This is True as the primers for the gene must first be obtained in order to abundantly segment a gene using PCR.
Genomic DNA (gDNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), and plasmid DNA are only a few examples of the types of DNA sources that may be used as PCR templates for replication. However, the DNA's structure or complexity influences the ideal input levels for PCR amplification. The sample is heated in order to cause the DNA to denature, or separate into two pieces of single-stranded DNA before the PCR is used to amplify a section of DNA.
Then, using the first two strands of DNA as templates, an enzyme called "Taq polymerase" creates or constructs two new strands of DNA. Instead of amplifying DNA using PCR, this method creates circles by cloning a collection of DNA fragments onto a retroviral vector.
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if you cross pea plants that are heterozygous for purple flowers and yellow seeds (ppyy), and you examine 800 offspring for flower and seed color, about how many do you expect to have white flowers and green seeds
50 offspring is expected to have white flowers and green seeds .
The cross 2 parent were both are heterozygous for a trait the offspring will show a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
On using Punnett Square for a dihybrid cross. A dihybrid cross has two traits. Both parents are heterozygous, and one allele for each trait exhibits complete dominance .When both the parents have recessive alleles, but exhibit the dominant phenotype.
Hence, two heterozygous pea plants (pp Yy ) are crossed the offspring's will be 75% dominant and 25% recessive according to Punnet square. So, if 1000 individuals are produced than 750 will be dominant.
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The spinal cord and its attached spinal nerves are a pathway for ______ impulses.
The spinal cord and its attached spinal nerves are a pathway for sensory and motor impulses.
The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerves and cells that runs from the bottom of the brain to the bottom of the back. It transmits signals from the brain to the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in total, which are organized regionally by spinal region. There are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), five lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), five sacral nerve pairs (S1-S5), and one coccygeal nerve pair.
Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that communicate with the spinal cord directly in order to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery. Each nerve is made up of nerve fibers called fila radicularia that extend from the spinal cord's posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) roots.
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Explain the importance of the basement membrane
Basement membrane are important as they serve as the surface where epithelial and endothelial cells can reside, they provide mechanical support to the cells, act as barrier to separate tissues and also protect during mechanical stress.
Basement membrane is the specialized form of ECM that is made up of thin layer of cells. It is also known by the name basal lamina. The membrane is important for the correct sculpting of the tissues into their correct size and shape.
Endothelial cells are the cells found in the inner lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. Their function is to mediate the transport and exchange of substances.
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you perform a cross between red ladybugs and white ladybugs and see all the offspring produced are pink ladybugs. what type of inheritance pattern occurred?
Cross the red ladybug with the white ladybug to make sure all offspring are pink ladybugs. types of inheritance patterns have emerged as incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance results from matings in which each parent's contribution is genetically unique and which produces offspring that are phenotypically intermediate. Incomplete dominance is also called as the semi-dominance and the partial dominance. Mendel described dominance, but not imperfect dominance. Imperfect dominance is a form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene are partially expressed at one locus, often resulting in intermediate or dissimilar phenotypes. Also known as partial dominance. For example, in roses, the red allele is dominant over the white allele.
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In the unlikely event that a trna has been charged with the wrong amino acid, what high-fidelity enzyme is likely to blame?.
Answer:
Boop
Explanation:
The answer you are looking for is Aminoacyl Synthetase
The density of WATER is 1gmL. Is the unlabled clear liquid WATER? Why or why not?
Yes, the unlabeled clear liquid water has a density of 1 gram/liter.
What is density?Density refers to the mass of an object in a unit volume of a substance. The formula for density can be represented as density = Mass / Volume. Density is expressed in grams / cubic centimeter. A common unit of measurement for water's density is gram per milliliter i.e. 1 g/ml or 1 gram per cubic centimeter i.e. 1 g/cm3.
So the exact density of water is not 1 g/ml, but rather less at 0.99 g/ml at 4° Celsius which is about 39.2° Fahrenheit. Water is an inorganic, transparent, odorless, and colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of the hydrosphere of the earth and the fluids of all living organisms. It is important for all forms of life despite providing no food, energy, or organic micro-nutrients.
So we can conclude that the unlabeled clear liquid water has 1 gram/liter of density.
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Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino acids
Ribosomes
DNA
DNA does not play a role in translation. The correct answer is the fifth option.
The translation is the process by which protein is synthesized. During this process, the mRNA first binds to the small unit of the ribosome.
After this, the tRNA will read the first code (start codon) in the mRNA and brings the first amino acid. These form the initiation complex.
As this complex moves along the mRNA, the tRNA read the codons in mRNA using its anticodon and brings the appropriate amino acids. These amino acids form peptide bonds between them.
Once the complex reaches the stop codon, the protein synthesis stops. Here, there is no direct involvement of DNA in the translation process.
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a mannitol salt agar plate is shown below with an unknown staphylococcus species. the species is most likely:
Mannitol salt agar plate containing an unidentified staphylococcus species. S. epidermidis Salt is most likely the species.
Why do scientists use Mannitol Salt Agar to separate Staphylococcus?A selective and differentiating medium is mannitol salt agar (MSA). Since the Staphylococcus genus can withstand high saline levels, the high salt concentration (7.5%) favor's them. While organisms from other genera may develop, they normally do so extremely slowly.
Mannitol Salt Agar is used to grow what?On this medium, Staphylococcus aureus develops and turns mannitol into yellow colonies by fermentation. The majority of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci species do not ferment mannitol and develop as little red colonies.
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Endospores thrive in improperly processed canned or home processed foods because they are resistant to ____ and favor _____ conditions.
Endospores thrive in improperly processed canned or domestic processed foods because they are resistant to heat and want anaerobic situations.
Endospores have tough, outer coating composed of keratin (protein), which permits warmth and chemical resistance. Coccidioides are an idea to develop greatly in the soil after heavy rainfall after which disperse into the air maximum correctly for the duration of hot, dry conditions.
Endospore formation is commonly precipitated by way of a loss of vitamins; it's miles a stripped-down, dormant shape to which the bacterium can reduce itself. The endospore consists of the bacterium's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribosomes, and huge quantities of dipicolinic acid.
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Deafness is caused by recessive mutations in any one of at least five genes. Two deaf individuals have nine children, all of whom have normal hearing. Which of the following can you conclude?
a. An epistatic interaction has occurred.
b. The parents have mutations in the same gene.
c. The mutations are incompletely dominant to the normal allele.
d. The parents have mutations in different genes.
e. The mutations are codominant to the normal allele.
Option d is correct The parents have mutations in different genes.
Your DNA is randomly chosen. You might not have inherited the ethnicity of one or both of your parents, or they might have just passed down a little fraction of the place they came from.
Compared to their parents, newborns typically carry 70 new genetic variants (out of the 6 billion letters that make both parental copies of DNA sequence).
An acquired mutation that manifests in an egg or sperm cell can be passed on to the person's progeny. An acquired mutation becomes hereditary once it is transmitted from parent to child. If acquired mutations develop in somatic cells, which are body cells other than sperm and egg cells, they are not passed on to subsequent generations.
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When you look at the structure of dna, what are the reasons dna can be collected at the interface of both solutions?.
The reason why DNA is collected at the interface of both the solutions( isopropyl alcohol or ethanol and strawberry mixture) is that the DNA precipitates in the presence of ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. DNA tends to cluster together when it exits the solution, making it visible. When the stirrer or transfer pipet is spun at the junction of the two layers, the long strands of DNA will encircle it.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction, to put it simply, is the process of removing DNA from the cells or viruses that normally contain it.
DNA extraction is frequently the first step in many diagnostic procedures used to identify environmental viruses and bacteria, as well as to diagnose illnesses and hereditary diseases.
The below ingredients are required in order to perform a DNA extraction experiment:
60 ml 2-propanol1.5g Sodium Chloride(NaCl)8 ml Dawn dishwashing liquid3 strawberries20 drops per test of 2 M Sulfuric acid ([tex]H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] )40 drops per test of the Dische reagentA detergent (similar to dishwashing liquid) and salt are used to dissolve the cells during DNA extraction in the lab, and alcohol is used to precipitate the DNA. With a detergent and a lot of salt, soft fruit like strawberries and kiwis can have their cells lysed, liberating DNA. By gently stirring the interface with a glass rod after adding alcohol to the point where it creates a boundary on top of the lysate, you can precipitate DNA.
After then, DNA will be released as a transparent mass or fiber. Other treatments (enzyme destruction of the cell wall or mechanical rupture) are required in order to release the DNA from other cells, such as bacterial or fungal cells, as well as many other plant cells, which are not as easily lysed open.
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how could the researcher examine the data already gathered to try to find the disease gene, assuming the exome sequence is accurate?
Usher syndrome is a rare genetic condition that is primarily characterized by deafness as a result of the impaired transmission of sensory input to the brain by the inner ear and auditory nerves, along with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), which eventually results in retinal degeneration and progressive vision loss, eventually leading to legal blindness. Deafness caused by the sensorineural nerve may be progressive or minor. The visual impairment brought on by RP may start in childhood or later in adulthood, and it frequently manifests itself at first as trouble seeing at night or in dim light (night blindness).
(a) If the sequence is correct, the researcher looks for possible trans-heterozygosity cases in the data already collected to try to identify the diseased gene; in other words, they look at the genes to see if both alleles are mutant but in different ways.
(b) The possible pitfall of this approach is that, outside of the coding areas, it can be challenging to know what to look for throughout the entire genome.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is;
A researcher sequences the whole exome of a patient suffering from Usher syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive condition that is nonetheless the leading cause of simultaneous deafness and blindness. The exome sequence does not show homozygosity for any poly- morphisms different from the human RefSeq.
a) How could the researcher examine the data already gathered to try to find the disease gene, assuming the sequence is accurate?
b) If the attempt described in part (a) was unsuccessful, the researcher might contemplate sequencing the patient's whole genome. What are the potential pitfalls of this strategy?
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operons group of answer choices can only be regulated by gene activator proteins. are transcribed by rna polymerase ii. are commonly found in eukaryotic cells contain a cluster of genes transcribed as a single mrna.
An operon is a collection of genes that are collectively transcribed to produce a single messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that in turn codes for numerous proteins.
Types of Operons
In prokaryotes, this type of polycistronic mRNA is commonly seen.
Repressors, activators, and inducers are the three classes of regulatory substances that can impact operon expression.
Activators are proteins that boost a gene's transcription in reaction to an external stimulus, whereas repressors reduce a gene's transcription in response to an external stimulus. Last but not least, inducers are small molecules that, depending on the requirements of the cell and the accessibility of substrate, either activate or repress transcription.
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Simple carbohydrates burn complex molecules, like proteins and lipids. A. faster than C. at the same rate as B. completely, compared to D. slower than
Why are soft-bodied organisms less likely to leave a fossil trace than hard-bodied organisms?.
Soft-bodied organisms are less likely to leave a fossil trace than hard-bodied organisms because soft body parts are less likely to be preserved (compared to, for example, shells, bones, and teeth).
Fossils are the remains of a prehistoric animal or plant, that turned into rock over ten thousand to million years. Paleontology is the study of fossils.
Generally, there are several ways that an organism's remains can be fossilized: buried in sediment or preserved in ice, tar, or amber. The environment affects the formation of fossils as well. An environment that can break down dead organism easily (like a rainforest) prevent fossilization from happening.
Soft body parts are less likely to be preserved because they're generally more susceptible to decomposition. Hard body parts (such as bones, shells, or teeth) are harder to decompose and to destroy, thus more likely to be preserved.
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Consider the table. Types of bacteriaformshapeassociated diseasecoccusxstrep throatbacillusrod shapedyspirillumspiralcholerawhich best describes x and y?x = spherical; y = e. Colix = comma shaped; y = whooping coughx = oval shaped; y = s. Aureusx = rod shaped; y = pneumonia.
The shape of the bacteria is spherical and it causes E.coli disease.
X= Spherical; Y = E.coli.
Bacteria are tiny, one-celled creatures. Nearly all areas of the world are home to bacteria, which are essential to its ecosystems. Some species can survive in environments with high pressure and temperatures. In fact, it's thought that there are more bacterial cells in the human body than there are human cells.
There are three categories of shapes that apply to bacteria. These are
1. Bacillus
2. Spirillum
3. Coccus
Coccus bacteria have a spherical form. Spirillum is reported to have a spiral shape, whereas Bacillus is said to have a rod-like shape.
The E. coli bacteria, which is a member of the bacillus division, is recognized to be the cause of E. coli disease.
The table is attached as an image to clarify the question.
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The remains or traces of past life forms or other direct evidence of past life are called.
Animals, vegetation, and other ancient organisms leave behind preserved remains called fossils.
How do fossils work?The preserved remnants of fauna and flora that were submerged in sediments like sand and mud beneath ancient seas, lakes, and rivers are known as fossils. Any preserved sign of life that's also typically older than 10,000 years is considered a fossil.
What are fossils known as?Fossils are the geologically altered remnants of a once-living organism and/or its activity. Body fossils—which depict the entire or a portion of the creature's body—and trace fossils—which show how the organism behaved.The preservation of many kinds of animals is made possible by the four basic types of fossils, each of which originated in a unique fashion.
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What evidence have scientists discovered linking heredity to behavior, as described in this lesson?
The net impact of genetic and environmental influences on individual variations in any complex characteristic, including behavioral traits, is estimated using quantitative genetic approaches. To pinpoint the precise genes responsible for genetic impact, molecular genetics techniques are also employed.
Intellectual capacity, personality, and susceptibility for mental disease are just a few of the behavioral and psychological traits that each person's genes may affect. These traits can affect both parents and children within a family.
What about heredity?The genetic inheritance that our biological parents have left behind is referred to as heredity. That's why we resemble them. In further detail, it refers to the passing down of qualities from one generation to the following. These characteristics might be behavioral or physical, such as eye color, blood type, or an illness. Heredity is the culmination of all biological processes that pass certain traits from one generation to the next. A human being may receive the "brown-eye trait" from one of their parents, which is an example of an inherited feature. Genes regulate inherited features, and the whole collection of genes found in a given organism's genome is referred to as its genotype.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which makes up genes, contains instructions for how cells should function as well as the traits that distinguish each individual. Each of your biological parents contributes half of your DNA to you, and you could inherit a gene mutation from one or both of them.Sometimes, problems with the DNA cause changes in the genes (mutations). Which characteristics are handed on from one parent to the next is determined by this. Successful features are passed down more often and shift through time between species. An organism can adapt to a certain environment and boost its chances of survival by changing its features.Learn more about heredity here:
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Sugar molecules can be transported across the cell’s plasma membrane with the help of which biomolecules?.
The two main kinds of membrane transport proteins are carrier proteins and channel proteins. The specific solute to be transported is bound by carrier proteins, which then go through a series of conformational changes to move the bound solute across the membrane.
The body is made up of protein, which may be found in almost every organ, tissue, and body part, including muscle, bone, skin, and hair. It contributes to the production of haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which drive numerous chemical reactions. You are made up of at least 10,000 different proteins, which also keep you that way.
A vital component of the processes that give you energy and allow your blood to transport oxygen throughout your body is protein. Additionally, it aids in the production of antibodies that ward off diseases and infections and promotes the growth of new cells
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an animal has vertebrae and a cranium but no jaw would be which type of animal? answer correct fish hagfish you were sure and correct lamprey lancelet
A type of animal would be a lamprey, which lacks a jaw but has vertebrae and a cranium.
What is the flavor of lamprey?The taste of the smoked lamprey was quite similar to that of any smoked fish. "Surprisingly nice," the taster said. You might try marketing it without letting them know what they are consuming. It would improve things. I would not order this from a restaurant, but Flanagan's dishes were the best, Bennett said.
What about lampreys?In the Atlantic Ocean, parasitic fish called sea lampreys live. The sea lamprey has stayed substantially constant for more than 280 million years and has survived at least four major extinction events. Sea lampreys parasitize other fish by draining their blood and other bodily fluids.
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Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think is/are the likely location/s of the genetic information for e. Coil shiga exotoxins?.
The bacteria live in the intestines of healthy cattle, and contamination of their meat may occur during the slaughtering process.
The process by which an infection causes disease is known as pathogenesis. Virus pathogenic mechanisms include (1) virus implantation at the portal of entry, (2) local replication, (3) spread to target organs (disease sites), and (4) spread to sites of virus shedding into the environment. A pathogen must successfully complete four steps or stages of pathogenesis in order to cause disease: exposure (contact), adhesion (colonization), invasion, and infection.
Microbial genetics is the study of heritable information mechanisms in microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, viruses, and some protozoa and fungi. Microbial genetics is also important for understanding molecular techniques used to manipulate genes and proteins, as well as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic organisms for fundamental research and practical applications in a variety of fields such as medicine and biotechnology.
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what was the result of merton's classic experiments that compared the tension development between a voluntary maximal contraction and an electrically induced maximal contraction?
Merton's classic experiments that compared the tension development between a voluntary maximal contraction and an electrically induced maximal contraction showed no difference.
What is the difference between Maximal voluntary contraction and electrically induced maximal contraction?The maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles in humans is called maximal voluntary contraction.
Maximum voluntary isometric contraction is an important method with high reliability and is used to measure and evaluate muscle strength.
Electrically induced maximal contraction are muscle contractions produced by the application of electrical current to activate peripheral motor nerves that innervate a targeted muscle. Contraction of muscles takes place when applied electrical current depolarizes the axonal membranes.
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What are the 3 laws of inheritance?
Answer:
The 3 laws are:
Law of Dominance.
Law of Segregation.
Law of Independent Assortment.
Explanation:
The three laws of inheritance are :
Law of Dominance. Law of Segregation. Law of Independent Assortment.
what is law of dominance?
First, according to the Law of Dominance and Uniformity, some alleles—variants of a specific gene located at the same chromosomal locus or location—are dominant over other alleles for that gene.
As it relates to genetics, the term "inherited" describes a feature or variation that is encoded in DNA and passed from parent to child during reproduction. The laws of Mendelian genetics govern inheritance. A will needs to be admitted to probate in order for the inheritance procedure to start. The probate court examines the will, approves an executor, and formally distributes assets to recipients in accordance with the terms. The executor will pay off any outstanding obligations of the deceased prior to the transfer
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measurements of photo 51 revealed that the distance between the two strands was always equal. explain how this information helped watson and crick build a successful model of dna. (use the figures in your book
Watson and Crick concluded that a large purine molecule (adenine or guanine) always binds to a small pyrimidine molecule (thymine or cytosine), so the distance between the two DNA strands is always the same.
Describe the double helix model of DNA.The discovery of the double helix, the twisted ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 was a milestone in the history of science and marked the emergence of modern molecular biology. That is concerned with genes control chemical processes within cells.
A double helix represents the appearance of double-stranded DNA. Double-stranded DNA consists of two linear strands that run opposite or antiparallel to each other and twist. Each strand of DNA within the double helix is a long linear molecule made up of small units called nucleotides that form a strand. Each chain has a backbone of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups.
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: cell culture methods provide a useful approach to study animal virus growth in a closed system. this approach is not without some limitations. which of the following represents an obstacle for the propagation of animal virus strains in cell culture over time? choose one: a. the number of animal viruses in a sample cannot be quantified effectively in cell culture. b. the multiplicity of infection in tissue culture will not be physiologically similar to whole animal models. c. animal viruses will immediately lyse the cells in culture due to the absence of an immune response. d. animal virus strains can evolve to grow well in tissue culture
Viruses cannot be cultivated in artificial culture media because they have no metabolic system of their own and must replicate entirely within their host cell.
Briefing:
Since viruses require a living host to proliferate, they are challenging to cultivate in a lab. This is due to the fact that they reproduce, or make copies of, their own RNA or DNA to produce numerous additional identical viruses by using all of the host cell's DNA replication processes. We are unable to develop them in a lab because of this.
Since viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that must replicate within a living cell in order to make more copies of themselves, cell culture is still essential to virology (i.e., to form progeny virions). Cell cultures are used to multiply both plant and animal cells.
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what is the ratio of dominate to recessive phenotypes?
1:3
3:3
3:0
3:1
The ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes is 3:1.
what are dominant and recessive alleles?
Alleles are various variations of a gene. Depending on the features they are related with, alleles are classified as either dominant or recessive.
Dominant alleles are seen even if the individual only has one copy of the allele (also known as being heterozygous). Only individuals with two copies of a recessive allele experience its effects (also known as being homozygous).
Hence, the option is d. 3:1
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why Gregor Mendel choose garden peas for his experiment? because garden pea has
A, short generation time
B, self pollination
C, contrasting traits
D, all
Answer: C: contrasting traits
Explanation:
explain how fat-soluble vitamins contribute to the overall health of the body.
Answer:
Explanation:the fat soluble vitamins are A,K ,E,D are stored in the body for longer period of time they are stored in fatty tissue and in the liver
Vitamin A helps in bone growth, tooth development, reproduction, cell division and gene expression. The skin eyes nose mucous membranes also depend on vitamin a to remain moist
Vitamin D helps in the formation of bones ,plays role in the immunity and controlling cell growth and may protect against osteoporosis,high blood pressure,cancer etc
Vitamin E helps prevention of cancer and heart disease it is an antioxidant, lowers risk of mental diseases
Vitamin k plays an essential role in normal blood clotting, promoting bome health , and helping to produce proteins for blood bones and kidneys
A population of fruit flies on an island lay their eggs in some rotting fruit. Some of the fruit is blown into the ocean by a storm and washes up on another island. The islands are too far apart for the flies to fly from one island to the other. What will most likely happen to these fruit flies after many generations?.
Fruit flies are observing logistic growth. Resources were initially limitless, and population growth was exponential. But when supplies ran out, the population grew close to its carrying limits.
What is the fruit fly's adaptation?In response to illnesses, the immunity of fruit flies changes in bacterial as well as genetic ways. A common parasite that makes its host infertile can affect fruit flies. Fruit flies with the parasite are prevented from losing their capacity to reproduce by the bacterium Spiroplasma.
Even though these unwanted visitors adore eating fruit and other sweet foods, the scent of decaying fruit is what draws them in the most. The flies have specific receptors on their olfactory neurons that allow them to detect acetic acid, a fruit fermentation.
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the _________ loses direct/indirect input when the right cerebellum is damaged.
When the right cerebellum is damaged, which cortical region loses input ( granule cells and deep cerebellar nuclei).
The cerebellum can be found just below your cerebrum and behind the upper portion of your brain stem. The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
Divided into different parts called lobes, lobes are separated by fissures.
The 2 major component of cerebellum is – cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei.
the damage to cortical region affects the -
• Cognition
• Sensation
• Movement
• Behavior
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