The IAU adopted the Torino Scale in 1999 as a means of classifying probable Earth impact events. a scale of integers from 0 to 10
The IAU adopted the Torino Scale in 1999 as a means of classifying probable Earth impact events. It is an integer scale with a color-coded range from 0 to 10, principally used by the community of people who monitor the risk of an asteroid impact to ease public communication. The integer scale used by the Torino Scale ranges from 0 to 10. A 0 denotes that an item is either too tiny to enter Earth's atmosphere intact or has a negligibly low probability of colliding with the planet compared to the regular "background noise" of collision occurrences. Richard Binzel created the so-called Torino scale, which goes from 0 (no collision) to 10 (certain collision causing global destruction).
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After the last Ice Age ended, Earth's temperatures rose. As the climate warmed, many nomads moved into areas with a mild climate and fertile land. Another historical revolution then occurred. For the first time, people began staying in one place to grow grains and vegetables.
After the last Ice Age ended, Earth's temperatures rose. As the climate warmed, many nomads moved into areas with a mild climate and fertile land. The period is called Neolithic Times or Neolithic Age
Neolithic time period is the significant for the agriculture practices use of polished stone.
Neolithic time span last time of stone age to the include conduct and social change harvests of tamed creatures.
Neolithic time span had become reliant upon wild in their eating regimen, stationary method of the environmental change related with foster cultivating.
Neolithic time span is the advancement earliest Mesopotamia of the neolithic transformation to the restricted thin scope of plants.Neolithic time span social totally free of those in Europe and Southwest Asia, used in social creating horticulture.Neolithic time span started created by nomadic tribes as they proof by the absence of super durable human made spot of love.Neolithic period social and maybe early seen determination and yet again cultivating happened they grain was ground into flour.Neolithic period they have rectangular houses the family lived respectively in single or different rooms.Neolithic time span contend that the horticulture and trained creatures and other neolithic social in the center east.Neolithic time span denoting the start of food creation on the landmass the later stone age.Know more on Neolithic Times - https://brainly.com/question/17598563
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which fault is older stohr fault or gem fault
Answer:
gem fault is older than stohr fault
Explanation:
Stohr fault is older than Gem fault. A fault refers to a fracture or a zone of fractures that occurs between two blocks of rock. Option A is the correct answer.
The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that a feature (such as a fault) is younger than the rock it cuts across. If we apply this principle to the Stohr Fault and the Gem Fault, we would need to analyze the relationship between the faults and the rocks they intersect. Option A is the correct answer.
If the Stohr Fault cuts across the rocks that are affected by the Gem Fault, then the Stohr Fault would be younger. This is because the Stohr Fault must have formed after the rocks were already affected by the Gem Fault. In this case, the Gem Fault would be older. On the other hand, if the Gem Fault cuts across the rocks affected by the Stohr Fault, then the Gem Fault would be younger, as it must have formed after the rocks were already affected by the Stohr Fault. In this case, the Stohr Fault would be older.
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The complete question is, "Which fault is older?
a. stohr fault
b. gem fault"
Moderate temperatures and precipitation, as well as nutrient-rich soil due to annual leaf fall, characterize this biome.
deciduous forest
The deciduous forest biome is characterized by moderate temperatures, rainfall, and soil that is rich in nutrients from yearly leaf fall.
The deciduous woodland biome is known for what characteristics.Temperate deciduous woods are particularly notable since they can be found in all four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and fall. This adaptation allows plants to resist hard winters by developing leaves that change color in the autumn (or senesce), disappear in the winter, and then regenerate in the spring.
Nutrient-rich soils can be found in temperate deciduous woods.Temperate forests are more open than wet forests in tropical regions because the trees do not grow as tall in them. Temperate forest soils are rich in inorganic and organic nutrients as a result of the thick layer of leaf litter that covers forest floors and replenishes the soil with nutrients.
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5. Which area of the world has experienced the greatest population growth over the past 10
years?
O South America
O Asia
O Africa
O Europe
5 What avent was recnoncible for the first population explacion? (noint)
O South America
O AsiaO Africa
O Europe
ASIAAsia is both the region with the greatest population growth as well as the country with the greatest total population. China and India, the top two nations in Asia, both have a population of more than one billion people.
Asian economies, sometimes known as the Asian Tigers, have among the greatest rates of growth in the world and have helped tens of millions of people rise out of poverty in past few decades. Southeast Asia is currently experiencing economic recovery, which means that in the future, more economic weight will be placed on the area with the highest population and fastest rate of growth.
describe how the
Hydrosphere acts to change the
Geosphere
Explanation:
That precipitation connects the hydrosphere with the geosphere by promoting erosion and weathering, surface processes that slowly break down large rocks into smaller ones. Over time, erosion and weathering change large pieces of rocks—or even mountains—into sediments, like sand or mud.
Compare the accuracy and frequency of tornado warnings now with those in the past. How have changes in the warning system helped keep residents safe?
Describe one hypothesis that was tested during the VORTEX study. What was the outcome? Did scientists learn something new? Cite evidence from the article to support your answer
Radar-detected tornado warnings and tornado watches given by meteorologists have made communities safer than before.
Describe tornado warnings.A tornado is a furiously spinning, a short column of air that forms in a thunderstorm and travels to the ground, causing havoc and destroying everything in its path. The Storm Prediction Centre in the US issues a Tornado Watch to highlight the possibility of tornadoes. They only draw attention to the fact that there are excellent circumstances for tornado generation. When tornadoes are sighted or detected by radar, a Tornado Warning—a higher-level alert than a Tornado Watch—is issued. It denotes a significant danger to people, property, and critical infrastructure in the watch area.
During the VORTEX study, theories about how the storm environment controls or modifies tornadic storm structure and evolution were put to the test. The scientists discovered that, despite changes in population density over time, the importance of terrain roughness in tornado frequency and occurrence patterns remained constant. These concerned investigating the significance of horizontal inhomogeneities, helicity temporal tendency, vertical convective available potential energy (CAPE) distributions, as well as a number of other concerns.
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When a water budget has high potential evapotranspiration, but low precipitation, the result is a water __________.
A water deficit or drought results when a water budget has a high potential evapotranspiration but little precipitation.
How do evapotranspiration and precipitation relate to one another?According to Shukla et al., the energy available for evapotranspiration is connected with the soil's ability to store water, which is lower in deforested areas (1990). (since a greater albedo causes more energy to be reflected). As a result, less water is released back into the atmosphere, resulting in less precipitation.
What causes the water deficit in the water balance?It should be noted that in this study, a water deficit is meant to represent water stress in sizable global basins under natural circumstances, where precipitation and potential evapotranspiration are the two key factors affecting water availability and demand, respectively.
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g list two changes (e.g. different lens properties) that would improve your simple telescope design, and explain.list two changes (e.g. different lens properties) that would improve your simple telescope design, and explain.
Size, or the diameter of its primary mirror or lens, is a telescope's most crucial characteristic. Larger telescopes can view fainter objects because they can gather more light. With a telescope only 4 to 6 inches in diameter, you can see quite a bit.
The telescope has changed in what ways?Sir Isaac Newton concluded that building a telescope using mirrors rather than lenses would be preferable after studying Kepler's work. Mirrors permit light to pass through them and reflect it, whereas lenses only permit light to pass through and bend (refract). In 1668, he created the very first practical reflecting telescope.
What modifications to telescopes have been made over time?Since its invention 400 years ago, the astronomy telescope has seen substantial development. From a small, manually aimed equipment for visual observations to a large, sophisticated, computer-controlled instrument with full digital output, the telescope has undergone significant transformation.
What are the two fundamental telescope models?Telescopes can be divided into two categories: refractors and reflectors. The type of telescope is determined by the objective, which is the portion of the telescope that collects light. A glass lens serves as the objective of a refractor telescope.
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an ipcc special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
The report states unequivocally that current levels of global warming make climate resilient development difficult. If the world warms by more than 1.5°C (2.7°F), it will become more constrained. If global warming exceeds 2°C (3.6°F), some regions will be inaccessible.
What can we infer about climate change from the IPCC report?Only 24 countries in the world are genuinely cutting their emissions, according to the most recent IPCC assessment. To reduce emissions and remove more carbon from the atmosphere, all nations—but particularly the wealthy nations that produce the most emissions—must develop more aggressive climate action plans.
What are the key takeaways from the most recent IPCC report?Science has established beyond a doubt that both human and environmental health are at jeopardy due to climate change. Delaying action increases the likelihood that climate change will have devastating effects on our environment and alter it in ways we are unable to recognize. A brief window of opportunity to realize a sustainable, livable future for everyone will exist in the approaching years.
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HELP ME PLEASE Now imagine that you are a scientist whose research project on Antarctica has just been approved. Knowing that will you be staying at McMurdo Station, answer the questions below to prepare for your journey.
What will occur when I first arrive?
What dangers could I face during my stay?
Where will I be housed?
Will I have access to supplies once I am there?
What if I get sick or injured while I am there?
Will I have access to fresh foods, or only frozen and canned foods?
Will recreational activities be available?
The biggest research station in Antarctica was established in 1956 and is called McMurdo Station. Although there are challenges, life in McMurdo is often more pleasant than it was for the earliest pioneers.
Can you live in McMurdo Station?The station lacks the medical equipment necessary to provide adequate care. Vessel season, or just "vessel," is the time of year when supplies like food and fuel are brought in by ships once a year. During the summer, there is a weekly Sunday brunch with a smorgasbord, live egg station, hot specialties, and freshly baked pastries and desserts. There are some expired canned or dried products.
The day-long outdoor music festival Ice Stock is held in McMurdo every New Year's Eve. Burgers and hotdogs are served, and people dress up in vibrant costumes or the perennially popular animal onesie. Local bands perform throughout the afternoon and into the evening. Even though it's not always easy, McMurdo's way of life is a little more enjoyable than what the early explorers had to endure.
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What Term Refers To Harmful Chemicals Emitted Irectly Into The Air From Natural Processes And Human Activities? A. Secondary Pollutants B. Direct Smog D. Tertiary Pollutant
The Term Refers To Harmful Chemicals Emitted Directly Into The Air From Natural Processes And Human Activities Secondary Pollutants.
What phrase describes dangerous substances released into the air directly?The term "primary pollutants" refers to dangerous compounds released into the atmosphere by both natural and human processes.
A secondary pollutant is what?Both primary and secondary pollutants. An air pollutant that is released directly from a source is referred to as a primary pollutant. A secondary pollutant is created in the atmosphere when other pollutants, or primary pollutants, interact with one another.
Which contaminants are released into the atmosphere right away?leading air pollutants: pollutants produced and released directly from specific sources. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, and particles are some examples.
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Examine Fig. 21.1. Which of the following locations has the highest average annual number of lightning flashes per square km?
Central Africa
The region with the greatest yearly average of lightning strikes per square kilometer is Central Africa.
The most lightning strikes occur in Africa where?The UNESCO World Heritage site is remarkable for more than just its gorillas, since six of the top ten lightning hotspots in Africa are located within the Mitumba mountain range, one of which is second only to Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela in terms of lightning risk worldwide.
The community of Kifuka in Central Africa experiences 158 earthquakes per square kilometer annually, making it the most earthquake-prone area on Earth. Washington, the site of Boeing's manufacturing, had the fewest lightning strikes overall. Upon striking the surface of the earth, lightning can spread out by around 60 feet.
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What kind of food would you most likely NOT find at an open market?
which country are in asia?
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Answer:
Hope this helps!
What evidence can you find in the article to support the idea that Japan has one of the best transportation systems in the world?
Answer: The "Maglev Train"
Explanation:
This train, "Maglev Train", in Japan is the FIRST train in the world that travels on magnets. It is currently in, and made in Japan. It is also the worlds fastest bullet train at 375 miles per hour!
Answer:
The cost of rail travel in Japan is low. The Japanese system is so efficient that people can choose to live a long way from their offices and still efficiently get to work on time. The people who run the trains make sure the trains come frequently and on time, so passengers can rely on them. Japan also created the world’s first high-speed trains in the 1960s.
Explanation:
this is the exact answer on edmentum btw!!
The loess deposits in Europe and North America are thought to be derived mainly from _____
Loess is assumed to have primarily glacial and periglacial origins in Europe and North America.
Where does loess come from?Loess is created primarily by wind and is also formed by glaciers. Glaciers can turn rocks into a fine powder, which can lead to the development of loess. Streams carry the glacier's terminus's powder. This sediment is converted into loess.
Loess was formed in North America from both glacial and nonglacial causes, but it is often connected to the floodplains of large, braided rivers and to the outwash deposits of the Laurentide ice sheet; parts of the Mississippi River basin may have loess up to a depth of 20 meters.
Why is loess essential and how does it form?The majority of loess is made up of coarse silt-sized quartz particles with a diameter of 20–63 m, however certain desert loess deposits can contain fine sands with an 80 m or less diameter. Loess is made up of large amounts of wind-blown dust that have been captured, laid down, and preserved on specific terrain.
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Industrialization on Earth eventually heats our surroundings to temperatures that are higher than usual. Industrialization in space habitats using exclusively solar power eventually will thermally pollute the solar system.
A) True
B) False
C) cannot be determined without additional information
False, the industrialization of Earth gradually causes the environment to warm up above average. The solar system will eventually become thermally contaminated if space colonies are only powered by solar energy.
Who would want to live permanently in space?The major argument for space colonization is the long-term survival of human civilisation and terrestrial life. In the event of natural or man-made calamities on our planet, species of the world, including humans, could continue to survive by creating other locations off it.
Industrialization is the period of social and economic change from an agrarian to an industrial civilization in a human population. This demands a considerable reorganization of an economy in order to achieve the goal of manufacturing. Industrialization has historically been associated with an increase in industries that produce pollution and are predominantly dependent on fossil fuels. With the rise in popularity of sustainable development and green industrial policy practices, industrialization increasingly entails technical leapfrogging and direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technology.
The restructuring of the economy has many unexpected social and economic consequences. An ongoing pattern as industrial workers' wages rise is the expansion of consumer markets for all goods and services, which serves as an additional stimulant to company investment and economic growth.
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Describe different intrusive forms of igneous rocks.
The different types of intrusive forms of igneous rocks are stocks, laccoliths, sills. If the conduits are emptied after an eruption, they can collapse in the formation of a caldera, or remain as lava tubes and caves.
What are igneous rocks?Igneous rocks are one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses.
Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust.
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Give 4 examples on why you think SAFETY is the most important for travellers to consider?
The experience of travelling may be thrilling and enlightening. You could easily lose control due to the excitement of an adventure. But keep in mind how crucial travel security and safety are.
Do some research:
Get as much information on your destination as you can before you travel. For information on the safest areas, accommodations, and crime statistics, read tourist reviews and speak with locals.
Knowing who to call in an emergency is a critical component of travel safety. Obtain the phone numbers for the police department, embassy, and emergency services that are closest to you.
Try not to draw attention:
Because criminals target those who appear to be from outside the area, try your best to blend in as much as possible. Don't stand out or draw attention by wearing something plain. When studying maps and asking people for directions, exercise extra care and prudence.
To make it more difficult for pickpockets to steal your cash and other belongings, think about investing in protective clothing and equipment.
Make copies of important documents:
You might at any moment be asked for a copy of your passport, license, or other form of identification. After scanning these papers to save online, print many hard copies of them. You won't have to scramble if you need to get home to find the appropriate paperwork that way.
Keep in touch with your family.
Regardless of whether your vacation is an overnight stopover or a month-long international excursion, it's a good idea to let friends or family back home know where you're heading. Before you go, print down your itinerary and give it to a few trusted people who can keep track of your whereabouts. Check in with your contacts periodically to let them know you are where you need to be.
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the map shows the locations of major watersheds in the new yowkr state the genesee river in watershed a generally flows in which direction
In a water system, sediment can deposit anywhere from high mountain streams to rivers, lakes, deltas, and floodplains.
What range of temperatures will most meteors burn up in?In the mesosphere, meteors typically burn up. Temperatures continue to drop as you ascend into the mesosphere, in contrast to the stratosphere.
What movement is behind the apparent Sun path seen in the photo?The Earth's movement alone is what causes the sun's motion, which is clearly seen. Our planet orbits the Sun and spins on its axis. The Sun's apparent motion is the result of the combination of these two movements.
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Which of the following processes most logically explains the different tilts of gravestones in a hillside cemetery?
A. mudflow
B. slump
C. liquefaction
D. creep
The process that explains the different tilts of gravestones in a hillside cemetery is called creep.
Creep are the slow downslope movement of particles that occurs on every slope covered with loose weathered material. Even soil covered with creeps downslope as indicated by slow but persistent tilting of trees, poles, gravestones, and other objects set into the ground on hillsides. The most important process producing creep, aside from direct gravitational influences is frost heaving as interstitial water freezes, surface particles are forced up and out perpendicular to the slope. Other processes involved are the wedging action of root growth and the wetting and drying of soil layers. Creeps explains the slow mass wasting process of soil on a slope under the influence of gravity.
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Both the Romans and the Jews thought of Christianity as a ____religion.
reading
In most of the Roman Empire, the Roman government was tolerant and protected the people that lived there. But Paul and Barnabas were persecuted because they were thought to be threatening the "Peace of Rome." The Jewish religion was recognized and allowed by the Roman government, but Christianity, when it became separated from Judaism, was viewed as a rebel religion by both Jews and Gentiles.
Due to sunlight being less intense on a cloudy day than a sunny day, ozone levels on a cloudy day are ______ than on a sunny day.
Ozone levels are higher on sunny days than they are on cloudy days because sunlight is stronger on sunny days.
When the air is still and hot and sunny, ozone is more likely to form than when the weather is cool and cloudy and rainy.
Is there more ozone when it's sunny?Ozone levels generally rise during periods of stagnant air on hot, sunny summer days. Local weather events, regional weather patterns, and the presence of ozone-forming chemicals in the air can all have an impact on daily ozone levels.
Why are summertime ozone levels higher?As the weather conditions warms up throughout the mid year months, ground-level ozone contamination increments as poisons respond to intensity and daylight. Summer wildfires frequently cause an increase in ozone levels, which worsens air quality and makes it harder to breathe because of ozone.
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Match the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blank in the sentences in the right-hand column. Use each word only once.
Words:
- Nova
- Accretion disk
- Massive star supernova
- White dwarf supernova
- Electron degeneracy pressure
- White dwarf limit (1.4 solar masses)
Sentences:
1. The radius of a white dwarf is determined by a balance between the inward force of gravity and the outward push of ________. 2. A(n) ________ occurs when hydrogen fusion ignites on the surface of a white dwarf in a binary system.
3. A(n) _______ occurs when fusion creates iron in the core of a star.
4. A white dwarf in a close binary system will explode as a supernova if it gains enough mass to exceed the ______.
5. A(n) ______ consists of hot, swirling gas captured by a white dwarf (or neutron star or black hole) from a binary companion star.
6. A(n) ______ can occur only in a binary system, and all such events are thought to have the same luminosity.
A white dwarf in a binary star system gains mass from its companion during this kind of supernova. The white dwarf's temperature and pressure rise along with its mass until nuclear fusion re-ignites at its core.
Find the proper blank in the sentences in the right-hand column by matching the words in the left-hand column there. Only use each word once.An equilibrium between the outward push of "electron degeneracy pressure" and the inward pull of gravity determines the radius of a white dwarf.In a binary system, a white dwarf's surface experiences hydrogen fusion, which results in a "nova".When iron is produced by fusion in a star's core, a "giant star supernova" results.A supernova will happen if a white dwarf gains more mass than the "white dwarf limit (1.4 solar masses)".To create what is referred to as a "accretion disk," a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole will absorb hot, spinning plasma from a binary companion star system. White dwarf supernovae all have the same luminosity and can be seen only in binary systems.Learn more about "White dwarf supernova": https://brainly.com/question/2435529
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The North Africa/Southwest Asia realm contains about __________ percent of the world's oil reserves.A) 10B) 35C) 55D) 85E) 95Answer: C
Option (c), about 55% of the world's oil reserves are located in the region of North Africa and Southwest Asia.
What type of natural resource is well-known in both North Africa and Southwest Asia?North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia together account for a sizeable percentage of global oil and gas reserves. By researching the region now, it is possible to comprehend how the natural resources of the area affect the global economy and its present issues, like water scarcity, political upheaval, and disastrous conflicts.
Oil and water, which are both plentiful, are the most valuable resources in the region. Everyone, including plants and animals, needs water to survive.
What makes the Middle East's oil reserves so large?The Infracambrian, Ordovician, and Permian periods saw the creation of continental rifts in the Middle East as a result of extensional tectonics, which also followed the opening of each Tethys ocean. These rift basins gave the region more excellent sites for petroleum production.
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Which of the following Caribbean Islands was a colony of France?
Puerto Rico
Jamaica
Cuba
Haiti
Answer:
Haiti
Explanation:
Haiti, formerly known as Saint-Domingue, was a French colony in the Caribbean. It was one of the richest colonies in the region due to its thriving economy based on sugar, coffee, and slavery. In 1791, the enslaved people of Haiti rose up in rebellion against their French rulers, and after a long and bloody struggle, they declared independence in 1804. This made Haiti the first independent nation in the Americas and the second-oldest republic in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States. Despite its historic significance, however, Haiti has faced many challenges, including political instability, natural disasters, and economic struggles.
in 2020, -8.90 the ozone concentration globally is deteriorating and -12.80 in the arctic.15 to 30 kilometers above the earth's surface, in the stratosphere is where the most atmospheric ozone is concentrated. it is a gas made up of three oxygen atoms (o3). ozone molecules are constantly formed and demolished in the stratosphere. the stratosphere increases in warmth with elevation because ozone gasses in the upper layers absorb intense ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
The upper layers absorb intense ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The stratosphere, which starts between 6 and 10 miles above the earth's surface and rises to a height of roughly 30 miles, is where ozone is located.
The "good ozone" that is found in the stratosphere absorbs the majority of the dangerous UV sunlight.The troposphere, the lower part of the atmosphere, also contains ozone. However, the ozone in this area significantly reacts with chemicals that make plants poisonous.
As a result, the ozone is referred to as "bad ozone."When two oxygen atoms in a molecule are broken by powerful photons from the sun, such as UV rays, ozone is produced. The radical atom then joins forces with a second oxygen molecule to form the ozone complex. The same intense photons that form ozone also destroy it at a pace that balances its creation.
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the safest method for cooling hot food is
Answer:
By keeping it on a plate and place it on a cold water .
Explanation:
It is the safest method to cool your hot food because the food you place in a plate Will float in a water and be colled.
You can also try it.
We can sometimes measure stellar mass directly, using binary systems. The methods are similar to extrasolar planet detection, and are _____
Using binary systems, we can occasionally measure the star mass directly. The techniques involve careful observation of a binary system, spectroscopic observation of a binary system, and observation of an eclipsing binary. These techniques are comparable to those used to find extrasolar planets.
From a binary star system, how can the mass of a star be determined?The stars' masses in binary systems can be determined easily. Binary systems, which spin around one another, are arrangements of two or more stars. By examining the size of the orbit, the orbital velocities, and the orbital periods of the stars, we may determine their masses.
How is a pair of stars seen together?With binoculars, you can see perhaps a hundred binary stars or more. a photo of a binary object that is visible through a pair of binoculars. There is a picture of a close-up telescopic binary. To observe thousands of binary stars, a small telescope with an aperture of around 8 inches can be utilized.
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calculate the number of communicative civilizations per galaxy using your own estimates of the factors in this table.
The galaxy's population of communicative civilizations: Ne =2x 10^{-4}
What do you mean by civilizations?A civilization is any complex culture distinguished by the formation of a state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic communication technologies other than natural spoken language (namely, a writing system).
For pessimistic estlmates:
The number of communicative civilizations per galaxy is given as
Ne = N0. fp. nHz. fL. f1. fs. ...eq 1
In which,
Ne : Number of star in the galaxy 2 x 10^{11}.
fp: Fraction of stars with the planet (0.1).
nHz: Number of planets per star which lie in habitable zone for even longer than 4 billion years (0.01).
fL: Fraction of suitable planets for which life begins (0.01).
f1: Fraction of planets within life in which life evolves to intelligence (0.01).
fs: Fraction of star's existence during a technological society survives 10^{-8}.
Ne = 2 x10^{11}(0.1)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)x(10^{-8})
Ne =2x 10^{-4}
Thus, the number of communicative civilizations per galaxy is found as 2x 10^{-4}.
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The complete question is-
calculate the number of communicative civilizations per galaxy using your own estimates of the factors in this table.
The table is attached.