The operating income would decrease from $78,000 to $68,000 if the company reduces its price to $15.00 and the volume increases to 22,000 units.
Calculating operating income under the existing circumstances and comparing it to the expected operating income under the revised volume and price will help us evaluate how the price drop will affect operating income.
Firstly, calculate the operating income:
Revenue (Current) = Price per unit × Volume
= $16.00 × 20,000
= $320,000
Variable Costs (Current) = Variable cost per unit × Volume
= $10.00 × 20,000
= $200,000
Total Fixed Costs (Current) = $42,000
Operating Income (Current) = Revenue – Variable Costs – Total Fixed Costs
= $320,000 – $200,000 – $42,000
= $78,000
Let's now compute the anticipated operational income using the revised volume and price:
Volume (Projected) = 22,000 units
Price (Projected) = $15.00 per unit
Revenue (Projected) = Price per unit × Volume = $15.00 × 22,000 = $330,000
Variable Costs (Projected) = Variable cost per unit × Volume
= $10.00 × 22,000
= $220,000
Total Fixed Costs (Current) = $42,000
Operating Income (Projected) = Revenue – Variable Costs – Total Fixed Costs
= $330,000 – $220,000 – $42,000
= $68,000
If the corporation lowers its pricing to $15.00 and increases volume to 22,000 units, the operating income will consequently fall from $78,000 to $68,000.
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Which of the following transportation modes has the lowest cost per ton? A.Truck. B. Rail.C. Pipeline. D. Ship
Rail transport can transport a larger amount of goods than other modes, thus lowering transportation costs. In the US, rail transportation carries more goods than any other transportation mode.
The transportation mode that has the lowest cost per ton is B. Rail.Transportation is defined as the movement of goods and people from one place to another. Shipping, rail, road, air, and pipeline are the primary modes of transportation. Transportation costs can impact the price of products and services, making it crucial to find the most efficient and cost-effective option for your needs. The cost of transportation by rail is lower than by truck or air. Rail transportation is preferred for long-distance shipping because it is cost-effective and reliable. Rail transport can transport a larger amount of goods than other modes, thus lowering transportation costs. In the US, rail transportation carries more goods than any other transportation mode.
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The late economist Herbert Stein described the accounts that comprise a country's balance of payments A country is more likely to have a deficit in its current account the higher its price level, the higher its gross [domestic] product, the higher its interest rates, the lower its barriers to imports, and the more attractive its investment opportunities -all compared with conditions in other countries and the higher its exchange rate. The effects of a change in one of these factors on the current account balance cannot be predicted without considering the effect on the other causal factors. Source: Herbert Stein, "Balance of Payments," Library of Economics and Liberty. The current account for the United States includes net exports which are net investment income which is and net transfers which are
The current account for the United States includes net exports which are, net investment income, and net transfers. Herbert Stein described the accounts that make up a country's balance of payments.
A country is more likely to have a deficit in its current account when there is a higher price level, a higher gross [domestic] product, higher interest rates, fewer barriers to imports, and more attractive investment opportunities than other countries, and when there is a higher exchange rate.
A country's balance of payments account includes three categories: the current account, the capital account, and the financial account.
The current account records a country's trade in goods and services, including imports, exports, net investment income, and net transfers, as well as the trade balance,which is the difference between exports and imports.
Net exports are included in the United States' current account, as well as net investment income and net transfers. Stein argued that it is hard to predict how a change in one factor will affect the current account balance without considering the impact of other causal factors.
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A payment from a business owner to help pay the telephone bill is called:
A. Capital
B. Cheque
C. Withdrawal
D. Equity
E. Dividend
A payment made by a business owner to help pay the phone bill is known as A. capital.
Capital is a broad phrase that can refer to anything that provides value or advantage to its owners, such as a factory and its machinery, intellectual property such as patents, or a company's or individual's financial assets.
While money can be considered capital, it is most commonly linked with cash that is put to work for productive or investing purposes. In general, capital is an important component of running a firm and financing its future expansion.
Business capital might come from the company's operations or via debt or equity funding.
Businesses of all sizes often focus on three types of capital when budgeting: working capital, equity capital, and loan capital. A financial organization identifies trading capital as a fourth component.
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Carey Corporation gathered the following information for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001:
Sales $1,500,000
Extraordinary fire 240,000
Selling and administrative expenses 160,000
Cost of goods sold 800,000
Loss on sale of equipment 40,000
Carey Corporation is subject to a 30% income tax rate.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Prepare a partial income statement, beginning with income before income taxes.
The income before income taxes for Carey Corporation for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 is $260,000.
To calculate the income before income taxes, we start with the net sales of $1,500,000 and subtract the extraordinary fire loss of $240,000, selling and administrative expenses of $160,000, cost of goods sold of $800,000, and the loss on sale of equipment of $40,000. The remaining amount is the income before income taxes. Since Carey Corporation is subject to a 30% income tax rate, the income before income taxes of $260,000 will be subject to income tax and will be further adjusted to calculate the net income.
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Explain the Waterfall and Agile system development approaches and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the waterfall system development model as a traditional approach and the agile model as a new alternative approach to system development.
The Waterfall and Agile system development approaches are two contrasting methodologies used in software development. The Waterfall model is a traditional, linear approach where each phase of the development process follows a sequential flow, resembling a waterfall. On the other hand, Agile is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes adaptability and collaboration. It focuses on delivering working software in short iterations called sprints, usually lasting from one to four weeks.
The Waterfall and Agile system development approaches are two contrasting methodologies used in software development.
The Waterfall model is a traditional, linear approach where each phase of the development process follows a sequential flow, resembling a waterfall. It consists of distinct phases such as requirements gathering, design, development, testing, and deployment. Each phase is completed before moving on to the next, and changes in requirements are not easily accommodated. The strengths of the Waterfall model include its clear structure, well-defined milestones, and documentation. It works well when requirements are stable, and a comprehensive plan can be created upfront. However, its weaknesses include limited flexibility to accommodate changes, lack of customer involvement until later stages, and potential delays in identifying issues until the testing phase.
On the other hand, Agile is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes adaptability and collaboration. It focuses on delivering working software in short iterations called sprints, usually lasting from one to four weeks. Agile teams work closely with customers and stakeholders, encourage regular feedback, and prioritize flexibility and continuous improvement. The strengths of Agile include its ability to respond to changing requirements, customer involvement throughout the development process, and early and frequent delivery of working software. However, Agile can be challenging when dealing with complex projects, and it requires active customer participation and a high level of communication and collaboration within the development team.
In comparison, the Waterfall model's strength lies in its structured approach and comprehensive planning, making it suitable for projects with well-defined requirements. However, its weaknesses become apparent when faced with changing requirements or when customer involvement is crucial. Agile, as a more flexible and adaptive approach, addresses these weaknesses and promotes customer satisfaction and collaboration. However, Agile may not be suitable for projects where requirements are unstable or where there is a lack of clear direction.
Overall, the choice between Waterfall and Agile depends on the specific project requirements, the level of customer involvement desired, the nature of the development team, and the project's overall complexity. Many organizations are transitioning to Agile due to its emphasis on flexibility and customer satisfaction, but the Waterfall model still has its place in certain contexts where stability and predictability are valued.
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The United States ship 10,000 pounds of sugar out of the country every
month. This is an example of what?
Importing
Exporting
Deficit
Inflation
Answer:
Explanation:
exporting.
Answer:
Exporting
Explanation:
The way I was tought this is Importing begins with im which sounds like in, it is being brought into the country. Exporting begins with Ex, like exit, it is exiting the country.
senders often adjust their message according to receivers' level of knowledge about the product or service.
true or false
The concept here is Communication. Messages are frequently modified by senders in response to the level of product or service knowledge of the recipients. It is real.
Communication is the verbal and nonverbal transmission and reception of messages.
Two-way correspondence is when at least two individuals share data as contemplations, thoughts, and suppositions fully intent on understanding each other.
It is a course of making and sharing thoughts, data, perspectives, realities, and sentiments from one spot, individual or gathering to another. Communication is essential for management's directing function.
The process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data in such a way that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose is called effective communication. At the point when we convey really, both the shipper and collector feel satisfied.
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If the economy is operating below full employment, should the Federal Reserve engage in expansionary or contractionary monetary policy to bring the economy back to full employment?
If the economy is operating below full employment, the Federal Reserve should engage in expansionary monetary policy to bring the economy back to full employment. Expansionary monetary policy involves measures that increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and encourage borrowing and spending.
By implementing expansionary monetary policy, the Federal Reserve aims to stimulate economic activity and increase aggregate demand. Lowering interest rates encourages businesses and individuals to borrow, invest, and spend, which stimulates consumption and investment. Increased spending and investment lead to an increase in demand for goods and services, thereby creating more job opportunities and reducing unemployment.
Expansionary monetary policy can also help boost business confidence and consumer sentiment, which further supports economic growth. By providing favorable borrowing conditions and ample liquidity in the financial system, the Federal Reserve can support economic expansion and contribute to closing the gap between actual and full employment levels.
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Required information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below] Nicole's Getaway Spa (NGS) purchased a hydrotherapy tub system to add to the wellness programs at NGS. The machine was purchased at the beginning of the year at a cost of $18,500. The estimated useful life was five years and the residual value was $1,500. Assume that the estimated productive life of the machine is 10,000 hours. Expected annual production was year 1, 2,200 hours: year 2,2,400 hours; year 3,2,300 hours; year 4,2,100 hours; and year 5,1,000 hours. Required: 1. Complete a depreciation schedule for each of the alternative methods. a. Straight-line. b. Units-of-production. c. Double-declining-balance.
To complete the depreciation schedule for each of the alternative methods (straight-line, units-of-production, and double-declining-balance), we will use the following information:
Machine cost: $18,500
Residual value: $1,500
Useful life: 5 years
Expected annual production hours: Year 1: 2,200 hours; Year 2: 2,400 hours; Year 3: 2,300 hours; Year 4: 2,100 hours; Year 5: 1,000 hours
a. Straight-line Depreciation:
The straight-line depreciation method allocates an equal amount of depreciation expense over the useful life of the asset.
Depreciation Expense per Year = (Machine Cost - Residual Value) / Useful Life
Depreciation Expense per Year = ($18,500 - $1,500) / 5 = $3,400
Depreciation Schedule for Straight-line Method:
Year 1: $3,400
Year 2: $3,400
Year 3: $3,400
Year 4: $3,400
Year 5: $3,400
b. Units-of-Production Depreciation:
The units-of-production method allocates depreciation based on the actual usage or production of the asset.
Depreciation Expense per Hour = (Machine Cost - Residual Value) / Total Estimated Production Hours
Depreciation Expense per Hour = ($18,500 - $1,500) / (2,200 + 2,400 + 2,300 + 2,100 + 1,000) = $6.34 per hour
Depreciation Expense per Year = Depreciation Expense per Hour * Actual Production Hours
Depreciation Schedule for Units-of-Production Method:
Year 1: $6.34 * 2,200 hours = $13,948.00
Year 2: $6.34 * 2,400 hours = $15,216.00
Year 3: $6.34 * 2,300 hours = $14,582.00
Year 4: $6.34 * 2,100 hours = $13,314.00
Year 5: $6.34 * 1,000 hours = $6,340.00
c. Double-Declining-Balance Depreciation:
The double-declining-balance method applies a depreciation rate that is double the straight-line rate and applies it to the remaining book value of the asset each year.
Depreciation Rate = (1 / Useful Life) * 2
Depreciation Rate = (1 / 5) * 2 = 0.4 or 40%
Depreciation Schedule for Double-Declining-Balance Method:
Year 1: Beginning Book Value = $18,500
Depreciation Expense = Beginning Book Value * Depreciation Rate = $18,500 * 40% = $7,400
Ending Book Value = Beginning Book Value - Depreciation Expense = $18,500 - $7,400 = $11,100
Year 2: Beginning Book Value = $11,100
Depreciation Expense = Beginning Book Value * Depreciation Rate = $11,100 * 40% = $4,440
Ending Book Value = Beginning Book Value - Depreciation Expense = $11,100 - $4,440 = $6,660
Year 3: Beginning Book Value = $6,660
Depreciation Expense = Beginning Book Value * Depreciation Rate = $6,660 * 40% = $2,664
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Monetary and fiscal authorities deployed a number of containment and mitigation measures to minimize the impact of the pandemic. Using examples, illustrate the distinction between monetary and fiscal policies as well as explain which interventions were more effective.
Monetary and fiscal policies are two different tools used by authorities to manage the economy, including during times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Monetary policy refers to actions taken by the central bank to control the money supply and interest rates. It involves tools such as adjusting the benchmark interest rate, implementing open market operations, and setting reserve requirements for banks. Fiscal policy, on the other hand, involves government spending and taxation. It includes measures like increasing government spending, reducing taxes, and implementing stimulus packages.
During the pandemic, monetary authorities implemented measures such as lowering interest rates and providing liquidity support to banks to encourage borrowing and investment. Fiscal authorities, on the other hand, implemented policies like direct cash transfers to individuals, extended unemployment benefits, and grants to businesses to support the economy.
The effectiveness of these interventions can vary depending on the circumstances and the specific measures taken. For example, during the pandemic, monetary policies such as lowering interest rates may have had limited impact due to reduced consumer spending and business investment. Fiscal policies that directly injected funds into the economy through stimulus packages and support for individuals and businesses were generally considered more effective in providing immediate relief and supporting economic recovery. However, the effectiveness of these policies also depends on factors such as the scale and timing of the interventions, as well as the overall economic conditions and public sentiment.
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(a) Shortly explain "forecasting" and "Forecasting error." State the different types of forecasting. (b) You are given with the following data:
Year: 2007 2008 2010 2009 2011 2012 2013 2015 2014 2016
Sales: 1800 1700 1650 1550 1440 1360 1300 1250 1200 1100 (in lac TK)
What will be predicted sales for 2017?
(a) Forecasting is the estimation of future events and forecasting errors means the shortcomings of the forecasted value and actual value. (b) The predicted sales for 2017 is 1183.33.
(a) Forecasting is a method used by businesses to estimate future trends and patterns using historical data and statistical models. Forecasting provides companies with valuable insights into what they can expect in the future, allowing them to make better decisions. Forecasting error, on the other hand, is the difference between actual and predicted values. If the forecasting error is small, it indicates that the forecast was accurate.
Types of Forecasting are as follows:
Qualitative Forecasting Method: This method is based on expert judgment and analysis of subjective information. It is a less rigorous method that is more appropriate for new products or in situations where little data is available.Quantitative Forecasting Method: This method is based on historical data and mathematical models. Quantitative forecasting is useful in situations where there is sufficient historical data available, and the variables being analyzed can be quantified.Time Series Forecasting Method: This method uses historical data to identify patterns and trends over time. The time series forecasting method can be used for short-term and long-term forecasting, depending on the nature of the data and the desired outcome.(b) To predict sales for 2017, we can use the Time Series Forecasting Method by using the moving average technique.
For this, we will calculate the moving average of the previous three years, which will be as follows:
Moving Average for 2015, 2016 and 2014 = (1250 + 1200 + 1100) / 3= 1183.33
Therefore, the predicted sales for 2017 will be 1183.33 (in lac TK).
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One of the most common cases of overlapping municipal debt is when a city's portion of the debt is shared with:_______
One of the most common cases of overlapping municipal debt is when a city's portion of the debt is shared with other entities within the same municipality.
These entities can include: Other municipalities or local government entities within the same county or region. School districts or educational institutions operating within the municipality. Special districts such as water districts, sewer districts, or transportation districts. Public utility companies or other public entities providing essential services within the municipality.
In these cases, the debt obligations are often shared among these entities to fund common projects or infrastructure improvements. This sharing of debt allows the burden to be distributed among multiple entities rather than solely relying on the individual city or municipality.
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The formula associated with MM Proposition II, without taxes,
is
A. R0 = RS + (B / S)(RS – RB).
B. RWACC = RS – RB.
C. Rs = R0 + (B / S)(R0 – RB).
D. R0 = RB – R0.
The correct formula associated with Modigliani-Miller Proposition II (MM Proposition II), without taxes, is:
A. R0 = RS + (B / S)(RS – RB).
This formula relates the required return on equity (R0) to the required return on assets (RS), the debt-to-equity ratio (B/S), and the required return on debt (RB). According to MM Proposition II, without taxes, the required return on equity is equal to the required return on assets plus a risk premium determined by the debt-to-equity ratio.
Option B (RWACC = RS – RB) is not the correct formula for MM Proposition II. It appears to represent the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) equation, which is unrelated to MM Proposition II.
Option C (Rs = R0 + (B / S)(R0 – RB)) is also incorrect. It seems to be a combination of MM Proposition I and MM Proposition II.
Option D (R0 = RB – R0) is not a valid formula associated with MM Proposition II.
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Question 4 Consider the following three bonds: Bond P Bond Q Bond R $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 5.00% 5.50% 0% Par Value Coupon Rate Time to Maturity Required Yield 3 years 5 years 6 years 4.00% 7.00% 5.20%
The required yield on the bond is 5.20%. The bond is trading at par; hence, the bond's price is equal to its face value. The correct answer is 5.20% .
Bond P has a 5.00% coupon rate with a par value of $1,000 and a time to maturity of three years. The required yield on the bond is 4.00%. The yield is less than the coupon rate; hence the bond is trading at a premium. If the yield to maturity is equal to the coupon rate, the bond is priced at par. If the yield is greater than the coupon rate, the bond is trading at a discount. Bond Q has a 5.50% coupon rate with a par value of $1,000 and a time to maturity of five years. The required yield on the bond is 7.00%. The yield is greater than the coupon rate; hence the bond is trading at a discount. Bond R has no coupon payment with a par value of $1,000 and a time to maturity of six years.
The required yield on the bond is 5.20%. The bond is trading at par; hence, the bond's price is equal to its face value.
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4
a) Describe and illustrate the stability of foreign exchange
market.
b) Derive the Marshal Learner and write down its
implications.
a) The stability of the foreign exchange market is determined by the supply and demand for different currencies. When the demand for a particular currency exceeds its supply, the value of that currency increases. Conversely, when the supply of a currency exceeds the demand for it, the value of that currency decreases.
The foreign exchange market can be illustrated through the use of exchange rate diagrams. These diagrams show the value of one currency relative to another over time. They can also show the impact of various economic events on exchange rates.
b) The Marshall-Lerner condition is a theory that states that a devaluation or depreciation of a country's currency will only improve its trade balance if the sum of the price elasticities of its exports and imports is greater than one.
The implications of the Marshall-Lerner condition are that a country can improve its trade balance by devaluing its currency only if it has enough export competitiveness to make up for the higher costs of imported goods. A country that is not competitive in its exports will not benefit from a devaluation because the higher costs of imports will offset any gains from increased exports. Therefore, a country needs to have a strong export sector and be competitive in its exports in order to benefit from a devaluation.
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The Euro is currently worth 35 UAH in Ukraine currency. (April,
10) However, the investor believes that in a month, the Euro will
be worth 38 UAH in Ukraine currency. Thus, investor would change
200,0
Based on the given problem statement, the investor is looking to exchange his 200,000 euros in a month's time when the exchange rate will be 38 UAH per euro. In order to calculate the value of 200,000 euros in UAH, we need to multiply it by the exchange rate.
We know that the current exchange rate of Euro to Ukraine currency is 35 UAH. And the investor is predicting that in a month, the exchange rate will be 38 UAH for 1 Euro. Thus, we need to find out how much the investor will receive in UAH when he exchanges his 200,000 Euros.
To calculate the value of 200,000 euros in UAH when the exchange rate is 38 UAH per Euro, we need to multiply 200,000 by 38. Therefore, the value of 200,000 Euros in UAH when the exchange rate is 38 UAH per Euro is:200,000 × 38 = 7,600,000 UAH Therefore, the investor will receive 7,600,000 UAH when he exchanges his 200,000 Euros at the predicted exchange rate of 38 UAH per Euro in a month's time.
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Value the following scenario, assuming there is no end to the timeline and the following data: Cost of equity- 16.11% Cost of debt 6.29% Debt $576MM Equity $1,246MM Tax rate 40% Long-term growth expectations - 3.8% Future Equity Cash Flows (FCFE) are forecast as follows: Year 0: n/a Year 1: 126 Year 2: 149 Year 3: 163 Year 4: 177 Year 5: 183 (Round your answer to the nearest cent)
The value of the scenario is $580.62.
Cost of equity = 16.11%
Cost of debt = 6.29%
Debt = $576MM, Equity = $1,246MM, Tax rate = 40%
Long-term growth expectations = 3.8%
Future Equity Cash Flows (FCFE) are forecast as follows:
Year 0: n/a
Year 1: 126
Year 2: 149
Year 3: 163
Year 4: 177
Year 5: 183
To find the value of the scenario, we need to calculate the discount rate and discount each of the FCFEs.
Afterward, we will sum up all the discounted cash flows.
During the calculation of discount rate, WACC will be used. WACC = (E / V x Re) + (D / V x Rd) x (1 - Tc),
where E = Market value of the firm's equity, D = Market value of the firm's debt, V = Total value of capital = E + D
Rd = Cost of debt
Re = Cost of equity
Tc = Corporate tax rate
Now, let's calculate the WACC:
(1246 / 1822 x 16.11%) + (576 / 1822 x 6.29%) x (1 - 40%)
= 10.15%
Discount each FCFE and add them up:
Year 1 = $126 / (1 + 10.15%)^1 = $114.32
Year 2 = $149 / (1 + 10.15%)^2 = $120.55
Year 3 = $163 / (1 + 10.15%)^3 = $118.15
Year 4 = $177 / (1 + 10.15%)^4 = $115.77
Year 5 = $183 / (1 + 10.15%)^5 = $111.83
Value of the scenario = $114.32 + $120.55 + $118.15 + $115.77 + $111.83
= $580.62
Therefore, the value of the scenario is $580.62.
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The marketing research proposal contains the essence of the project and serves as a contract between the researcher and the respondent.
Select one:
a. True
b. False
The given statement "The marketing research proposal contains the essence of the project and serves as a contract between the researcher and the respondent" is True.
The marketing research proposal contains the essence of the project and serves as a contract between the researcher and the respondent. In marketing, research proposals are used to identify the potential of a particular product, service, or market. It is essential to create a marketing research proposal for the project to be successful.The research proposal comprises all aspects of the research, including the research question, methods, scope, and timeframe, to identify the client's research needs. The marketing research proposal outlines the research project's objectives, methods, results, and the expected cost of the project. Additionally, the research proposal serves as a contract between the researcher and the respondent and outlines the terms and conditions under which the research will be conducted. The research proposal will help determine whether the research is worth the investment by the respondent.A marketing research proposal is an essential tool for any marketing research project and contains all the information necessary for successful project implementation. A good proposal will help ensure that the research project is carried out efficiently and effectively. Therefore, it is crucial to have a marketing research proposal to achieve the objectives of the research project.
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The Common Stock account in a company's balance sheet is measured as:
a. The number of common shares outstanding × the stock's par value per share.
b. The number of common shares outstanding × the stock's current market value per share.
c. The number of common shares issued × the stock's par value per share.
d. The number of common shares issued × the stock's current market value per share.
The Common Stock account in a company's balance sheet is measured as: c. The number of common shares issued × the stock's par value per share.
The Common Stock account in a company's balance sheet represents the equity capital raised by issuing common shares to investors. It is measured by multiplying the number of common shares issued by the stock's par value per share.
Option a is incorrect because it mentions "outstanding" shares, which refers to the shares currently held by shareholders, rather than the total shares issued by the company.
Option b is incorrect because it uses the stock's current market value per share. While the market value of the stock can impact the company's market capitalization, the Common Stock account is typically not based on the current market value of the shares.
Option c is correct because it aligns with the common accounting practice of valuing the Common Stock account as the number of common shares issued multiplied by the stock's par value per share.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. The number of common shares issued × the stock's par value per share.
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Consider a 3 person 2 good economy where there is a private good x and a public good y. Agent 1 has a private endowment of 1 unit, agent 2 has a private endowment of 2 units and agent 3 has a private endowment of 3 units. Initially there is no public good in the economy but each unit of the public good can be produced using 1 unit of the private good. That is, the cost function is C(y) = y. Utility functions of the agents are as follows: U₁(x₁, y) = x₁y U₂ (x₂, y) = (x₂)²y U₃(x₃, y) = (x₃)³y Either prove or disprove that market failure occurs in this environment.
Market failure refers to a circumstance where the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently. Market failure occurs when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is inefficient and does not meet the demands of society.
It may arise when an unregulated market is unable to achieve an efficient outcome or to supply public goods that are necessary for society's well-being.
In a 3 person, 2 good economy with a private good x and a public good y, agent 1 has a private endowment of 1 unit, agent 2 has a private endowment of 2 units, and agent 3 has a private endowment of 3 units.
Initially, there is no public good in the economy, but each unit of the public good can be produced using 1 unit of the private good.
The cost function is C(y) = y.
The utility functions of the agents are as follows:
U₁(x₁, y) = x₁yU₂ (x₂, y) = (x₂)²yU₃(x₃, y) = (x₃)³y
To find out if market failure exists in this setting, we must first look at the marginal rates of substitution (MRS) for the three agents. This is because the optimal allocation of goods in a competitive market occurs when the MRS equals the price ratio.
When the MRS of two agents is the same, the economy is Pareto efficient.
If the MRS is not the same, then the economy is not Pareto efficient.
We will use the following utility functions to calculate MRS:
MRS₁, 2 = MU₁/ MU₂
= y/xMRU₁/ MRU₂
= 1/MRS₁,
2MRS₁, 3 = MU₁/ MU₃
= y/x³MRU₁/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₁,
3MRS₂, 3 = MU₂/ MU₃
= (x₂/ x₃)²MRU₂/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₂, 3
Now let's calculate the MRS for each pair of agents:
MRS₁, 2 = y/xMRU₁/ MRU₂
= 1/MRS₁, 2
= x/x₂MRS₁, 3
= y/x³MRU₁/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₁, 3
= x/x₃³MRS₂, 3
= (x₂/ x₃)²MRU₂/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₂, 3
= x₂²/x₃²
The following are the results:
MRS₁, 2 = x/x₂MRS₁, 3
= x/x₃³MRS₂, 3
= x₂²/x₃²
In this economy, market failure occurs.
The allocation of goods is not Pareto optimal since the marginal rates of substitution of the three agents are not the same. The market equilibrium in this economy will not be Pareto optimal since the MRS of agents 1 and 2 are different.
The production of public goods by a market economy is a public-good issue. Therefore, market failure occurs in the economy described above. The economy's failure to produce a socially optimal quantity of public goods, or failing to provide public goods, may be regarded as market failure.
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Question 1
Give 4 factors considered by a corporation prior to determining the amount of cash dividends to declare.
If a corporation decides to declare common stock dividend, what impact does it have on retain earning and how would be accounted for in their books?
Question 2
What is included in the Significant accounting policy section of the financial statement note disclosure?
Give an example of an action (change) that would require a disclosure in this section
An example of an action (change) that would require a disclosure in this section would be a change in accounting principles or a change in accounting estimates.
Question 1:There are four factors that a corporation considers prior to determining the amount of cash dividends to declare. The four factors are:1. Earnings of the corporation 2. Liquidity of the corporation3. Maintenance of the corporation’s capital base4. Prospective capital requirements of the corporation If a corporation decides to declare common stock dividend, it will decrease the retained earnings balance, since the distribution of earnings has already taken place. This will reduce the corporation’s equity balance and increase the number of shares outstanding. Common stock dividends are distributed as a result of the corporation’s decision to distribute dividends on the basis of the number of shares outstanding. Question 2:Significant accounting policy is one of the financial statement note disclosures. These disclosures are found at the bottom of the financial statements and contain information that is not included in the financial statement itself. The following are examples of what may be included in the Significant accounting policy section of the financial statement note disclosure: Description of the corporation's accounting policies. Application of accounting policies to significant accounts and transactions The accounting policies used for the preparation of financial statements or the manner in which they were selected. An example of an action (change) that would require a disclosure in this section would be a change in accounting principles or a change in accounting estimates.
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Acort Industries owns assets that will have a(n) 75% probability of having a market value of $51 million one year from now. There is a 25% chance that the assets will be worth only $21 million. The current risk-free rate is 10%, and Acort's assets have a cost of capital of 20%. a. If Acort is unlevered, what is the current market value of its equity? b. Suppose instead that Acort has debt with a face value of $20 million due in one year. According to MM, what is the value of Acort's equity in this case? c. What is the expected return of Acort's equity without leverage?
a. If Acort is unlevered, the current market value of its equity can be calculated using the concept of the risk-adjusted present value (APV) approach.
The risk-adjusted present value (APV) is calculated as follows:
APV = (Probability of high value) * (High value) + (Probability of low value) * (Low value)APV = (0.75) * ($51 million) + (0.25) * ($21 million)APV = $38.25 million + $5.25 millionAPV = $43.5 millionTherefore, the current market value of Acort's equity is $43.5 million.
b. According to Modigliani-Miller (MM) theorem, the value of Acort's equity with debt can be obtained by adding the present value of the tax shield to the unlevered equity value.
The tax shield is the present value of the tax savings due to the interest expense on the debt. In this case, Acort has debt with a face value of $20 million and a cost of capital of 20%. Assuming a corporate tax rate of 0%, there are no tax savings, and the tax shield value is zero.Therefore, the value of Acort's equity with debt is the same as the unlevered equity value, which is $43.5 million.
c. The expected return of Acort's equity without leverage can be calculated as the weighted average of the expected returns in the high-value and low-value scenarios, based on the probabilities of each scenario.
Expected return = (Probability of high value) * (Return in high value scenario) + (Probability of low value) * (Return in low value scenario)The return on equity without leverage is not provided in the information, so the expected return cannot be calculated without this information.About MarketA perfectly market is a structure in which there are many sellers or companies that produce goods. Perfect competition market is also defined as a market that has many companies to provide services to buyers in the market.
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what is the difference between economy and economics
Answer:
economy:
the relationship between production, trade and the supply of money in a particular country or region.
economic:Economics is a science that studies economies and develops possible models for their functioning
On July 1, 2018, Clearwater Inc. purchased 5,750 shares of the outstanding common stock of Mountain Corporation at a cost of $157,500. Clearwater will have significant influence over the financial and operating policies of Mountain. Mountain had 23,000 shares of outstanding common stock. Assume the total book value and fair value of net assets is $580,000. Both companies have a January through December fiscal year. The following data pertains to Mountain Corporation during 2018:
Dividends declared and paid, Jan. 1–June 30 $ 11,300 Dividends declared and paid, Jul. 1–Dec. 31 $ 11,300 Net Income, January 1–June 30 $ 13,300 Net Income, July 1–December 31 $ 17,300
The equity method is used to account for investments in which an investor has significant influence over the investee's financial and operating policies.
Under this method, the investor initially records the investment at cost and subsequently adjusts it for its share of the investee's net income or loss and dividends.
For Clearwater Inc.'s investment in Mountain Corporation, the cost of 5,750 shares is $157,500. Since Clearwater has significant influence over Mountain, it would account for the investment using the equity method.
To determine the equity income for 2018, we need to calculate Clearwater's share of Mountain's net income for each period.
For the period January 1 to June 30:
Clearwater's share of net income = (Net Income, January 1–June 30) × (Clearwater's ownership percentage)
Clearwater's share of net income = $13,300 × (5,750 shares / 23,000 shares) = $3,325
For the period July 1 to December 31: Clearwater's share of net income = (Net Income, July 1–December 31) × (Clearwater's ownership percentage)
Clearwater's share of net income = $17,300 × (5,750 shares / 23,000 shares) = $4,325
The total equity income for 2018 would be the sum of these two amounts: Total equity income = $3,325 + $4,325 = $7,650
Clearwater would record this equity income on its income statement for the year 2018.
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Which is not a property of the standard normal distribution?
a.) It is symmetric about the mean
b.) It is uniform
c.) It is bell shaped
d.) It is unimodal
The property of the standard normal distribution that is not true is option b.) It is uniform.
The standard normal distribution, also known as the z-distribution, is a probability distribution that is commonly used in statistics and probability theory. It is characterized by several properties, but being uniform is not one of them.
The correct properties of the standard normal distribution are:
a.) It is symmetric about the mean: The standard normal distribution is symmetric, meaning that the probability density function is the same on both sides of the mean.
c.) It is bell-shaped: The standard normal distribution has a characteristic bell-shaped curve, where the highest point corresponds to the mean, and the curve tapers off symmetrically on both sides.
d.) It is unimodal: The standard normal distribution has a single peak or mode, which occurs at the mean.
Option b.) stating that the standard normal distribution is uniform is incorrect. A uniform distribution would imply that all values within a specified range have equal probability, whereas the standard normal distribution assigns different probabilities to different values based on their distance from the mean.
Therefore, the property of the standard normal distribution that is not true is that it is uniform (option b).
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As a result of several factors, aggregate demand decreased during the Great Depression. One factor would be:
a. an increase in consumer sentiment.
b. a decrease in business tax rates.
c. an increase in the money supply.
d. an increase in international trade.
e. a decrease in expected income.
One factor that contributed to the decrease in aggregate demand during the Great Depression was (e) a decrease in expected income.
During the Great Depression, people experienced significant economic hardship, which led to a decline in consumer confidence and expectations regarding their future income. As a result, individuals and households reduced their spending and consumption, leading to a decrease in aggregate demand. The uncertainty and pessimism surrounding the economic conditions during that time caused people to save more and spend less, resulting in a downward spiral where reduced spending further weakened the overall economy.
The decrease in expected income influenced consumer behavior as people became more cautious and concerned about their financial stability. This decline in consumer confidence had a significant impact on aggregate demand, as consumer spending represents a significant portion of overall economic activity. The reduced spending further affected businesses, leading to decreased investment and employment opportunities, exacerbating the overall decline in aggregate demand during the Great Depression.
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The Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) employed Julio Garza as a health inspector in 2011. His responsibilities included bleeding and tagging cattle, vaccinating and tattooing calves, and working livestock markets. Garza was injured on the job in 2018 and underwent surgery in January 2019. After he had exhausted his paid leave, he asked TAHC for light-duty work—specifically, the job of tick inspector—but his supervisor refused the request. In September, TAHC notified Garza that he was fired. Garza filed a suit in a Texas state court against TAHC and others, alleging in part wrongful termination, and an important issue before the court was whether Garza had mitigated his damages. The court found that in the seven years between his termination and his trial date, Garza had held only one job—an unpaid job on his parents’ ranch. When asked how often he had looked for work during that time, Garza responded that he did not know but that he had looked in "several" places. He had last looked for work three or four months before the trial, when he informally had asked his neighbors about working on their ranch.
If it is true Garza was wrongfully terminated, is it fair to require him to mitigate his damages? Why or why not?
Do Garza’s actions since his termination fulfill the requirement to mitigate his damages? (Support your answer.)
What ethical basis do you feel supports the rule that employees seeking damages for breach of employment contracts must mitigate their damages? (Explain your response.)
Yes, it is fair to require Garza to mitigate his damages if he was wrongfully terminated. Mitigation of damages is a legal principle that requires an injured party to take reasonable steps to minimize the losses caused by the wrongful act of another party. In the context of wrongful termination, it means that the terminated employee has a duty to make reasonable efforts to find alternative employment and reduce the financial harm resulting from the termination.
In the case of Garza, his actions since his termination do not fulfill the requirement to mitigate his damages. Holding an unpaid job on his parents' ranch does not demonstrate a sincere effort to find suitable employment and mitigate the financial impact of his termination. Additionally, his sporadic and informal inquiries with neighbors about working on their ranch do not constitute a diligent search for alternative employment. To fulfill the requirement of mitigation, Garza should have actively sought employment opportunities in his field or other suitable positions, applied for available jobs, and kept a record of his job search efforts.
The ethical basis supporting the rule that employees seeking damages for breach of employment contracts must mitigate their damages is rooted in principles of fairness and reasonableness. Mitigation of damages promotes the idea that individuals should take reasonable steps to minimize the harm caused by another party's wrongful actions. By actively seeking alternative employment, the terminated employee demonstrates a willingness to take responsibility for their own financial well-being and lessen the burden on the breaching party. It encourages individuals to act in their own best interest and not rely solely on compensation for the breach of contract, fostering a sense of personal accountability and self-sufficiency.
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In the context of the Ecommerce industry, environmental factors are also quite important. Despite the fact that this industry has minimal direct environmental impact, it still places a high value on sustainability. There are various areas like Ecommerce in which investing in sustainability may be extremely rewarding. There are various areas where e-retailers may invest in sustainability, ranging from sustainable packaging to waste reduction and renewable energy.
Question: Now give an example of a company in Bangladesh which made significant investments in the environment and sustainability and describe the environment factor from PESTLE analysis on E commerce industry.
Grameenphone, a telecommunications company in Bangladesh, has made significant investments in environmental sustainability.
Grameenphone, one of the leading telecommunications companies in Bangladesh, has taken notable steps towards environmental sustainability. The company has implemented various initiatives aimed at reducing its environmental impact and promoting sustainability within the Ecommerce industry. For instance, Grameenphone has actively focused on reducing its carbon footprint by investing in renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies. They have installed solar panels on their facilities, enabling the use of clean energy and reducing dependence on non-renewable sources.
Moreover, Grameenphone has embraced sustainable practices in its supply chain management. The company promotes responsible sourcing by partnering with suppliers who adhere to environmentally-friendly standards. They have also implemented initiatives to minimize waste generation and promote recycling. By emphasizing sustainable packaging practices, Grameenphone aims to reduce the environmental impact of product delivery and minimize waste in the Ecommerce industry.
From a PESTLE analysis perspective, the environmental factor in the Ecommerce industry highlights the importance of sustainability and environmentally-friendly practices. With growing consumer awareness and concerns about environmental issues, companies that invest in sustainability stand to gain a competitive edge. Adopting eco-friendly practices not only helps reduce negative environmental impacts but also enhances brand reputation and customer loyalty.
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For each pair, are the goods perfect substitutes, perfect complements, substitutes, complements, or unrelated goods? 7. Discuss the shape of the indifference curve for each of the following pairs of goods: ■ Orange juice and smoothies ▪ Baseballs and baseball bats ▪ Left running shoe and right running shoe Eyeglasses and contact lenses Explain the relationship between the shape of the indifference curve and the marginal rate of substitution as the quantities of the two goods change.
The pairs of goods can be classified as follows:
Orange juice and smoothies: Substitutes
Baseballs and baseball bats: Complements
Left running shoe and right running shoe: Perfect complements
Eyeglasses and contact lenses: Substitutes
Orange juice and smoothies: These goods are substitutes, as they can be used interchangeably to satisfy the consumer's desire for a refreshing drink. As the price of orange juice increases, consumers may choose to switch to smoothies as a substitute, and vice versa. The indifference curve for substitutes slopes downward, indicating that the consumer is willing to trade one good for the other at a constant rate.Baseballs and baseball bats: These goods are complements, as they are typically used together in the context of playing baseball. The shape of the indifference curve for complements is L-shaped, indicating that the consumer derives utility from having both goods in fixed proportions. The consumer is not willing to trade one good for the other in isolation.Left running shoe and right running shoe: These goods are perfect complements, as they are inherently used together. The consumer cannot use one without the other, making them complements in fixed proportions. The indifference curve for perfect complements is a right angle or "L" shape, indicating that the consumer only derives utility when both goods are consumed together.Eyeglasses and contact lenses: These goods are substitutes, as they both serve the purpose of correcting vision. Consumers can choose between wearing eyeglasses or contact lenses based on their preferences and convenience. The indifference curve for substitutes slopes downward, indicating that the consumer is willing to trade one good for the other at a constant rate.The shape of the indifference curve represents the consumer's preferences and the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) as the quantities of the two goods change. The MRS measures the rate at which a consumer is willing to exchange one good for another while keeping the level of satisfaction constant. In the case of perfect substitutes, the MRS is constant along the indifference curve as the consumer is willing to trade one good for the other at a fixed ratio. For complements, the MRS is not defined as the consumer does not want to substitute one good for the other. In the case of substitutes, the MRS may vary along the indifference curve as the consumer's willingness to trade one good for the other depends on their preferences and the relative prices or qualities of the goods.
The goods can be classified as perfect substitutes, perfect complements, substitutes, or complements. The shape of the indifference curve reflects the relationship between the goods and the consumer's willingness to substitute one for the other. The slope and shape of the indifference curve indicate the marginal rate of substitution as the quantities of the goods change.
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Two roommates, Rick and May. Rick smokes. Each has an income I If S consumes q cigarettes, utility functions are uR(q, money) = 4√q + money uM(q, money) = −0.5q + money Note that q aects the utility of May in a negative way Let p be the price per cigarette, then money = I − pq and uR(q) = 4√q + I − pq for Rick.
Rick and May could negotiate an agreement (contract) where: May compensates Rick for not smoking. For instance, she pays Rick $0.5 for him to smoke only 2 cigarettes. Both are weakly better o, and they accept or Rick compensates May for being allowed to smoke. For instance, he pays May $1 for him to smoke 2 cigarettes. Both are weakly better o, they accept ⇒ outcome will be q = q ∗ = 2 (efficient)
can anyone explain why Rick pays 0.5$ to May for smoking 2 cigarettes, and what May pay 1$ for Rick??
When May compensates Rick for not smoking, it is known as a side payment. She pays Rick $0.5 for him to smoke only 2 cigarettes, which means that May is willing to pay $0.25 for each cigarette that Rick doesn't smoke. The reason for this is that May is negatively affected by Rick's smoking, so she is willing to pay a certain amount to have him smoke less or not at all.
On the other hand, when Rick compensates May for being allowed to smoke, it is also a side payment. He pays May $1 for him to smoke 2 cigarettes, which means that Rick is willing to pay $0.50 for each cigarette that he smokes. The reason for this is that Rick values smoking more than May's disutility from his smoking, so he is willing to pay a certain amount to be allowed to smoke.
Both of these side payments result in an efficient outcome of q=2, where Rick smokes 2 cigarettes and both roommates are weakly better off. In other words, the side payments allow for a mutually beneficial agreement where both parties can compromise and reach a better outcome than if they didn't negotiate.
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