An attribute of COVID-19 is excessive inflammation, which is controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs)
What are treg cells?An attribute of COVID-19 is excessive inflammation, which is controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition to an intriguing role for interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18, we discovered a noteworthy profile in Tregs from patients with advanced disease. Severe patients were distinguished from healthy people by the production of proinflammatory mediators and an improved suppressive profile that comprised increased Treg proportions. This suggests that these cells had a negative impact on COVID-19 and that there might be a cause for some of the recovery-related issues that are still mostly unexplored. The prognosis of tumor-infiltrating Tregs, which frequently exhibit this tendency, is generally poor.
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All cells have a phospholipid bilayer as a cell membrane. Thinking about the variety of shapes and sizes of cells what can you conclude about the cell membrane?
Answer:
Phospholipid bilayers are critical components of cell membranes. The lipid bilayer acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. However, an important function of the cell membrane is to allow selective passage of certain substances into and out of cells
Explanation:
The phospholipid bilayer is critical in maintaining the integrity of the cardiomyocyte, as it forms a permeability barrier that provides a physical interface between the inside and the outside of the myocyte. It also contains key enzymes and ion channels that regulate ionic gradients across the cell membranes.
Having completed the experiment, you now see that temperature can affect an enzyme’s ability to catalyze a reaction. All enzymes are affected by temperature changes, and therefore all of them have an optimal temperature for productivity. In the box below, explain what the optimal temperatures of enzymes tell us about the living organisms that contain those enzymes. What conclusions could you draw about two different organisms that contain enzymes with two different optimal temperatures?
The conclusion we can draw about two different organisms that contain enzymes with two different optimal temperatures is they can exploit specific niches and therefore increase fitness in different conditions.
What is a niche?A niche refers to the specific conditions in which an organism can survive. Different species develop different niches in order to exploit their environment by developing adaptive features such as in this case enzymes that work to different temperatures.
Therefore, we can conclude that different species develop different adaptations to exploit specific niches and thus increase fitness in specific environmental conditions.
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part ain muscle cells, fermentation produces .in muscle cells, fermentation produces .carbon dioxide, ethanol, and nad pyruvatecarbon dioxide, ethanol, nadh, and atplactate, nadh, and atplactate and nad
Fermentation produces lactate and NAD+ in muscle cells.
The process of producing ATP entirely through glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is known as fermentation. Due to less availability of oxygen, sometimes muscles opt for lactic acid fermentation.
Steps involved in lactic acid fermentation:
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and then 3-Phosphoglyceric acid are the two products of the 6-carbon glucose molecule's decomposition.NADH+H+ is formed as a result of this process.Phosphoenol pyruvic acid is produced by the 3-Phosphoglyceric acid, which then results in Pyruvic acid.Glycolysis results in the formation of two net ATP molecules.With the assistance of the reducing agent NADH+H+, this Pyruvic acid is converted into Lactic acid, which then reoxidizes into NAD+.From two pyruvate/pyruvic acid molecules, this procedure produces two lactate/lactic acid molecules. The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase is required for this reaction to take place.Know more about Fermentation here: https://brainly.com/question/1599790
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Which statements best compare the function of an ATP molecule to a DNA molecule?
ATP carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms,
DNA serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.
ATP provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell.
DNA carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms.
C
ATP serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.
DNA acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants.
D
ATP acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants.
DNA provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell.
ATP provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell.
DNA carries and transmits genetic information of organisms.
hereditary spherocytosis (hs) is a disorder of red blood cells that causes the cells to be smaller and spherical instead of having the usual flattened, biconcave shape. the average diameter of normal red blood cells is 7.2μm, and the average diameter of red blood cells in a person with hs was found to be 6.7μm. the normal red blood cell has an average surface area of 136μm2 and an average volume of 91μm3.
Answer:
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a disorder of red blood cells that causes the cells to be smaller and spherical instead of having the usual flattened, biconcave shape. The average diameter of normal red blood cells is 7.2μm, and the average diameter of red blood cells in a person with HS was found to be 6.7μm. The normal red blood cell has an average surface area of 136μm² and an average volume of 91 μm². Which of the following provides an accurate calculation of the surface area to volume ratio of an HS red blood cell, as well as a prediction of its effect on the efficient transferring of oxygen compared to a normal red blood cell? a. The ratio is 0.45, and the cells are more efficient at transferring oxygen. b. The ratio is 1.12, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen. c. The ratio is 0.89, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen. d. The ratio is 141, and the cells are more efficient at transferring oxygen.
The ratio is 0.89, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen.
What is hereditary spherocytosis?Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues, and they have a characteristic flattened, biconcave shape that allows them to move easily through the blood vessels and deliver oxygen to the tissues.
In people with HS, the red blood cells are smaller and more spherical than normal, which can cause problems with their function. The smaller size of the red blood cells in people with HS can lead to an increased number of red blood cells being produced in an attempt to compensate for the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This can lead to an excess of red blood cells in the blood, known as polycythemia, which can cause the blood to become thick and viscous.
HS is caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the production and function of red blood cells. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a person only needs to inherit one copy of the mutated gene to develop the condition. HS is typically diagnosed in childhood and can be treated with medications, blood transfusions, or surgery.
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List FOUR features of the alveoli.
The pulmonary alveoli are small sacs found in the lungs, where gas exchange takes places.
Some of their features are:
• They are found in the respiratory bronchioles.
,• They are cup-shaped cavities
,• The gas exchange happens by diffusion in the alveolar membrane.
,• They consist of an epithelial layer and an extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries.
• They are found only in mammalian lungs
,• They can stretch during inhalation thanks to collagen fibers.
,• In humans, they are functional at 32 weeks of gestation, but they continue to develop until puberty.
Explain the process of Distillation and Fractional Distillation with labelled diagram
Fractional distillation is a process used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids whose boiling points differ by less than 25°C. The experimental setup is similar to the distillation setup, except for the fractionation column filled with glass beads.
The distillation diagram is shown below. First A chemical process that separates a mixture of two or more components with different boiling points. Second heat the mixture until one of the ingredients boils and turns to steam.
In fractional distillation, a mixture of liquids is boiled and the vapors produced travel through glass tubes called fractionation towers and are separated. A fractionation column is placed between the flask containing the mixture and the Y adapter to improve the separation between the liquids being distilled. A method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility in boiling liquid mixtures.
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interesting fact about circulatory system
Answer:
1.The only muscle that is always active and ceases only when we pass away is the heart.
2.An estimated 15 million blood cells are lost per second.
3.Every day, 200 billions of platelets, which are the disk-shaped pieces of blood cells, are created.
4.An infant's blood volume is only one liter, compared to an adult's normal 5–6 liters.
Explanation:
Use evidence from the diagrams of macromolecules and information provided earlier to revise your explanation about whether sugar molecules provide all the elements needed to make the four types of macromolecules.
All the elements that needed to make the four types of the macromolecules which cannot be gotten from only the sugar molecules.
Macromolecules are those biological molecules that are also essential for life. There are mainly four main types of these molecules and they have include: the Protein the Carbohydrates Lipids and the Nucleic acids. All the above mentioned macromolecules have the carbon, the hydrogen and the oxygen in their chemical structure with the exception of the nucleic acids and the proteins which contains the nitrogen as an the additional molecule. From the diagram that attached, the chemical structure of the sugar molecule which shows that it's made up of the carbon, oxygen and the hydrogen atoms only. Because there is no in the nitrogen in the sugar molecule, it cannot be provide all the elements needed to make the four types of the macromolecules.
This following question is incomplete the complete question is :
Use evidence from diagrams of the macromolecules and the information provided earlier to the revise your explanation about if sugar molecules which provide all the elements needed to make the four types of the macromolecules.
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does catalase operate the same in all ph
The chart indicates the elements contained in four different molecules and the number of atoms of each element in those molecules. Which molecule can be classified as organic?
Captionless Image
A
B
C
D
Molecule A, Molecule B, and Molecule D are considered as the Organic molecule.
Organic Molecule- A complex molecule known as an organic is predominantly composed of carbon atoms joined to other atoms of the same element and/or additional carbon atoms. Each and every living creature on Earth is made up of organic molecules. Atoms that are bound together form molecules.
Atom- An atom is a very small unit of a chemical substance that could or could not be autonomous. The smallest unit of a compound is referred to as a molecule, which is a collection of atoms that a bond holds together. Chemical bonds are formed between two or more or different atoms.
The given question is not have the chart, find below the complete question along with the chart,
Q. The chart indicates the elements contained in four different molecules and the number of atoms of each element in those molecules. Which molecule can be classified as organic?
A. Molecule A
B. Molecule B
C. Molecule C
D. Molecule D
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Define the following terms:
monomer
polymer
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
Henry and Hanna decided to construct a plant cell. They used
a pan with tall walls to represent the cell wall and jello as the
Your answer
Answer:
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I need help to check the answer for those question that have writing underneath and I need help for those question with no pen writing underneath please
The communicable disease is measles, athlete's foot, influenza, and smallpox. The non communicable disease are cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma and depression.
What is communicable disease?A communicable disease is one that can be transmitted from one person to another via a number of routes, such as contact with blood or body fluids, inhalation of an airborne virus, or insect bites.
Chronic diseases, sometimes referred to as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), are conditions that develop over an extended period of time as a result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral variables.
The four primary categories of NCD are diabetes, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (such chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma).
Therefore, The communicable disease is measles, athlete's foot, influenza, and smallpox. The non communicable disease are cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma and depression.
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1. Explain the relationship between surface area and absorption. Use an example of an organ to support your explanation.
Small intestine is the organ which has villi contains large surface area for absorption.
The small intestine has a tendency to be the region of finest absorption ability for most drugs due to its large surface region, the presence of both energetic and passive absorption mechanisms, and close to neutral pH.
But, about ninety five percent of nutrient molecules are absorbed inside the small intestine. The absorption of most people of these molecules takes area in the second a part of the small intestine, called the jejunum. Absorption refers to the movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the lumen of the small gut into the mobile, then into the blood.
The small intestine is right for absorption since it has a huge inner surface location. That is shaped due to the plicae circulates which undertaking many tiny finger-like systems of tissue called villi. The character epithelial cells also have finger-like projections, which can be referred to as referred to as microvilli.
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Active transport move nutrients from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. True or false?
Answer:
True
Explanation:
They move it from low concentration to high concentration.
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A solution with a 0.8% concentration of salt is isotonic to red blood cells so the cells stay the same. Cells shrivel in hypertonic solutions and swell and burst in hypotonic solutions. In an experiment testing the effects of various concentrations of salt on red blood cells, which solution would be predicted to cause the red blood cells to swell and burst?
A hypotonic solution containing less than 0.8% of salt concentration will cause the red blood cells to swell and burst.
Hypotonic solution is the one that contains less amount of solute and more amount of solvent in it. When any cell is placed in hypotonic solution, it swells up because the amount of solutes is more in the cell than the solution. As a result the cell may even burst after swelling.
Red blood cells are the type of blood cells that contain the pigment hemoglobin which provides the blood its characteristic color. The hemoglobin not only provide color to the blood but also act as a transport system for the gases across the whole body.
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In the geologic past, volcanic eruptions have had an impact on the availability of resources. How can volcanic eruptions impact the availability of resources?.
Volcanic eruptions can impact the availability of resources by preventing sunlight from reaching producers.
Volcanic ash is responsible for blocking sunlight in the air. Volcanoes erupt with a powerfully destructive mixture of ash, lava, hot, toxic gases, and rock. Explosions from volcanoes have claimed lives. Volcanic eruptions can lead to significant health risks and impact the availability of resources.
Volcanoes produce a variety of land resources. In the west-central Pacific Ocean, on a small volcanic island called Micronesia. In addition to providing a place for people to reside, these volcanic islands have evolved into communication and shipping hubs.
Minerals, volcanic glass, and microscopic pieces of ragged rock make up volcanic ash. Explosive volcanic explosions produce ash. Volcanic ash plumes can cover a sizable portion of the sky, completely blocking out the sun and decreasing visibility. Thunder and lightning are frequently present along with these huge and ominous clouds.
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modified stems bearing modified leaves primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stalk called the pedicel pedicel expands at the tip to form a receptacle, to which other parts attach flower parts are organized in circles called whorls
Flower Morphology to which other parts attach flower parts are organized in circles called whorls.
What is Morphology?
The study of words, their construction, and their relationships to other words in a single language is known as morphology in linguistics. It examines the composition of words as well as their constituent stems, roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
Therefore,
modified stems bearing modified leaves primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stalk called the pedicel pedicel expands at the tip to form a receptacle, to which other parts attach flower parts are organized in circles called whorls
Flower Morphology to which other parts attach flower parts are organized in circles called whorls.
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[Anatomy, Articulations Homework] The articular discs are commonly referred as "torn cartilage" in injuries, what is the more scientific name?
please help ASAP!!!!!!! giving 20 points!!!!!!
I know paramecia are living things because they respond to their environment.
What are paramecia?A paramecium is a tiny one-celled (unicellular) living thing with the ability to move, eat, and reproduce.
They are a member of the kingdom of Protista, a collection (family) of related living microorganisms.
A microorganism refers to a very tiny live cell.
They are tiny, one-celled, and self-replicating protozoans.
Since most species are simple to grow in a lab, they make excellent model organisms and are suitable for biological research.
They usually have an oblong or slipper form and are covered in tiny hairy structures known as cilia.
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analysis of the first bacterial genome to be sequenced, h. influenzae, revealed .................. rrna genes, ............... different trna genes, and ........... potential protein-coding genes.
Analysis of the first bacterial genome to be sequenced, h. influenzae, revealed 6 rrna genes, 54 different trna genes, and 1743 potential protein-coding genes.
What was the first genome to be finished?Haemophilus influenzae was the first creature whose entire genome was completely sequenced in 1995. Due to their smaller genome sizes, other bacteria and some archaea were sequenced first after it. The 1,830,140 base pair DNA genome of H. influenzae is large.The first genome's sequencing method:The first complete genome of a virus named phiX174 is sequenced by Frederick Sanger and his team in 1977 using a DNA sequencing technique they developed.How is genomic sequencing carried out? What is it?a technique used in laboratories to map out the complete genetic composition of a particular organism or cell type. To detect changes in specific regions of the genome, utilize this technique. These modifications could aid research into the pathogenesis of particular diseases like cancer.
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the blood brain barrier is formed by the processes of myelinating oligodentrocytes, and prevents the movement of many hydrophilic molecules from the circulation into the brain.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
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Many species of organisms are found only on islands. Lemurs are found only on Madagascar and koalas only on Australia. Which factor contributes MOST to this situation?
Responses
A small land areasmall land area
B limited food varietylimited food variety
C genetic isolationgenetic isolation
D fewer predatorsfewer predators
Answer:
c
Explanation:
genetic isolation occurs when there is no genetic exchange
the sense strand of a particular gene (dna) would be identical to the mrna transcript for that gene, except the mrna would have uracil nucleotides instead of thymine nucleotides.
The given statement exists true. Mostly as a result of the hydrolysis-induced release of ammonia during cytosine deamination to uracil.
Why is uracil used instead of thymine?However, RNA uses uracil since the instability doesn't matter as much for RNA because mRNA is very short-lived and any potential errors don't create any permanent damage. Thymine is easily oxidized as well. The nucleus protects the thymine from oxygen.
In contrast to RNA, which also contains adenine, cytosine, and guanine but lacks thymine, DNA only has these four bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
Mostly as a result of the hydrolysis-induced release of ammonia during cytosine deamination to uracil. When thymine is employed, the cell quickly realizes that the uracil is out of place and can repair it by replacing it with a cytosine once more.
The complete question is:
T/F Some viruses can infect multiple types of host organisms (animals, etc) and may also infect cells of different tissue types within a single host.
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What was the purpose of using CRISPR in the Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes experiment?Group of answer choicesTo find a way to lower mosquito populations in the wild and get rid of malaria in the future.The purpose of this experiment was to create a new disease like malaria.To find a way to lower mosquito populations in the wild and increase cases of malaria in the future.To find a way to increase mosquito populations in the wild and get rid of malaria in the future.
To find a way to lower mosquito populations in the wild and increase cases of malaria in the future the purpose of using CRISPR in the Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes experiment.
Why do humans get malaria?The malaria parasite, which is spread by infected mosquitoes, multiplies inside red blood cells after entering the human bloodstream. After a few days, these cells burst, infecting other red blood cells and resulting in symptoms such as a severe headache, nausea, vomiting, fever, and coma.
What causes malaria largely?A plasmodium-genus single-celled parasite, which causes malaria. Most frequently, mosquito bites are the means of parasite transmission to people.
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THINK Copy
4. Apply Study the oxygen
atom illustrated below.
Is the second energy level
of the oxygen atom full?
The second energy level of the oxygen atom full No it isn’t because the atomic number of oxygen is 8.
What is energy level and example?Energy levels I and II, for instance, can each hold a maximum of two and eight electrons, respectively. The greatest number depends on how many orbitals are present at a certain energy level. A region of space within an atom known as an orbital is where an electrons is most likely to find.
Briefing:Electronic configuration-
2,6 (=8)
In the second shell, a total of 8 electrons can be allowed. There are two empty spots.
Hence it is not full.
(And the valency therefore is 2).
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1. Describe the 4 features that all cells have in common.
2. What are the two types of cells, and what is the difference between these two types of cells?
(class discussion)
The 4 features that all cells have in common are Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes. Further, the two types of cells are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
The Four Common elements of CellsFour elements are present in all cells: the cytoplasm, a jelly-like area inside the cell where other cellular components are located; the plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the interior of the cell from its surrounding environment; the DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and the ribosomes, tiny particles that synthesize proteins.
Difference between Prokaryotes and EukaryotesProkaryotes, however, vary from eukaryotic cells in a number of ways. A prokaryotic cell is a straightforward, one-celled (unicellular) organism that is devoid of a nucleus or any other organelle that is membrane-bound. Soon, it will become clear that this is very different in eukaryotes.
In contrast to Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have peptidoglycan, which is composed up of sugars and amino acids, as well as polysaccharide capsules in many cases. The cell wall serves as an additional layer of defense, aids in maintaining the cell’s form, and stops dehydration.
The cell can adhere to surfaces in its environment thanks to the capsule. Fimbriae, pili, or flagella are present in several prokaryotes. While most pili are employed to exchange genetic material during conjugation, a sort of reproduction, flagella are used for motility.
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DNA is a type of nucleic acid that is responsible for storing
information and passing that information from a parent to
its offspring.
What aspect of DNA's structure makes it ideal for carrying out this role in an
organism?
OA. Its hydrocarbon chains, which help the molecule repel harmful
substances
OB. Its long, narrow shape, which helps it pack tightly with other DNA
molecules
OC. Its four different nitrogen bases, which are connected in long
chains to form specific patterns
OD. Its highly branched structure, which helps the molecule store a lot
of energy in a compact space
Answer:
Option C: Its four different nitrogen bases, which are connected in long
chains to form specific patterns
Explanation:
the special sequence of nitrogen bases (called gene) carry information about different trait we receive from a parent
.......it's all coded in these 4 nitrogenous bases.
When a genome is modified for
medical or industrial use, it is
known as
A. genetic engineering
B. meiosis
C. electrophoresis
D. genome exchange
When a genome is modified for medical or industrial use it is known as genetic engineering .
What is genetic engineering and how the genome is modified?Genetic engineering is the process of manipulation of human gene or DNA in order to produce phenotypes of desirable amount.In the process first we isolate a DNA which is desired and then the process of combination with vector takes place.For selecting vector the number of vectors selected must be few as it could generate more fragments.The recombinant DNA is formed by the fusion of Vector and desired DNA in medical use.Then the process of cloning takes place and finally what takes place is called downstreaming process.In downstreaming process one purifies and finally release the product as final product of genome.To know more about genetic engineering visit:
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