The process of crossing over, where parts of paired chromosomes are exchanged, usually _.


increases the number of genetic combinations in a population



decreases the number of genetic combinations in a population



has no effect on genetic variation in a population

The basic attack of Nu (nucleophile) on carbonyl carbon refers to the reaction between a nucleophile and a carbonyl group, in which the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon.

This attack leads to the formation of a new bond between the nucleophile and the carbon atom of the carbonyl group, resulting in the creation of a new molecule. The reaction can occur through either a SN1 or SN2 mechanism, depending on the nature of the nucleophile and the carbonyl group. Overall, the basic attack of Nu on carbonyl carbon is an important reaction in organic chemistry, with many applications in the synthesis of various compounds. The basic attack of Nu (nucleophile) on carbonyl carbon refers to the reaction between a nucleophile and a carbonyl group, in which the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon.

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Cooking apples in water and cooking them in a sugar solution can result in different textural changes due to the effect of heat and sugar on the fruit's cellular structure and pectin content. the texture of cooked apples can vary depending on the cooking method and the presence of added sugar.

When apples are cooked in water, the heat causes the cell walls to break down, releasing the pectin molecules contained within the fruit's cell walls. Pectin is a form of soluble fibre that gives fruit structure and causes cooked fruit to thicken into a sauce or jam.

Cooking apples in water for an extended period of time may result in a softer texture because the heat and water break down the cell walls and soften the fruit. The flavour of the cooked apples may be less sweet and less prominent if no sugar is used.

When apples are cooked in a sugar solution, the additional sugar helps preserve the texture and shape of the fruit by generating a syrup that coats the apple's surface.

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The seventh cervical vertebra is called the "vertebra prominens" and has an obvious spinous process surface feature that can be palpated.

The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, is made up of 33 individual vertebrae that are separated by intervertebral discs. The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae in the neck, numbered C1 through C7. The seventh cervical vertebra, or C7, is sometimes referred to as the "vertebra prominens" because it has a longer spinous process than the other cervical vertebrae, making it more prominent and easier to locate. The spinous process is the bony projection on the back of each vertebra that can be felt under the skin. The prominence of the spinous process of C7 can be helpful in identifying the correct location for various medical procedures, such as epidural anesthesia or spinal taps.

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Mutation: Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism that can occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to mutagens, such as radiation or chemicals. These changes can create new alleles or gene variants that can increase genetic variation in a population.

Genetic recombination: Genetic recombination occurs during sexual reproduction, when genetic material from two parents is combined to create a unique offspring. This process shuffles the alleles and gene variants present in the parental populations, generating new combinations of genes and increasing genetic variation in the offspring.

Gene flow: Gene flow occurs when individuals move between different populations and bring with them new alleles or gene variants. This process can introduce new genetic material into a population, increasing genetic diversity.

Non-random mating: Non-random mating occurs when individuals choose their mates based on certain traits or characteristics, such as size, coloration, or behavior. This can lead to the selection of certain alleles or gene variants, creating new combinations of genes and increasing genetic variation within a population.

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If you discovered a mutation in sea urchins that caused them to produce eggs with an overly dense vitelline envelope and combined these eggs with normal sperm, see a failure of fertilization.

This is because the vitelline envelope plays a crucial role in sperm-egg interaction, and an overly dense envelope may prevent the sperm from successfully penetrating and fertilizing the egg. This is because the thick vitelline envelope would not be able to quickly dissolve and thus would still be present when multiple sperm attempted to penetrate the egg. In addition, the mutated eggs may also have a less-dense jelly coat, which could further hinder the ability of the sperm to penetrate the egg.

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There are several sources of indoor air pollution in homes of developing countries, including: Cooking with solid fuels, Poor ventilation, Smoking and Chemicals and solvents.

Indoor air pollution in developing-country dwellings is caused by a variety of factors, including:

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Muerto Canyon virus (MCV) is a type of hantavirus that is mainly carried by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), which are found throughout North America. Option C is correct.

Hantaviruses are a group of viruses that are spread by rodents and can cause serious respiratory illnesses in humans. MCV was first identified in 1993 in New Mexico, USA, and has since been found in other states in the western and southwestern regions of the country.

While other rodents may also carry hantaviruses, deer mice are the primary carriers of MCV. These small, brownish-grey mice are common in rural and suburban areas and can be found in fields, forests, and buildings. They typically live in nests made of leaves, twigs, and other materials and feed on seeds, fruits, and insects. MCV can be transmitted to humans through contact with urine, droppings, or saliva from infected mice, or by breathing in dust contaminated with these materials.

Symptoms of MCV infection usually develop within one to six weeks after exposure and can include fever, muscle aches, headaches, and coughing. In some cases, the infection can lead to a serious respiratory illness called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), which can be fatal. There is no specific treatment for MCV or HPS, but early medical intervention can help to reduce symptoms and improve outcomes.

To prevent MCV infection, it is important to take measures to control rodent populations in and around homes and other buildings. This can include sealing up cracks and gaps in walls and foundations, storing food in rodent-proof containers, and eliminating sources of standing water that can attract rodents.

It is also important to avoid contact with rodents and their droppings, and to wear protective gear when cleaning up areas where rodents may have been present.

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The construction of STN shows adequate planarity and hydrophobicity to go through the film by straightforward dispersion. The correct answer is (C).

STN was simple, planar, non-polar, and hydrophobic when we first observed it. All of these properties point to the possibility of directly diffusing through the membrane. We will select this as our best response. Entry through a particle channel.

Endothelial cells structure a solitary cell layer that lines all veins and manages trades between the circulation system and the encompassing tissues.

Passive diffusion is the simplest method by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane. A molecule simply dissolves in the phospholipid bilayer, diffuses across it, and finally dissolves in the aqueous solution on the opposite side of the membrane during passive diffusion.

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Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppgpp) serves as a signal to the cell that ribosome synthesis should be curtailed.

C is the correct answer.

A guanine nucleotide with four phosphate groups is known as guanosine tetraphosphate. The sugar moiety is esterified with two phosphate groups in the 5' position and the remaining two in the 2' or 3' position.

Guanosine pentaphosphate and guanosine tetraphosphate, collectively known as (p)ppGpp, function as alarmone signals to start the severe stress response and coordinate the entry of the bacterial cells into stationary phase. This response is mediated by the synthesis of these compounds.

Many bacterial species use the buildup of guanosine pentaphosphate (ppGpp) as a "alarmone," or stress response signal. When under stress, such as from carbon or amino acid deprivation, RelA produces ppGpp.

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A capsule consisting of dense, wavy connective tissue surrounds the spleen.

The largest lymphatic organ is the spleen. The solid connective tissue capsule that surrounds it is made of dense collagenous connective tissue, sparse reticular fibres, and scattered smooth muscle cells.

The dermis, as well as the capsules of several organs, including the spleen, the liver, and those enclosing lymphatic ganglia, are all examples of dense, irregular connective tissue. It can also be found in other places, including the testis' tunica albuginea, the sheaths covering the bigger nerves, and the cerebral dura mater.

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Answer:

A polysome is a big structure made up of several copies of the macromolecular complexes that carry out protein synthesis translating an mRNA molecule. A polysome is a complex produced when several ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule. This enables quick and effective protein synthesis. Each ribosome adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain as it grows along the mRNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both often have polysomes, which are crucial for the production of a lot of protein.

A, B, C, and E are incorrect options.  A membrane-bound organelle called a lysosome is involved in the breakdown of cellular waste. A huge protein complex called a proteosome is used to break down unwanted or damaged proteins. Also, the term "syntosome" is not that known in biology.

The group of mammals that have (a) embryos spending more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta is: Eutheria. So the correct option is A.

Eutheria, also known as placental mammals, are a group of mammals that give birth to relatively more developed young compared to other groups such as Marsupiala (marsupials) and Monotremata (monotremes). Eutherian embryos spend more time feeding through the placenta, which is a specialized organ that allows for nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and the developing embryo. After birth, eutherian young continue to feed on milk produced by the mother's mammary glands, just like other mammals, and they also exhibit a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta. This extended period of maternal care is a characteristic feature of eutherian mammals, which include diverse animals such as humans, dogs, cats, elephants, and whales, among many others.

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Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.

During Prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material in a process known as crossing over or recombination. This results in the formation of new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes and increases genetic diversity among the gametes that will be produced.

Crossing over occurs during the first meiotic division, which is also known as meiosis I. It is specifically initiated during the pachytene stage of Prophase I, when the homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalents or tetrads. The sites where the chromosomes exchange segments are called chiasmata or chiasmata points.

Crossing over is a crucial step in meiosis because it helps to generate genetic diversity among the gametes that will be produced, increasing the chances of producing offspring that are well-adapted to their environment. It is also important for maintaining the correct chromosome number in the offspring by ensuring that each gamete receives a complete set of chromosomes.

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The epidemiology of West Nile and Zika may shift if mosquitoes are eliminated.

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Mosquito eradication could change the epidemiology of Zika Infection.

Why would mosquito eradication lead to lower Zika infections:

This is because the Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, and if the mosquito population is significantly reduced, the transmission of the pathogen will also decrease, potentially leading to a change in the epidemiology of the disease. Mosquito eradication may not have a significant impact on the transmission of polio, West Nile Encephalitis, or Botulism as these diseases are not primarily transmitted by mosquitoes.

Zika Infection and West Nile Encephalitis, both of these diseases are caused by pathogens that are transmitted primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes, which act as vectors for these infections. By eradicating mosquitoes, the transmission of these pathogens would be reduced, leading to changes in the epidemiology of Zika Infection and West Nile Encephalitis. Polio (A) is transmitted through contaminated water and human-to-human contact, while Botulism (D) is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which is typically ingested through contaminated food.

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The earliest fossil records of bacteria-like organisms, dated at over 3 billion years, are too spotty to allow us to trace lines of descent to present-day organisms. So, the correct option is A.

This is because the fossil record of these early microorganisms is incomplete and fragmented, making it difficult to draw clear connections between these ancient organisms and modern bacteria. Despite this, scientists have been able to make some inferences about the early evolution of bacteria based on the characteristics of these fossils.

For example, some of the earliest fossilized bacteria are believed to be cyanobacteria, which are known for their ability to perform photosynthesis. Additionally, some of these ancient bacteria are believed to have had membranes made of short amino acid chains, which may have helped protect them from their environment.

However, it is important to remember that our understanding of the earliest forms of life on Earth is still evolving, and future discoveries may shed more light on the origins of modern bacteria.

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Raw milk may be rendered safe for drinking if heated in a water bath to a temperature of 165F, and then immediately cooled.

Raw milk may contain harmful bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria, which can cause serious illnesses. However, heating the raw milk to a sufficient temperature can help to eliminate these harmful bacteria. The recommended temperature for safe consumption is 165F, which can be achieved by heating the milk in a water bath. It is important to note that the milk should be cooled immediately after heating to prevent the growth of any remaining bacteria. This method is not foolproof and is not a substitute for pasteurization, which is the most effective way to ensure the safety of milk. It should only be used in emergency situations where no other options are available.

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The primary purpose of commercial agriculture is to make a profit. Profitability is a key driving factor in commercial agriculture, as farmers and agricultural businesses aim to generate income from the sale of agricultural products such as crops, livestock, and other commodities.

Maximizing profits through efficient production, marketing, and distribution strategies is often the primary goal of commercial agriculture operations. While considerations such as producing a superior product, sustainability, job creation, and sustaining rural livelihoods can be important factors in modern agricultural practices, the fundamental purpose of commercial agriculture is often centered around economic viability and profitability in the market.

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Mutant tetraploid plants are able to interbreed with their parents. Option B is correct.

Tetraploid plants have four sets of chromosomes, which can result from errors during cell division. Mutations that cause tetraploidy can have different effects on the plant's phenotype, but they are usually able to grow and reproduce normally. In fact, tetraploidy can be an important mechanism of speciation in plants, as it creates a reproductive barrier between diploid and tetraploid populations.

Mutant tetraploid plants can exhibit variations in their phenotype, such as altered growth patterns, flower morphology, or fruit size. However, they are generally able to interbreed with their diploid parent species and with other tetraploid plants of the same species. Option B is correct.

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Mendel's conclusions that led to the Law of Segregation were based on his experiments with pea plants.

He observed that certain traits were inherited in a predictable pattern and did not blend together in offspring. From this, he concluded that there were discrete units of inheritance that were passed from parent to offspring, which he called "factors" (later known as genes).

Mendel also discovered that these factors come in pairs, with one inherited from each parent, and that they segregate (separate) during gamete formation. This led to the Law of Segregation, which states that the two alleles (alternate forms of a gene) for a trait segregate during gamete formation, such that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.

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The uniformity of planetary motion in our solar system is explained by the nebular hypothesis, which suggests that the planets formed from the same flattened disk of material that resulted from the collapse of the solar nebula.

Astronomers explain the uniformity of planetary motion in our solar system through the nebular hypothesis. According to this theory, the solar system formed from a rotating disk of gas and dust that surrounded the Sun, known as the solar nebula. As the nebula collapsed under its own gravity, it spun faster, and the centrifugal force flattened the disk into a plane.

The planets formed from the material in this disk, which explains why they orbit in the same direction as the rotation of the original nebula. Additionally, the planets' orbits are nearly coplanar because they formed from the same flattened disk of material, which explains why the planets orbit in nearly the same plane.

This explanation is supported by observations of other planetary systems, where planets have been found to orbit in similar planes. Therefore, the uniformity of planetary motion in our solar system is a result of the physical processes that occurred during the formation of the solar system itself.

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The nurse should emphasize the combustible nature of oxygen, which increases the risk of fire injuries. No one should smoke or use devices that generate sparks in the area where the oxygen is in use.

When it comes to the safe use of equipment for airway management, such as home oxygen therapy, there are several important points that nurses should teach their clients. First, it is important to apply a water-based lubricant to the nares during oxygen therapy to prevent drying. Additionally, clients should be advised to leave the nasal cannula on while eating, as it does not interfere with eating. However, they should also be aware that the nasal cannula can dislodge easily, and should form the habit of checking its position periodically and adjusting as necessary.

Another important consideration is the potential for oxygen toxicity, which can occur from high concentrations or long durations of oxygen therapy. Symptoms of oxygen toxicity include nonproductive cough, substernal pain, nasal suffices, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache, sore throat, and hypoventilation. Clients should be taught to report these symptoms promptly to their healthcare provider.

Finally, it is important to recognize that oxygen is combustible and can increase the risk of fire injuries. Therefore, no one in the household should smoke or use any device that might generate sparks in the area where oxygen is in use. By following these guidelines, clients can safely use equipment for airway management and prevent potential complications.
In order to ensure the safe use of home oxygen equipment for airway management, it is important for the nurse to teach the client several key points. First, the client should apply a water-based lubricant to their nares to prevent drying during oxygen therapy. Second, the client can leave the nasal cannula on while eating, as it does not interfere with this activity.

The client should also be aware that the nasal cannula can dislodge easily and should form a habit of checking its position and adjusting it as necessary. Additionally, the nurse should teach the client about the risk of oxygen toxicity, a complication that can result from high concentrations or long durations of oxygen therapy. Symptoms include nonproductive cough, substernal pain, nasal stuffiness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache, sore throat, and hypoventilation. Clients should report these symptoms promptly.

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The number 3 designates a nasal concha in this sagittal segment of the upper respiratory system.

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Based on the terms provided, the nasal concha would be indicated by number 3 in the sagittal section showing the upper respiratory tract. The trachea would be located further down in the section.

The number of nasal conchas:
In the sagittal section showing the upper respiratory tract, the number that indicates a nasal concha would depend on the specific diagram you are looking at, as different diagrams may use different numbering systems. However, I can provide you with information about the nasal concha's location within the respiratory tract to help you identify it in your diagram.

The nasal concha is found within the nasal cavity, which is part of the upper respiratory tract. It is a curved, bony structure that protrudes into the nasal cavity. The trachea, another component of the respiratory tract, is connected to the nasal cavity through the pharynx.

To locate the nasal concha in a sagittal section of the upper respiratory tract, look for a structure inside the nasal cavity that has a curved and scroll-like appearance. Once you've identified the nasal concha, check the corresponding number in your specific diagram to find the correct answer.

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Algae growth in untreated surface water reservoirs can be reduced by applying copper sulfate. So, the correct answer is option d.

An efficient algaecide that can be used to stop the growth of algal in untreated surface water reservoirs is copper sulphate. It is a popular practise to use this blue crystal to prevent the formation of algae in water bodies like lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs.

When copper ions are released into the water by copper sulphate, they adhere to the algae cells and stop them from photosynthesising. As a result, the algae is efficiently killed and is unable to proliferate in huge quantities.

Since copper sulphate can hinder algae's ability to colonise and take hold in the water, it is also a successful prophylactic measure.

Additionally, copper sulphate is generally secure for other aquatic organisms, making it an excellent choice for controlling algae in untreated surface water reservoirs.

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The correct sequence of events in the production of a polypeptide is A) initiation - elongation - termination. During initiation, the ribosome recognizes the start codon and begins to assemble the polypeptide chain.

Elongation occurs as the ribosome reads the mRNA sequence and adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Finally, termination occurs when the ribosome recognizes the stop codon and releases the completed polypeptide chain.Polypeptides. Polypeptides help make up proteins by bonding numerous amino acids together. Proteins are created by the bonding of two or more polypeptides, which are then folded into a specific shape for a particular protein.Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides which have a molecular mass of 10,000 Da or more are called proteins.

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The likelihood that the organ would be rejected decreases as donor and recipient antigens become increasingly similar. To the greatest extent possible, the organ or tissue will match the recipient's tissues thanks to tissue typing.

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DNA segments called telomeres are at the ends of chromosomes and eventually signal the cell to enter apoptosis. Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA that protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusion with neighboring chromosomes.

Each time a cell divides, the telomeres shorten until they reach a critical length. When this happens, the cell enters a state of senescence or apoptosis, which prevents the damaged or old cell from dividing further. This mechanism serves as a protective mechanism against the uncontrolled growth of cells, such as in cancer. Telomere length and maintenance are crucial for cellular and organismal health, and research in this field may provide insights into aging, cancer, and other diseases.

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The primary function of the algae in this food chain is to transform solar energy into a form that other creatures can use. Algae are producers who engage in photosynthesis, or the conversion of sunlight.

Phytoplankton and algae are the basic components of aquatic food webs. They are consumed by primary consumers such zooplankton, small fish, and crabs. In turn, fish, tiny sharks, corals, and baleen whales consume the primary consumers.

In the water, the bottom of the food chain is essentially invisible. The world's upper ocean waters are covered in countless billions of phytoplankton, which are single-celled creatures. When the sun's energy is captured by these small plants and microorganisms.

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The one of the following which is ordinarily not used as a fumigant will be phosphorus pentoxide.

Option (d) is correct

Fumigants are chemicals that are used to kill pests, insects, and other unwanted organisms in various materials, including stored grains, processed foods, and timber. These chemicals are usually toxic and require special handling and safety precautions.

Therefore the correct answer is option (d)

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A Beta blocker is a type of drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure, that antagonizes the ability of norepinephrine and epinephrine to bind to their receptors.

A class of drugs known as beta blockers, usually spelled -blockers, are primarily used to treat irregular heartbeats and, in the case of heart attacks, to prevent subsequent attacks (secondary prevention). Although they are no longer the majority of patients' first choice for first treatment, they are nevertheless commonly utilized to treat high blood pressure.

Beta blockers are competitive antagonists that prevent the sympathetic nervous system's adrenergic beta receptors from binding to the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which mediate the fight-or-flight response.

Catecholamines are hormones made by the adrenal glands, brain, and nerve cells. When under stress, either physically or emotionally, the body releases catecholamines.

The "fight-or-flight" response of the body is brought on by catecholamines. Catecholamines include dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.

Individual catecholamine levels that are abnormally high or low can have negative health effects. Multiple catecholamine levels, whether high or low, can reveal a dangerous underlying medical condition.

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The speed of the pulse would decrease . Myelination is the process of forming a myelin sheath around nerve fibers, which insulates the nerves and allows for faster transmission of electrical signals.

In neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome, demyelination occurs, leading to the degradation of the myelin sheath.When the myelin sheath is degraded, the effective capacitance of the membrane increases due to the effectively thinner membrane. However, the resistances of the axon and its membrane do not change appreciably. As a result, the time constant for charging the membrane capacitance (τ = resistance x capacitance) increases, which slows down the rate at which voltage changes can occur.With slower voltage changes, the speed of the nerve impulse (pulse) decreases. Therefore, degradation of myelin would result in a decrease in the speed of the pulse.

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complete question:

myelination occurs quickly in humans during infancy, leading, e.g., to a child's fast motor development (crawling, walking -- those toddlers can move!) as the speed of voltage pulses through their neurons increases with myelination of those nerve fibers. however, there are a number of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome (which they mention when you get your flu shot), in which demyelination (loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves) occurs. the effective reduction of the membrane then leads to degradation or complete loss of nerve signals.

if the capacitance of a membrane increases because of an effectively thinner membrane (degradation of the myelin sheath), but the resistances of the axon and its membrane do no change appreciably due to other effects, how would degradation of myelin affect the speed of a pulse?

a. The speed of the pulse would decrease

b. The speed of the pulse would increase

c. The speed of the pulse would remain the same