the Constitution, judicial opinions, laws and other written sources is called:A. formal decision makingB. informal decision makingC. discretionary decision makingD. playing by the rules
Making decisions according to the law of criminal procedure as outlined in the Constitution, judicial opinions, laws and other written sources is called "Formal decision making". So, option A is the correct answer.
Formal decision making is a structured and rule-bound process of making decisions according to established legal requirements and procedures. In criminal justice, formal decision making ensures that the rights of defendants are protected, and that law enforcement officials and courts operate within the bounds of the law.
This involves following a set of predetermined steps to ensure that criminal defendants receive fair treatment and are not subject to arbitrary or discriminatory actions. In contrast, informal decision making may be based on personal biases, preferences, or informal rules, which can lead to inconsistent or unfair treatment of defendants.
Discretionary decision making allows for the exercise of judgment within the framework of established rules and procedures, but still requires adherence to legal requirements and safeguards.
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If the violation is willful, the maximum penalty is (?) for each act.
The maximum penalty for a willful violation depends on the specific law or regulation that has been violated.
Different laws and regulations carry different penalties for willful violations. In some cases, the penalty may be a fine, while in other cases, it may include imprisonment or other legal consequences.
Under US federal law, willful violations of certain environmental regulations can result in fines of up to $50,000 per day of violation, while willful violations of certain occupational safety regulations can result in fines of up to $134,937 per violation.
It's important to consult the relevant law or regulation to determine the specific penalty for a willful violation.
For willful infractions of certain laws and regulations, different punishments apply. The punishment might range from a fine in certain circumstances to incarceration or other legal repercussions in others.
Federal law in the US allows for fines of up to $50,000 per day for willful violations of some environmental rules and up to $134,937 per violation for willful violations of several occupational safety standards.
To find out the precise punishment for a willful infringement, it's essential to examine the pertinent statute or regulation.
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when someone listens to public radio, but never contributes during pledge drives, that person would be considered:
The article claims that sociologists would label someone a "free rider" if they listened to public radio but never gave during pledge campaigns.
The term "achieved status" describes the social standing that a person has attained via hard effort, education, good fortune, and/or social advancement. Achieved status might alter during the course of a person's life. An illustration would be the prestige one acquires after they graduate from college and go on to become doctors.
A social movement is said to as regressive if it tries to stop social progress altogether or even just parts of it. An individual has learnt to assume the role of the particular or significant other when she is able to internalise the expectations of other distinct people.
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How often is a vehicle carrying HAZMAT inspected?
To maintain correct management of hazardous materials during transportation and to make sure that safety requirements are being followed, a vehicle carrying HAZMAT must go through inspection at least once a year.
A vehicle carrying HAZMAT must be inspected regularly, usually every 12 months or every 25,000 miles, whichever comes first. HAZMAT can be referred to as hazardous material management. There are nine classes of HAZMAT that are classified by DOT: 1. Explosives 2. Gases 3. Combustible liquid 4. Flammable solid, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous when wet 5. Oxidizer and organic peroxide 6. Poison and poison inhalation hazards 7. Radioactive 8. Corrosive 9. Miscellaneous. The safest land-based technique for transporting heavy loads of chemicals over long distances in the United States is recognized as hazardous material rail transportation. However, some states may have stricter inspection requirements for HAZMAT vehicles, and it is important to follow all regulations and guidelines to ensure the safe transportation of hazardous materials.
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_____ is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.
A.Unilateral intent
B.Bilateral intent
C.An offer
D.An acceptance
E.Consideration
An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it. An offer is a proposal made by the offeror to the offeree to enter into a legally binding agreement.
An offer represents the starting point in a contractual agreement, expressing the proposer's willingness to be bound by the terms of the proposed agreement should the other party accept. This willingness is the manifestation of the proposer's intent to create a legally enforceable contract.
In contrast, unilateral intent and bilateral intent refer to the nature of the obligations within a contract, rather than the initiation of the bargaining process. Once an offer is made, it is up to the offeree to decide whether to accept the offer, thus completing the bargain.
Acceptance indicates the offeree's agreement to be bound by the terms of the offer, creating a legally enforceable contract between the parties. Consideration is a separate element of a contract, referring to the value exchanged between the parties in the agreement, such as money, goods, or services.
Although it is a crucial component of a legally binding contract, it is not directly related to the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain as described in the question.
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Option C is correct, An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.
An offer, which conveys the offering party's wish to be bound by the terms of the bargained agreement should the other party accept it, is the first step in any contractual agreement. This readiness is an indication that the proposer wants to create a legally binding agreement. By accepting, the offeree agrees to be bound by the terms of the offer, creating a legal contract that can be enforced in court.
An offer is a proposal made by the offeror to the offeree to enter into a legally binding agreement. The value that the parties trade, like as money, goods, or services, is known as the consideration in a contract. the offeror's intention to be bound by the terms of the offer, should it be accepted by the other party, must be clearly manifested.
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Courts protect citizens from other by handling civil cases. What type of cases do they not handle
Courts protect citizens from others by handling civil cases. the type of cases do they not handle Murder. option (A) is correct.
A common case is a debate between two residents where one individual sues another. It incorporates a portrayal of the occurrence, task of fault, and solicitation for a particular cure.
Murder is certainly not a common case. It is wrongdoing. Individuals blamed for homicide are attempted under criminal regulation. Criminal cases include an activity that is viewed as destructive to society overall (consequently, these are viewed as offenses against the "state" or the ward of the arraignment).
Therefore, option (A) is correct.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
Courts protect citizens from other by handling civil cases. What type of cases do they not handle
(A) Murder
(B) Divorce cases
(C) rent matters
(D) sale of land cases