These experiments have shown that the building blocks of life form easily and naturally under conditions that existed on early Earth.
Who proposed the idea of the nebular hypothesis?
The generally accepted model for the formation of the solar system is called the nebular hypothesis. It takes all the different kinds of information and merges them into one hypothesis that seems to match all the observations. The theory was proposed by French mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace more than 200 years ago.
What is astrobiology and what type of research does it involve?
Astrobiology is the study of life within the universe. Astrobiologists study how life forms and develops, and where life can be found. Astrobiology involves the search for life outside Earth, the study of planets and moons within our Solar System, and the search for habitable planets around other stars.
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A 16.0 kg canoe moving to the left at 10 m/s makes a head-on collision with a 19.0 kg raft moving to the right at 7.0 m/s. After
the collision, the canoe moves to the right at 1 m/s. What is the velocity of the raft after the collision?
Answer:
Approximately [tex]2.3\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}[/tex] to the left.
Explanation:
When an object of mass [tex]m[/tex] travels at a velocity of [tex]v[/tex], the momentum [tex]p[/tex] of that object will be [tex]p = m\, v[/tex].
Denote motions to the right with a positive sign.
Before the collision:
Velocity of the canoe was [tex](-10)\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}[/tex] since the canoe was moving to the left (opposite to the positive direction.) Momentum of the canoe was [tex]p(\text{canoe, before}) = (16.0\; {\rm kg})\, (-10\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}) = 160\; {\rm kg \cdot m\cdot s^{-1}}[/tex].Velocity of the raft was [tex]19.0\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}[/tex] since the raft is moving to the right (towards positive direction.) Momentum of the raft was [tex]p(\text{raft, before}) = (19.0\; {\rm kg})\, (7.0\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}) = 133\; {\rm kg \cdot m\cdot s^{-1}}[/tex].After the collision:
Velocity of the canoe becomes [tex]1\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}[/tex] (to the right, towards the positive direction.) Momentum of the canoe becomes [tex]p = (16.0\; {\rm kg})\, (1\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}) = 16.0\; {\rm kg \cdot m\cdot s^{-1}}[/tex].Velocity of the raft after the collision needs to be found.Immediately after the collision, momentum [tex]p[/tex] of the canoe and the raft will be conserved. In other words:
[tex]\begin{aligned}& p(\text{canoe, before}) + p(\text{raft, before}) \\ =\; & p(\text{canoe, after}) + p(\text{raft, after})\end{aligned}[/tex].
Rearrange to find [tex]p(\text{raft, after})[/tex] (momentum of the raft immediately after the collision.)
[tex]\begin{aligned}& p(\text{raft, after}) \\ =\; & p(\text{canoe, before}) \\ & + p(\text{raft, before}) \\ & - p(\text{canoe, after}) \\ =\; & (-160\; {\rm kg \cdot m\cdot s^{-1}}) \\ &+ (133\; {\rm kg \cdot m\cdot s^{-1}}) \\ & - (16.0\; {\rm kg \cdot m\cdot s^{-1}}) \\ =\; & (-43)\; {\rm kg \cdot m\cdot s^{-1}} \end{aligned}[/tex].
(Momentum of the raft is negative since the raft is moving to the left, away from the positive direction.)
Divide the momentum of the raft by the mass of the raft to find the velocity of the raft:
[tex]\begin{aligned} \frac{(-43\; {\rm kg\cdot m\cdot s^{-1}})}{(19.0\; {\rm kg})} \approx (-2.3)\; {\rm m\cdot s^{-1}}\end{aligned}[/tex].
Supose 1.3 Kg of water are heated from 20 °C to 80 °C. How much energy was transferred to the
water?(Water Specific heat capacity is 4184 J/Kg-°C).
Answer:
Q = (80 - 20) deg C * 1.3 kg * 4184 J / (deg C kg) = 326,000 Joules
A baker pushes a cart full of rolls with a force of 20.0 N for a distance of 4.0 m. How much work does the baker do on the cart?
Answer:
80
Explanation:
You calculate work by W(j)=Force(n) x distance moved (m)
So 20.0 N x 4.0 m = 80.
:)
The work done when a baker pushes a cart full of rolls with a force of 20.0 N for a distance of 4.0 m is 80 Nm.
What is Work done?
The work done by a force can be defined as the product of the displacement of that object and the component of the applied force of the object which is in the same direction as that of displacement. When we push a block with some force 'f' and the body moves with some acceleration, work is done.
W = f × d
where, W = work done,
f = applied force,
d = displacement of the object
W = 20N × 4.0m
W = 80Nm
Therefore, the work done by the baker on that cart is 80 Newton meters.
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a stone is thrown straight upwards with a velocity of 6.38 m/s, starting from 1.63 m above the ground. how long does it take the stone to reach the ground? g
The time taken for the stone to reach the ground when it is thrown above the ground is 0.57 s.
Given that,
Velocity of the stone = 6.38 m/s
Height above the ground = 1.63 m
The time t at which the stone's vertical position y(t) becomes zero is the amount of time it takes for it to fall to the earth.
It is given by the formula, y(t) = 1.63 - 1/2* 9.81* t² = 0
1.63 - 4.9 t² = 0
4.9 t² = 1.63
t² = 1.63/4.9 = 0.33
t = 0.57 s
Thus, the time taken by the stone to reach the ground is 0.57 s.
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Perhaps you have imagined digging a
tunnel through the earth that comes out the other side. Figure it out ...
How many miles would you have to dig? (Don’t forget to add on the other
side!)
(this is 6th grade science) (;-;)
3,958 miles miles would you have to dig
What is miles?The mile, sometimes the best of international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from the other miles, is a British imperial unit and United States customary to know unit of to the relative distance; both are based on to the older English unit of to the length equal to 5,280 English-english feet, or 1,760 yards.
Well, it depends what you mean by “bottom.” Earth is the ball, so if you wanted to dig in to the center of it, it's 3,958 miles. But if you wanted to dig all the way throughs and pop out the other side, it's twice as far, or 7,916 miles.
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Car 1 has a body made from aluminium and car 2 has a body made from steel. Which car is likely to be more prone to corrosion?.
The car that will be more prone to corrosion is the aluminium car (Car1)
What is corrosion?Corrosion is when a refined metal is naturally converted to a more stable form such as its oxide, hydroxide or sulphide state this leads to deterioration of the material.
Most metals are easily oxidized I.e they tend to lose electrons to oxygen or other substances in the air or in water. As oxygen is reduced (gains electrons), it forms an oxide with the metal.
Both aluminium and steel do not rust but steel has better edge to aluminium in resistance to corrosion because steel has chromium which gives it a protective film and excellent corrosion resistance. Moreover steel is non porous substance.
Therefore the aluminum car will be more prone to corrosion.
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for a closed universe ( ), is the angular diameter distance monotonic? for an open universe ( ), is the angular diameter distance monotonic?
Simply said, open and closed are infinite or finite. Its critical density is a factor for the geometry. The cosmos is closed (limited) and positively curved like the surface of a ball if the density parameter is larger than 1.
This expansion is supposed to occur at a constant rate in flat geometry. Acceleration is caused by dark energy.According to general relativity, the geometry of space, or its flatness, is directly related to the mass density, hence as space expands, the geometry becomes flatter. Think of space as a balloon's surface. The balloon's surface becomes increasingly flatter as you blow it up. This occurs in three dimensions in space.When we return to our geometry and mass density relationship as space flattens, we discover that the density is pushed toward critical density.Since space expands exponentially during inflation, it is really pushed extremely swiftly toward critical density, which explains why we are so close to the critical mass density.
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For a closed universe, the angular diameter distance is not monotonic. This is because in a closed universe, the expansion rate is decelerating due to the gravitational pull of matter, causing light to bend and curve as it travels through the universe.
This curvature effect can cause the apparent size of objects to vary as a function of their distance, leading to a non-monotonic angular diameter distance.
On the other hand, for an open universe, the angular diameter distance is monotonic. This is because in an open universe, the expansion rate is accelerating due to dark energy, causing light to travel in straight lines and maintaining a constant relationship between the physical size of an object and its angular size as it moves further away. Therefore, the angular diameter distance increases monotonically with distance in an open universe.
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What is the acceleration of a 5,000 kg airplane if the plane has four engines that each
have a thrust force of 500N?
The acceleration of the airplane of mass 5000 kg is 0.1 m/s².
What is acceleration?Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
To calculate the acceleration of the airplane, we use the formula below.
Formula:
a = F/m.................. Equation 1Where:
F = Forcea = Acceleration m = MassFrom the question,
Given:
F = 500 Nm = 5000 kgSubstitute these values into equation 1
a = 500/5000a = 0.1 m/s²Hence, the acceleration is 0.1 m/s².
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Michael uses his bike to apply 494 N to himself and the bike by pedaling as he approaches a 1.9 m tall ramp which is 3.4 m away. What work does the Michael do on himself and the bike he is riding?
The compound formed has a(n) ___________ bond and is a(n) _________________. Responses
Answer:
The compound formed has ionic bonds and is a crystalline solid
Explanation:
A metal plus a nonmetal chemical combine to form an ionic compound, with ionic bonds
What is the current through this circuit?
Answer: 1.25 A
Explanation:
I = R/V (Ohm's Law)
I = 150 Ω / 120 V = 1.25 A
find the ratio of turns on the primary coil to turns on the secondary coil in a transformer that will stop the 110v household voltage down to 4.1 v .
Ratio of turns on the primary coil is 26
Briefing
So to solve for this problem this is computed by the following steps
Vp/Vs (=Np/Ns)
Briefing
Where;
Vp = Voltage primary
Vs = Voltage Secondary
Np =Turn ratio primary
Ns = Turn ratio Secondary
So plugging in our Valves
110/4.1 =Np/Ns
Np/Ns= 26.82
So the answer is 26 Coils
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A block is dropped on to
the track and bounces back
to the dropping point.
Is energy conserved or not?
Answer: yes
Explanation:
Which surfaces tend to have the largest and smallest coefficients of friction? Explain why.
Ice on steel has low coefficient of friction whereas rubber on pavement has high coefficient of friction. Object such as silicone rubber can have a coefficient of friction much greater than one.
Which surfaces have the largest and smallest coefficients of friction?Polytetrafluoroethylene has the lowest friction coefficient of any solid-state material but the coefficient of friction depends on the materials used.
Ice on steel has a low coefficient of friction as the two materials slide past each other very easily whereas rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction that is the materials do not slide past each other easily. We can say that rougher surfaces have a higher coefficient of friction.
Coefficient of friction more than one means that the frictional force is stronger than the normal force. An object such as silicone rubber, for example, can have a coefficient of friction much greater than one.
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A car, ma 1225 kg, traveling at 105 km/h, low to a top in 53 m. What i the ize of the force that acted on the car
Answer:9700 N
Explanation: i js know
if 8.0 mg of a radioactive substance naturally decays to 0.50 mg over 184 days, what is the half-life of the radioisotope?
46 days is the half-life of the radioisotope.
What is half life of a radioactive substance?The half-life, in radioactivity, is the amount of time needed for half of the atomic nuclei in a radioactive sample to spontaneously transform into other nuclear species while emitting particles and energy, or, alternatively, the amount of time needed for the radioactive sample to disintegrate on average once every second.
The half life of a radioactive substance can be predicted by:
N(t) = N₀(1/2)^[t/t(h)]
N(t) is the amount remaining (mg)
N₀ is the initial amount (mg)
t is the time elapsed, in days
t(h) is the half life in days.
N(t) = N₀(1/2)^[t/t(h)]
or, 0.50mg = (8.0mg)(1/2)^[184 days/t(h)]
Using logs, we can solve this for t(h):
t(h) = 46 days
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Bicycle
Bicycle A
Bicycle B
Bicycle C
Bicycle D
Mass (kg)
10 kg
14 kg
18 kg
20 kg
Which vehicle has the greatest acceleration? Why?
Force (N)
45 N
45 N
45 N
45 N
(When it says the labels and info, it’s a table)
Answer:
10
Explanation:
as f=ma
if you make a the subject it becomes f/m=a so when the denominate increases the answer increases
Energy is an essential part of our daily lives, but the resources that power the earth are being threatened. Imagine a world where people didn't know how to generate energy. What do you think that world might be like? describe your answer in 4-6 sentences.
If we are not able to produce energy anymore, civilization would come to a stand still.
What is energy?We know that the term energy has to do with the ability to do work. Thus we know that a lot of the processes that occur on the earth does require energy so that it would be able to occur.
Energy has become the pivot of modern civilization. Without the ability to produce energy, we can not be able to have a comfortable life and life on the earth would be found to become quite unbearable.
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In the ingle particle he'll model the ground tate of a nucleu with an odd proton and neutron i determined from
The spin of the odd particle, which can be inferred by counting energy levels up to the Fermi level, determines the ground-state spin of the nucleus.
What is proton and neutron?A positive-charged subatomic particle is known as a proton. Protons are held together in the atom's nucleus by the strong nuclear force. The neutron is a type of subatomic particle without charge.
subatomic particles with a positive charge that live in the nucleus. Neutrons: Subatomic particles with a neutral charge that are found in the nucleus. Electrons: Subatomic particles with a negative charge that are present in the electron shells that enclose the nucleus.
What is the relationship of protons and neutrons?The positive charge proton have a propensity to reject one another, but the neutrons keep the nucleus together. The quantity of protons determines the atomic number, and the sum of the protons and neutrons determines the atomic mass. The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1, as there is just one proton and no neutrons in the material.
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2. Calculate the acceleration of a school bus when a force of 2000 N is applied. The mass is
1000 kg.
Answer:
2m/s square
Explanation:
this means force is the product of mass and acceleration.so a=f/mA=2000N/1000kg A=2m/s squarewhere a is acceleration f is force and m is massThe coefficient of static friction between a 17 Kg table and the floor is 0.50. What is the maximum force that can be applied to the table before it starts to slide?
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
Normal force = mg = 17(9.81)
force of friction = normal force * coefficient of static friction
= (17* 9.81 * .5) = 83.4 N
How fast would a 0.40 kg football have to be thrown to have a momentum of 8 kg m/s?
20 m/sec fast would a 0.40 kg football have to be thrown to have a momentum of 8 kg m/s.
What is momentum?It is measured by "mass velocity," since momentum depends on velocity, and it also depends on the direction of the body's motion. Since velocity and mass are both scalar quantities, momentum is also a vector quantity.
Given that,
mass of football (m) = 0.40 kg
momentum (p) = 8 kg.m/sec
As we know,
p = mv
8 kg.m/sec = 0.40 kg × v
v = (8 kg.m/sec ÷ 0.40 kg)
v = 20 m/sec
Now, 20 m/sec fast would a 0.40 kg football have to be thrown to have a momentum of 8 kg m/s.
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An accelerator laboratory is considering using a solid-state detector as part of a high-energy experiment. What would be an advantage of using a solid-state detector?.
A solid-state detector converts part of the energy of the particles directly into electric current.
What is a solid-state detector?A semiconductor detector also known as a solid-state detector in ionizing radiation detection is a device that uses a semiconductor generally silicon or germanium to measure the effect of incident particles (charged) or photons.
Semiconductor detectors have broad applications for gamma and X-ray spectrometry, radiation protection, and particle detectors. Solid-state detectors are sensitive to charged particles and are transparent to gamma rays.
Solid-state detectors offer a signal by collecting the charge released in the passage of the particle through a semiconductor. In these detectors, a semiconductor material such as a silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge) crystal constitutes the detecting medium.
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star formation occurs in the halo rather than the disk because there is more visible material in the halo. true false
Star formation occurs in the halo rather than the disk because there is more visible material in the halo this statement is false. The galaxy's disk, which is mostly made of gas, is where stars are formed.
What environment is star creation in?Formation of stars. Molecular clouds, which are relatively dense collections of interstellar gas and dust, are where stars are born. These areas are quite chilly (temperature about 10 to 20K, just above absolute zero). Gases become molecular at these temperatures, which means that atoms are bound together. As a result of the disk's abundance of gas and dust, vigorous star formation occurs there. The spiral arms of the galaxy are where stars develop.
What distinguishes our galaxy's halo and disk populations of stars?All the gas and the young stars are in the disk, but there are also some ancient stars. An aggressive core and elderly stars dominate the bulge. Globular clusters and extremely ancient stars can be found in the halo. An indication of how the Galaxy formed can be found in the cause of this division of star kinds.
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a ball has a diameter of 3.81 cm and average density of 0.0835 g/cm3. what force is required to hold it completely submerged under water?
Force required to hold ball completely submerged under water is calculated as 0.257 N.
What is buoyant force?Net upward force on any object in any fluid is called buoyant force . If buoyant force is greater than the object's weight, then the object will rise to the surface and float.
Given, ρ1 = 0.0835 g/cm3 and ρ2 =1g/cm3)
and radius = 3.81/2 cm = 1.9 cm
As, the volume of sphere = 4/3 π r3
and mass of sphere = 4/3 π r3 ρ1
So, weight of the sphere is 4/3 π r3 ρ1 g
Volume of water displaced = 4/3 π r3
As we know, buoyant force = 4/3 π r3 ρ2 g
= 4/3 π * 1.9 * (1-0.0835) *9.81
= 257.66 * 10^-3
F = 0.257 N
Force required to hold it completely submerged under water is 0.257 N
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Determine the distance a 741.19 W crane lifts a crate in 57.59 s if it uses a force of 546,422.14 N.
The distance at which the crane lift a crate is 0.0781 m.
What is distance?Distnace is the lenght between two points.
To determine the distance the crane can lift the crate, we use the formula below.
Formula:
d = Pt/F.......................... Equation 1Where:
d = DistanceP = Powert = TimeF = ForceFrom the question,
Given:
P = 741.19 Wt = 57.59 sF = 546422.14 NSubstitute these values into equation 1
d = (741.19×57.59)/546422.14d = 0.0781 mHence, the distance is 0.0781 m.
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Economics is all about decision making and allocation. Without ___ there would be no need for economics.
a Choices
b. Self-interest
c. Supply
d. Microeconomics
The process of selecting the optimal action to take from a multitude of possibilities can be characterized as decision making.
Meaning of making decisions:
The basic goal of managerial economics is decision-making. The process of choosing the best course of action from among multiple alternatives can be referred to as decision-making. Whenever there are numerous options, decision-making becomes a challenge.
Decision Making and Economics
Well, making decisions affects everyone's life; they are not just for executives or the corporate sector. Whether a person is employed or jobless, making decisions is important to everyone. Regardless of the work you are now doing, a choice needs to be made. You have several choices to make as a participant.
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It takes 8. 0 seconds for 12 coulombs of charge to flow through a wire. How much current is flowing through it? 0. 67 a 1. 5 a 4. 0 a.
A rubber block weighing 40.0 newtons is resting on a horizontal level surface of dry concrete. What is the magnitude of the minimum force needed to start the rubber block moving across the dry concrete?
The minimum force to start the block moving is 40N
What is limiting frictional force?Limiting friction occurs when the moving force and the force opposing motion are equal,any addition to the moving force will cause slipping. The limiting frictional force is proportional to the normal reaction between the contacting surfaces and is independent of the area of contact.
Therefore for an object to be stationary, the moving force is equal to force opposing it. In these scenario the minimum force to move a stationary object must be equal to the weight of the object. The weight of the object is 40N.
Therefore the minimum force to move the block is 40N.
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unpolarized light is passed through two successive polaroid filters, each with its transmission axis at 45.0° to the preceding filter. what percentage of light energy gets through?
The amount of light that passes through the three Polaroid filters in order is 12.5%.
Does "light" imply "not heavy"?Light is an adjective that describes something that isn't weighty, cumbersome, or depressing. A conversation topic or a music piece are both examples of things that can be considered light. The weight is light even though the trip is long, for instance.
Angle of transmission axis; θ = 45°
Formula for intensity of light from first polarizer is;
I₁ = ¹/₂I₀
Formula for intensity of light from second polarizer is;
I₂ = I₁cos²θ
Formula for intensity of light from third polarizer is;
I₃ = I₂cos²(90 - θ)
Combining the 3 equations;
Put ¹/₂I₀ for I₁ in second formula to get;
I₂ = ¹/₂I₀cos²θ
Put ¹/₂I₀cos²θ for I₂ in third formula to get;
I₃ = ¹/₂I₀cos²θ*cos²(90 - θ)
Plugging in 45° for θ gives;
I₃ = ¹/₂I₀cos²45*cos²(90 - 45)
⇒ I₃ = ¹/₂I₀cos²45*cos²45
⇒ I₃ = ¹/₂I₀cos⁴45
Now, cos 45 in surd form is 1/√2. Thus;
I₃ = ¹/₂I₀(1/√2)⁴
I₃ = ¹/₂I₀(¹/₄)
I₃ = ¹/₈I₀
I₃/I₀ = ¹/₈
I₃/I₀ = 0.125
In percentage form, we have;
I₃/I₀ = 12.5%
Why is light such an effective symbol?Light is a universally recognized metaphor for knowledge and rational reasoning; it is the antithesis of darkness or ignorance. The dark is almost usually thought to be ominous and dangerous, connected with things that cannot understand. According to legend, light dispels darkness and creates order from chaos.
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