An internal node in a cladogram is said to be polytomic if it has more than two direct descendants (i.e, sister taxa). In contrast, a node is considered resolved if it has just two direct descendants.
A polytomy indicates the concurrent differentiation of three or even more species if the branches in the phylogenetic analysis stand for species. An internal node in a cladogram is said to be polytomic if it has more than two direct descendants (i.e, sister taxa). They may be widespread under some circumstances, such as when an organism that has rapidly extended its range or is very panmictic goes through peripatric speciation in many locations. A polytomy is a branch comprising more than two lineages, and it provides as an example of how all of the biological links have not yet been fully established by science. Phylogenetic trees with roots A phylogenetic tree's root denotes the original lineage from which all of the creatures on the tree descended. In phylogenetic theories, polytomies are connections that multifurcate rather than split into two branches. First, due to inadequate resolution of genuine bifurcating links, polytomies may develop.
Learn more about cladogram
https://brainly.com/question/27405768
#SPJ4
The inheritance of a skin condition in humans
The inheritance of eye color in Drosophila is controlled by genes on each of the fly's four chromosome pairs. One eye-color gene is on the fly's X chromosome, so the trait is inherited in a sex-linked manner. For this sex-linked trait, the wild-type (brick red) allele is dominant over the mutant vermilion (bright red) allele.
A homozygous wild-type female fly is mated with a vermilion male fly.
Predict the eye colors of F1 and F2 generations. (Assume that the F1 flies are allowed to interbreed to produce the F2 generation.)
F1 Female = All ______________
F1 Males = All _____________
F2 Females = All ______________
F2 Males = 1/2 ________, 1/2 _________
Both F1 females and F1 males will have the wild-type eye color, but because the trait is sex-linked, F1 females will be heterozygous for the trait.
As a result, F2 males have a 1/2 chance of inheriting each allele, and thus of having that eye color. F2 females, on the other hand, will all have the wild-type eye color because they inherit the dominant allele on the X chromosome from their fathers (the F1 males).
F1 Female = All wildtype
F1 Males = All wildtype
F2 Females = All wildtype
F2 Males = 1/2 wildtype, 1/2 vermilion
Vermilion (Xᵛ⁺), which is a sex-related characteristic, is subordinated to the wild-type allele (Xᵛ⁺). Male and female flies each have an X and a Y chromosome, but male and female flies only have one of each. An XᵛY male fly and an Xᵛ⁺Xᵛ⁺ homozygous wild-type female fly are mated. There are only Xᵛ⁺ gametes that the female parent can create. It depends on the male parent whether Xᵛ or Y gametes are produced.
The genotypes Xᵛ⁺Xᵛ (females with wild type eyes) and Xᵛ⁺ Y (males with Y-chromosomes) will be present in the F1 offspring after the gametes from both parents mate (males with wild type eyes).
F1 females have the ability to produce Xᵛ⁺ and Xᵛ gametes. F1 males have the ability to create Xᵛ⁺ and Y gametes. Gametes combine to create F2 children when F1 people interbreed. The following gamete combinations could result in the various genotypes and phenotypes in the F2 population:
Xᵛ⁺Xᵛ⁺ females with wild type eyes
Xᵛ⁺ Y males with wild type eyes
Xᵛ Xᵛ⁺ females with wild type eyes
Xᵛ Y males with vermilion eyes
Find out more about F1 offspring
brainly.com/question/12181001
#SPJ4
A group of students are reviewing material about endocrine system function. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as secreted by the adrenal medulla?Epinephrine
D) Epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal medulla. Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and trace levels of androgenic sex hormones are produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex. The pancreas releases glucagon.
Epinephrine, commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone that is largely generated by the medulla of the adrenal glands and has two main functions: it increases cardiac output and blood glucose levels.
The stimulatory effects of epinephrine, which are often released under acute stress, strengthen and prepare a person for either "fight or flight."
The only structural difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine is the presence of a methyl group on the nitrogen side chain.
To know more about adrenal medulla here:
https://brainly.com/question/28317713#
#SPJ4
Complete Question:
A group of students are reviewing material about endocrine system function. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as secreted by the adrenal medulla?
A) Glucocorticoids
B) Mineralocorticoids
C) Glucagon
D) Epinephrine
Successful vaccination requires the generation of an antibody response and long-term memory. Mounting this response requires a coordinated series of events.
Arrange the following statements in the correct order to describe how an antibody response is generated.
1. Dendritic cells process antigens
2. dendritic cells present antigens on their surface
3. Th cells recognize MHC II/antigen complexes on dendritic cells
4. Stimulated by IL-4, Th cells differentiate into Th2 cells
5. B cells (presenting MHC II/antigens) are activated after interacting with Th2 cells
6. B cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells
Steps involved in antigen response generation is:
1. Dendritic cells process antigens.
2. Dendritic cells present antigens on their surface.
3. T helper cells recognize MHC II/antigen complexes on dendritic cells.
4. Stimulated by IL-4, T helper cells differentiate into T helper2 cells.
5. B cells (presenting MHC II/antigens) are activated after interacting with T helper2 cells.
6. B cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells.
The B cell produces antibodies (specialized white blood cells). A B cell multiplies and clones when it comes into touch with an antigen. These plasma cells, also known as cloned B cells, unleash countless amounts of antibodies into your lymphatic and blood systems.
Our body has antibodies in a number of places, including your skin, lungs, tears, saliva, and even breast milk. In actuality, colostrum contains significant levels of antibodies (a thick fluid secreted by the breasts for a few days after giving birth). Because of this, breast- or chest-feeding helps strengthen your baby's immune system.
To know more about antigen here:
https://brainly.com/question/15694610#
#SPJ4
Corrected Question:
Successful vaccination requires the generation of an antibody response and long-term memory. Mounting this response requires a coordinated series of events.
French biologist, living in the late 1700s and early 1800s, who was the first to propose a mechanism by which evolution might occur. Although this mechanism was later found to be incorrect, he was the first to emphasis how the environment plays a key role in evolution and that the environment can help explain changes in organismal forms seen in the fossil record.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck is a French biologist, living in the late 1700s and early 1800s, who was the first to propose a mechanism by which evolution might occur. he was the first to emphasis how the environment plays a key role in evolution and that the environment can help explain changes in organismal forms seen in the fossil record.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) was a well-known naturalist in France. He was among the first scientists to suggest that species evolve over time. However, Lamarck was incorrect about how species evolve. His understanding of acquired characteristics is incorrect.
Paleontologists, archaeologists, and geologists use the fossil record to place important events and species in the correct geologic era. It is based on the Law of Superposition, which states that the bottom layers in undisturbed rock sequences are older than the top layers.
Learn more about Jean Baptiste Lamarck here:
https://brainly.com/question/1525809
#SPJ4
it occurs in people with blood type o because both copies of the i allele are necessary for dominance.
People with blood type O experience codominance because both copies of a I allele are required for dominance.
What is blood made of?Lipids and solids make up your blood. Water, salts, & protein make up the plasma, which is the liquid component. Your blood contains more than 50% liquid. Red blood cells, white blood cells, & cells make up your blood's solid portion.
What is the importance blood?Humans require blood to survive. With blood, our body's organs would not be able to function properly. We would not be able to maintain body temperature, fight diseases, or dispose of our own waste.
To know more about blood visit:
brainly.com/question/14781793
#SPJ4
-------- alveolar cells provide the primary diffusional area for gas exchange with the blood in the lung
The alveolar cells of the lung provide the primary diffusional area for gas exchange between the air and the blood. Alveoli are tiny, balloon-like sacs in the lungs that are lined with a single layer of alveolar cells.
These cells form a thin, permeable membrane through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass from the air into the blood, and vice versa.
The alveolar cells are extremely important for respiration. Oxygen from the air enters the alveolar cells, where it diffuses into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses across the membrane into the alveolar cells, where it is expelled out of the body. This process, known as gas exchange, is essential for maintaining oxygen levels in the body and eliminating carbon dioxide.
The alveolar cells are also involved in the process of surfactant production. This is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that provides a lubricating surface in the alveolar sacs, preventing them from collapsing and allowing for easier breathing.
The alveolar cells play a critical role in the process of respiration, providing the primary diffusional area for gas exchange with the blood. Without them, oxygen and carbon dioxide would not be able to diffuse across the alveolar membrane, and respiration would be impossible.
Learn more about gas exchange at : https://brainly.com/question/7211169
#SPJ4
which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest? which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest? consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation prolonged muscle contraction high intensity exercise alternating sprints with up-hill jogging repetitive stimulation of a muscle
Consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest.
Muscle fatigue is a performance loss brought on by prolonged, vigorous muscle usage. The action potential, extracellular and intracellular ions, and several intracellular metabolites are only a few of the muscular properties that change as muscle exhaustion sets in. There are numerous mechanisms that have been found to be involved in performance deterioration. The conventional theory, which states that the buildup of intracellular lactate and hydrogen ions impairs the function of the contractile proteins, is probably not very significant in mammals. Alternative theories will be taken into account, including the impact of reactive oxygen species, failure of SR Ca2+ release by various mechanisms, and the consequences of ionic alterations on the action potential.
The identification of the numerous mechanisms that contribute in diverse situations during a variety of activities is a significant task. Utilizing the knowledge gained from these research to pinpoint the mechanisms of exhaustion in intact animals and, in particular, in human disorders, is another significant problem. The majority of mechanistic investigations of fatigue are conducted on isolated animal tissues.
To know more about Muscle fatigue visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24014182
#SPJ4
acIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP+ lacOC lacZ+ lacY -
Select the best description of beta-galactosidase activity in the following environmental conditions.
Lactose Absent; Glucose Absent
Lactose Present, Glucose Present
1.
High
2.
Basal
3.
Lower than basal
4.
None
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacY -
Select the best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions.
Question 2 options:
Glucose Present; Lactose Present
Glucose Absent; Lactose Present
1.
High
2.
Basal
3.
Lower than basal
4.
None
The best description of beta-Galactosidase enzyme activity for this genotype will be high for both the cases of lactose absent, glucose absent and lactose present, glucose present.
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacYthe best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions will be none for both cases.
What is beta-galactosidase?
A glycoside hydrolase enzyme called beta-galactosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing D-galactose residues in D-galactosides. Carbohydrates containing galactose that have a glycosidic linkage above the galactose molecule are referred to as galactosides. Enzymes called glycoside hydrolases called galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides.
What role does beta galactosidase play?
The disaccharide lactose is broken down by the enzyme -galactosidase to create galactose and glucose, which are then used in the process of glycolysis.
To know more about beta galactosidase, click here- brainly.com/question/14125223
#SPJ1
The best description of beta-Galactosidase enzyme activity for this genotype will be high for both the cases of lactose absent, glucose absent and lactose present, glucose present.
For genotype: lacIS lacP+ lacO+ lacZ - lacY+ / F' lacI+ lacP - lacOC lacZ+ lacYthe best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions will be none for both cases.
What is beta-galactosidase?A glycoside hydrolase enzyme called beta-galactosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing D-galactose residues in D-galactosides. Carbohydrates containing galactose that have a glycosidic linkage above the galactose molecule are referred to as galactosides. Enzymes called glycoside hydrolases called galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides.
What role does beta galactosidase play?The disaccharide lactose is broken down by the enzyme -galactosidase to create galactose and glucose, which are then used in the process of glycolysis.
To know more about beta galactosidase, click here- brainly.com/question/14125223
#SPJ1
What is true about an iris scan?
O It picks out the unique characteristics of each person's iris.
OIt would not require a database.
O Many police departments are currently using iris scans for identifying missing persons.
O All of the above
Answer:
First one It picks out the unique characteristics of each person's iris. is the correct answer
Iris scans, particularly highlight each individual's distinctive iris traits and do not need a database, are already being used by many police departments to locate missing people.
Iris scans are a biometric identification method that uses the unique patterns in the iris of the eye to identify a person. The iris is the colored part of the eye, and it is made up of a complex pattern of blood vessels and fibers that is unique to each person.
Iris scans are very accurate, and they are becoming increasingly popular for use in security applications.
Many police departments are currently using iris scans to identify missing persons, and they are also being used in airports and other secure facilities.
Therefore, the answer is all of the above.
Learn more about blood vessels here;
https://brainly.com/question/4601677
#SPJ6
when fluid intake is normal, the specific gravity of urine should be: 1.000 less than 1.010 greater than 1.025 1.010 to 1.025
when fluid intake is normal, the specific gravity of urine should be:1.010 to 1.025
Urine-specific gravity is a measurement of the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine. The specific gravity of water is 1.000. A urine-specific gravity less than 1.010 may indicate inadequate fluid intake. A urine-specific gravity greater than 1.025 may indicate overhydration.The normal specific gravity ranges from person to person. Your urine specific gravity is generally considered normal in the ranges of 1.005 to 1.030. If you drink a lot of water, 1.001 may be normal. The urine specific gravity test is easier and more convenient, and is usually part of a routine urinalysis. The urine osmolality test may not be needed. The normal range for urine specific gravity is 1.005 to 1.030. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples.
To know more about urine please click on the link brainly.com/question/27454851
#SPJ4
The order in which plants appeared in the fossil record along with analysis of their anatomy have helped scientists establish the main groups of land plants. Which of the following is the correct order of how land plants evolved?
flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants that gave rise to ferns, low growing plants with spores
low growing plants with spores, seed plants, flowering plants, vascular plants that gave rise to ferns
low growing plants with spores, vascular plants that gave rise to ferns, seed plants, flowering plants
low growing plants with spores, vascular plants that gave rise to ferns, flowering plants, seed plants
Fossil records which shows the correct order in which plants appeared is low growing plants with spores, vascular plants that gave rise to ferns, seed plants, flowering plants. Thus, the correct option is C.
What are fossil record?
A fossil record is a group of fossils which has been analyzed and arranged in a chronological order and in the taxonomic order. Fossils are created when a living organism die, and are incased in dirt and rock. These are slowly replaced by minerals over a certain period of time. The remains of living organisms is a mineral impression of an animal which once existed there.
Fossils are important as they provide important evidence for evolution and adaptation of plants and animals to their environments. The correct order of plant evolution is low growing plants with spores, vascular plants that gave rise to ferns, seed plants, flowering plants.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
Learn more about Fossil records here:
https://brainly.com/question/11830342
#SPJ1
List any two structural differences between fungus and bacterium.
Explanation:
1.Bacteria do not contain membrane-bound organelles
1.but fungi contain membrane-bound organelles
2.Bacteria contain 70S ribosomes
2.but Fungi Contain 80S ribosomes
Name one feature that is present in ALL plant cells but is never found in animal cells.
Answer: Cell Walls
Explanation: Cell Walls are found in all plant cells but never found in animal cells.
Explanation:
Vesicles
a nucleus with mass number and atomic number undergoes decay (positron emission). the mass number and atomic number, respectively, of the product nucleus are
Alpha decay, in general, decreases the atomic number (Z) by two and the mass number (A) by four. For example, alpha decay generates Rn-222 with atomic number 86 and mass number 222 from Ra-226 with atomic number 88 and mass number 226.
The electron is ejected as a particle, but the proton remains in the nucleus, raising the atomic number while remaining constant in mass.
One of the neutrons in the nucleus unexpectedly turns into a proton during beta decay, raising the atomic number of an element.
Learn more about to atomic number visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/16858932
#SPJ4
FILL IN THE BLANK The line of evidence that relies on examining distributions of organisms across the planet in order to determine evolutionary relationships is ______
The line of evidence that relies on examining distributions of organisms across the planet in order to determine evolutionary relationships is biogeographical.
In the field of biology, such features that combine biological study with a geographical study are referred to as the biogeographical aspects of something.
When the geographical distribution of organisms is considered in order to understand the biological aspect of evolutionary relationships, then in such a case, the line of evidence is the biogeographical aspect. This will help in determining the evolutionary history of organisms based on their locations.
To learn more about evolutionary, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/27938803
#SPJ4
Three newborn babies have been separated from their parents. You need to make sure that each child is reunited with the proper set of parents_ The data below was gathered by amplifying two VNTR loci in each baby and the possible parents. Fragments were then separated using gel electrophoresis. Assume that each parent couple had only one of the babies_ Match the babies with the proper parents. VNTR Locus Baby 1 Baby 2 Baby 3 Mike Molly Jim Judy Adam Amy VNTR Locus 2 Baby 1 Baby 2 Baby 3 Mike Molly Jim Judy Adam Amy Baby Choose Choose Baby 3 Choose_ Baby
Fragments were then separated using gel electrophoresis. Assume that each parent couple had only one of the babies. The babies with the proper parents is:
Baby 1 - MIKE AND MOLLY
Baby 2 - ADAM AND AMY
Baby 3 - JIM AND JUDY
Each parents should have a band corresponding to the band for the baby.
For eg, For Baby 1. JIM AND JUDY is not a possibility since their VNTR 1 does not have a band corresponding to the baby band. ADAM AND AMY is also not possible since in VNTR 2, the upper band is not present for neither of the parents.
Like wise, you can look for the Baby 2 and Baby 3 by ruling out parents.
To learn more about possibility visit:https://brainly.com/question/1601688
#SPJ4
Which of the following junctions binds a cell to another cell and is linked to keratin intermediate filaments? Choose one: O A. desmosome O B. tight junction O C. adherens junction O D. hemidesmosome
Junctions binds a cell to another cell and is linked to keratin intermediate filaments is desmosome.
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that connect the plasma membrane with intermediate filaments. Members of the cadherin superfamily called desmogleins and desmocollins mediate adhesion at desmosomes. Desmosomes hold cells together by acting as glue. They are found in high numbers in tissues that are subject to a lot of mechanical forces. For example, many are found in the epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin, and the myocardium, which is muscle tissue in the heart.The extracellular core region, approximately 34 nm in length, contains desmoglein and desmocollin, which are in the cadherin family of cell adhesion proteins. Both have five extracellular domains, and have calcium-binding motifs. By permitting the cadherin extracellular domain on desmoglein and desmocollin to stiffen, extracellular calcium aids in the formation of cadherin adhesion. In contrast to the homophilic binding behaviour of other cadherins, they attach to each other via heterophilic interactions in the extracellular space around their N-termini. Desmoglein and desmocollin both feature an internal anchor to maintain their location within the cell membrane and a single pass transmembrane region. An intracellular cadherin domain seen in desmogleins and the desmocollin isoform "Dsc-a" interacts to plakoglobin.
Find out more about Desmosome
brainly.com/question/23953336
#SPJ4
put the events associated with the formation of tubercules in sequence in order to test your understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
The correct sequence formation of tubercules in order to test your understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis are as follow:
Mycobacteria are engulfed by alveolar macrophage.Mycobacteria proliferate within the infected macrophage. Additional immune cells arrive and macrophages become foamy.A fibrous capsule surrounds the macrophage.Infected macrophage lyse releasing mycobacteria and creating caseous necrosis.The tubercule ruptures releasing mycobacteria.To learn more about mycobacteria please visit here:
https://brainly.com/question/5110275
#SPJ4
which of the following would contain the greater number of touch receptors? inside of the forearm, back of the hand, or tip of the index finger
Tip of the index finger contain the greater number of touch receptors.
Because the tip of the index finger has more sensory neurons than the forearm or back of the hand. There is a larger brain area devoted to receiving their signals when an area has more sensory neurons, resulting in greater sensitivity.
In comparison to the skin on the back, the fingertips have around 100 times more receptors per square centimeter. As a result, the cortical area that gets input from the fingertips is much larger than the area that receives input from skin on the back because more CNS neurons must be devoted to receiving fingertip sensations.
To know more about touch receptors here:
https://brainly.com/question/29757226#
#SPJ4
When sexuality is "one dimension of human experience, as a quality that emerges from the self-possession, autonomy, and strength" of being an athlete, is called what?
When sexuality is "one dimension of human experience, as a quality that emerges from the self-possession, autonomy, and strength" of being an athlete, it is called athletic eroticism.
The findings show that nearly 40% of adults say they have been subjected to sports-related mistreatment, and about a third of adults believe that LGBT athletes are not welcome in sports. Adults who identify as members of a sexual minority are more likely than other adults to believe that sports are not welcoming to LGBT athletes.
Sports-related abuse and past involvement in sports as children do not account for these trends; they are also less likely than self-identified heterosexuals to play, watch, and discuss sports. The findings as a whole indicate that further work is required to counteract the existence and effect of sexual stigma and discrimination and to create more inviting sporting settings for everybody.
Learn more about athletic eroticism here:
https://brainly.com/question/3474850
#SPJ4
Which cell organelle does cyanobacteria resemble to with its function?
Answer:
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. In this respect, cyanobacteria resemble the chloroplasts found in plant and algal cells, which are also responsible for photosynthesis.
Like chloroplasts, cyanobacteria have an outer membrane and an inner membrane that enclose the photosynthetic pigments. These pigments, such as chlorophyll, capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy. The inner membrane of cyanobacteria is also folded into thylakoid stacks, similar to the thylakoid membranes found in chloroplasts.
Thus, while cyanobacteria are not eukaryotes and do not have cell organelles, their function as photosynthetic organisms is similar to that of the chloroplasts found in eukaryotic cells.
Explanation:
If this helped you, I'd very much appreciate it if you gave it a rating :)
in biology, the relationship between form and function is critical. briefly explain how this is apparent at the level of the cell. your answer should include a specific example of how form follows function in a cell.
In biology, The structures (form) of cellular organelles enable them to carry out their respective functions effectively.
In order to keep the system functioning as a whole, the cells provide shape, and structure, and perform various functions. The various functional structures that make up the cell are known as organelles, and they play a role in a variety of cellular functions.
A living organism's fundamental structural and functional unit is the cell. Postulates of cell theory assert that a cell is the fundamental building block of life. It is the unit that gives life to everything and is self-sufficient enough to carry out all essential functions of an organism.
Know more about cell theory here: https://brainly.com/question/1468725
#SPJ4
(q037) in mammals, individuals with two x chromosomes are female, and individuals with an x and a y chromosome are male. it had long been known that a gene located on the y chromosome was sufficient to induce the gonads to form testes, which is the main male-determining factor in development, and researchers sought the product of this gene, the so-called testes-determining factor (tdf). for several years, the tdf was incorrectly thought to be a zinc finger protein encoded by a gene called boy. which of the following observations would most strongly suggest that boy might not be the tdf?
Some XY individuals that develop into females have mutations in a different gene, SRY, but are normal at BoY is the observation which would most strongly suggest that BoY might not be the TDF.
Mammals are a gaggle of vertebrate animals constituting the category class Mammalia, characterised by the presence of exocrine gland glands that in females manufacture milk for feeding their young, a pallium, fur or hair, and 3 cavum bones.
A chromosome is a long desoxyribonucleic acid molecule with half or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the terribly long skinny desoxyribonucleic acid fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the foremost necessary of those proteins are the histones.
To learn more about mammals here
brainly.com/question/23090690
#SPJ4
Which of these are functions of the spinal cord? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Reticular activating system b. Reflex actions involving internal organs c. Coordinates voluntary control of the limbs d. Form a connection between peripheral nerves and the brain e. Reflex actions involving skeletal muscle 2. Senses whose receptors are associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera Select one or more: a. Responding senses b. Tissue senses c. Cutaneous senses d. Bodily senses 3. Put the events of a spinal reflex in the proper order from where sensation starts to the reaction • Sensory receptor .Cell body of motor neuron .Cell body of sensory neuron • Dendrite of sensory neuron . Dendrites of motor neuron . Effector • Axon of motor neuron . Interneuron
1) a, b, c, d, and e The spinal cord serves as a conduit between the brain and the body's nerves.
The spinal cord, also known as the tubular nervous system, is a long, thin, and tube-like structure that extends from the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
Control your body's activities and actions. Movements are controlled by brain signals that are sent to various bodily regions.
Inform your brain of your senses. Your brain records and processes sensations like pressure or discomfort with the aid of signals from other areas of your body.
controlling your reflexes.
The spinal cord, which connects the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar portion of the vertebral column, is a long, thin, tubular tube consisting of nerve tissue (backbone). The cerebrospinal fluid-filled core canal of the spinal cord is enclosed by the backbone. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord starts at the base of the skull and travels via the foramen magnum before entering the spinal canal at the first cervical vertebra. Between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, the spinal cord comes to a stop. The somewhat shorter spinal cord is shielded by the bony vertebral column that surrounds it.
To learn more about Spinal cord Please click on the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/12187861
#SPJ4
the biological species concept works well with all of the following except group of answer choices mammals insects bacteria flowering plants
Answer: Bacteria
Explanation: The biological species concept means that two individual organisms are the same species if they can produce a fertile offspring. Since bacteria reproduce asexually, this concept can't be applied.
the name propionibacterium is derived from the fact that the organism produces propionic acid during fermentative metabolism. which of the following statements about fermentative metabolism is true?
Fermentation produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration, although it does create NAD+, which may be utilised in glycolysis.
define glycolysis ?
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) to pyruvate (CH3COCO2H). The free energy released in this process is used to form the reduced high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a series of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Summary of 10 reactions of the fecal pathway
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that does not require oxygen (Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid). The striking presence of glycolysis in other species suggests that it is an archaic metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, which occurred in the oxygen-free conditions of the ancient oceans, as well as the absence of enzymes, were catalyzed by metal.
Fermentation produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration, although it does create NAD+, which may be utilised in glycolysis.
To learn more about Glycolysis follow the given link:https://brainly.com/question/1934255
#SPJ1
FILL IN THE BLANK. in a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's___carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's___carbon.
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's 1 carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's 5 carbon.
The combination of biological nitrogen-containing molecules known as nucleobases, also known as nitrogenous bases or, more commonly, just bases, results in nucleosides, which go on to become parts of nucleotides, the fundamental constituents of nucleic acids. Long-chain helical forms like ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid are made possible by the nucleobases' capacity to pair and stack one another (DNA). The five basic or conventional nucleobases are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U) (U). The nucleotides A, G, C, and T found in DNA and A, G, C, and U found in RNA are the basic building blocks of the genetic code.
To learn more about nitrogenous base click on the given link: https://brainly.com/question/14090794
#SPJ4
Compare skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles as to their microscopic anatomy, location and arrangement in body organs, and function in the body.
Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that performs the important role of body movement. Muscles can be divided into three main types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each type of muscle has its own unique microscopic anatomy, location and arrangement in body organs, and function in the body.
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle and is composed of long, cylindrical cells or fibers known as myocytes. Each myocyte is made up of myofibrils, which are composed of actin and myosin filaments. These filaments are arranged in a repeating pattern that allows for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is found mainly in the limbs, trunk and head and is responsible for movement.
Smooth muscle is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is composed of short spindle-shaped cells that lack myofibrils. Instead, smooth muscle cells contain actin and myosin filaments arranged in a spiral around the nucleus. Smooth muscle cells are responsible for involuntary actions such as digestion and contraction of blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle is composed of short, branched cells that contain myofibrils. Unlike skeletal and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells are connected to each other by special proteins called intercalated discs that allow for the rapid transmission of electrical signals. This allows for the coordinated contraction of the heart muscle.
Learn more about myocytes at : https://brainly.com/question/13945386
#SPJ4
Why do you find more diverse species in a Class or a Family
I need help, I have no idea what the pictures mean. (20 points)
Answer: You just need to match the symbols to the rock type and environment it represents.
Explanation:
Igneous rocks form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains.
Limestone is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of CaCO₃.
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles and is easily broken into thin, parallel layers.