The fungus you are referring to is Ustilago maydis, which infects corn plants by forming a mycelium that secretes chemicals, leading to the development of tumors known as galls. This infection results in a condition called corn smut, which negatively affects the corn's growth and yield.
The fungus that causes corn infection has a mycelium that produces chemicals that lead to the formation of a tumor on the corn plant. This tumor, in turn, causes the corn to become infected with the fungus. The mycelium acts as the root-like structure of the fungus and helps it to spread and grow within the plant tissue. The chemicals produced by the mycelium are thought to manipulate the plant's natural growth processes, leading to the formation of the tumor. Ultimately, this process can have devastating effects on corn crops, leading to reduced yields and economic losses for farmers.
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What is a key difference between prokaryote genomes and the genomes of multicellular euukaryotes?
A key difference between prokaryote genomes and the genomes of multicellular eukaryotes is the organization and complexity of their genetic material.
Prokaryotes, which include bacteria and archaea, have relatively small, circular genomes that are not enclosed within a nucleus. Their genetic material is found in a region called the nucleoid, and they often contain additional, smaller circular DNA molecules called plasmids. In contrast, multicellular eukaryotes, such as plants, animals, and fungi, have larger, linear genomes that are enclosed within a nucleus. Eukaryotic genomes are organized into multiple chromosomes, each composed of a linear DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins to form chromatin. Eukaryotic genomes also contain more non-coding DNA, introns within genes, and a higher number of regulatory elements compared to prokaryotes, which contributes to the greater complexity of gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes.
Additionally, eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles with their own small genomes, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic events involving ancient prokaryotes. This further distinguishes eukaryotic genomes from prokaryotic genomes in terms of organization and complexity. A key difference between prokaryote genomes and the genomes of multicellular eukaryotes is the organization and complexity of their genetic material.
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One of the effects of the stimulation of receptors in the central nervous system by nicotine is to.. a. Release cortical inhibition b. Release gastric juices c. Release acetaldehyde d. Release adrenalin
One of the effects of the stimulation of receptors in the central nervous system by nicotine is to release adrenalin. The correct answer is D.
Nicotine is a stimulant drug that interacts with the central nervous system by binding to and activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
One of the effects of nicotine stimulation of these receptors is the release of adrenaline (epinephrine), a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
Adrenaline is part of the body's "fight or flight" response to stress, and its release can increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.
It can also cause the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, providing additional energy for the body's response to stress.
In addition to adrenaline, nicotine can also release other neurotransmitters and hormones, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
These substances can affect mood, appetite, and other physiological processes.
Overall, the release of adrenaline is one of the key effects of nicotine on the central nervous system and may contribute to the addictive properties of the drug. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
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For photophosphorylation to take place, it ALWAYS requires the following: (a) H₂O (b) H* gradient (c) oxygen (d) NADP+ (e) all of them
Answer: (b) H* gradient
Explanation: The aforementioned gradient is effectively utilized by ATP synthase in the process of producing adenosine triphosphate via chemiosmosis. The presence of H2O is indispensable in establishing the H+ gradient. However, it is not invariably a requisite for photophosphorylation, given that certain photosynthetic organisms possess the ability to employ alternative electron donors. The indispensability of oxygen and NADP+ in the photophosphorylation process is not warranted.
Which relationship displays COMMENSALISM, and not MUTUALSIM?
a. Oxpeckers remove parasitic larvae from the skin of buffalos. In
exchange, they are protected from predatory cats that will not
challenge a buffalo.
b. Ants 'farm' aphid insects like cattle. Aphids suck the sap out of
trees that the ants also feed on. In turn, the ants sting predators
that attack the aphids.
c. Hippo dung (feces) is eaten by a large species of catfish native to
African lakes. The catfish typically follow the hippo herds
d. Cattle have protozoa (protists) that live in their guts that digest
cellulose (plant material). The cows are able to feed on grass while
the protozoa are sheltered inside the cows.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The basic mechanism of osmoregulation is ________, the movement of water from areas of a higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of water.A) myogenic transferB) osmosisC) facilitated diffusionD) photonephridic transferE) active transport
The basic mechanism of osmoregulation is osmosis, the movement of water from an areas of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of water. Option B is correct.
Osmosis is an important process for maintaining fluid balance and regulating the concentration of solutes in the body, particularly in aquatic animals where there is a constant exchange of water and ions with the environment.
Osmosis occurs through the movement of water molecules across a membrane in response to a concentration gradient. The concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane determines the direction of water movement, with water moving from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
This process is driven by the natural tendency of water to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, known as the concentration gradient. In order to regulate osmosis and maintain fluid balance, organisms have developed a range of osmoregulatory mechanisms.
These mechanisms include active transport, facilitated diffusion, myogenic transfer, and photonephridic transfer, which allow for the selective uptake and elimination of ions and water as needed to maintain the appropriate balance of solutes within the body.
Overall, osmoregulation is a critical process for ensuring proper physiological function and survival in a range of organisms, and osmosis plays a key role in this process by allowing for the movement of water across cell membranes to maintain proper fluid balance and concentration of solutes within the body.
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The sinoatrial (SA) node serves as the heart's pacemaker. Where is it located?A) in the semilunar valveB) in the pulmonary arteryC) in the right atrial wallD) in the left ventricleE) in the left atrium
The sinoatrial (SA) node is an essential part of the heart's electrical conduction system, serving as the primary pacemaker for the heart. It is located in the right atrial wall, specifically in the upper portion of the right atrium, near the opening of the superior vena cava. Option C is correct.
The SA node is a small, oval-shaped structure made up of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat. These impulses travel through the atria and stimulate the contraction of the atrial muscle, causing blood to be pumped into the ventricles.
From the SA node, the electrical impulses travel to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is located in the lower portion of the right atrium. The AV node serves as a relay station, delaying the electrical impulse slightly to allow the ventricles to fill with blood before contracting.
Overall, the SA node plays a critical role in regulating the heartbeat and maintaining proper cardiac function. Any abnormalities or damage to the SA node can lead to arrhythmias or other heart conditions, making it an essential area of study for researchers and healthcare professionals alike.Option C is correct.
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Agents vs. Processes (cont'd)
•____: the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues
•____:
-Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection
-_____ ____: practiced in healthcare; range from sterile methods to antisepsis
Sepsis refers to the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues, while aseptic techniques are practices that help prevent the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues.
Microorganisms growth in the blood and other tissues?"Agents vs. Processes (cont'd)", "•____", "microorganisms", "tissues", "sterile tissues", and "antisepsis". I'll provide explanations for the two missing terms.Learn more about microorganisms
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In a male mammal, every cell that undergoes meiosis gives rise to _____ sperm. ( Concept 10.3)onetwofourno set numberzero
Four sperm are produced from each meiotic cell in a male mammal. The correct answer is four.
This is known as spermatogenesis, which is the method involved with delivering mature sperm cells. Because each sperm cell has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell, the sperm, and egg can combine to give the offspring their full number of chromosomes.
After puberty, men undergo meiosis in the seminiferous tubules of their testicles during spermatogenesis. In the testes, diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells with 23 chromosomes. Through the process of meiosis, one diploid cell produces four haploid sperm cells.
Germ cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes (the sperm and the egg), whereas somatic cells undergo mitosis to proliferate. The fusion of these gametes at fertilization then kicks off the growth of a new organism that will produce offspring.
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One notable trait of muscle learning is that it...
A) does not increase the body's strength
B) occurs when the body's muscle size increases
C) is improved through cardiovascular training, not strength training
D) helps the body use motor units
One notable trait of muscle learning is that it helps the body use motor units. Correct alternative is D.
Muscle learning, also known as neuromuscular adaptation, is the process by which the nervous system learns to recruit and activate the appropriate motor units in a muscle.
This process does not necessarily lead to an increase in muscle size or strength, but it can improve the efficiency of muscle contraction and coordination.
Through practice and repetition of movements, the nervous system becomes better able to activate the appropriate motor units for a given task, leading to smoother and more precise movements.
This type of learning is especially important in activities that require fine motor control, such as playing a musical instrument or performing a skilled sport.
Therefore correct alternative is D) helps the body use motor units.
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The correct answer is D) helps the body use motor units.
One notable trait of muscle learning is that it helps the body use motor units. Motor units are groups of muscle fibers that are controlled by a single nerve. Through muscle learning, the body becomes more efficient at using these motor units, which can improve overall muscle control and coordination. This can lead to better performance in activities that require precise and coordinated movements, such as sports, dance, and playing musical instruments. Muscle learning can occur through various types of training, including strength training and cardiovascular training, but it does not necessarily increase the body's strength or muscle size.
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Two of the named parasympathetic ganglia are theA) celiac and superior mesenteric. B) ciliary and pterygopalatine.C) inferior and superior hypogastric. D) chain and prevertebral.
The correct answer is B) ciliary and pterygopalatine.The ciliary ganglion is located in the orbit of the eye and innervates the muscles that control the shape of the lens, allowing for focusing on near and far objects.
The pterygopalatine ganglion is located in the pterygopalatine fossa and innervates the lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, and pharynx. Option A) The celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia are both sympathetic ganglia located in the abdomen, not parasympathetic ganglia. Option C) The inferior and superior hypogastric ganglia are also sympathetic ganglia located in the pelvic region. Option D) The chain and prevertebral ganglia are part of the sympathetic nervous system and not parasympathetic ganglia.
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Describe what happens inside an animal cell as it undergoes the last stage of mitosis and forms two cells (4)
The last stage of mitosis is telophase, which follows the completion of the anaphase stage. In this stage, the daughter chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, and the spindle fibers that helped move the chromosomes to the poles disintegrate.
The nuclear envelope, which had broken down during prophase, reforms around each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the nucleolus reappears in each of the new nuclei. The cell begins to divide, as a cleavage furrow or cell plate forms, separating the cytoplasm into two parts, and ultimately two daughter cells are formed. The daughter cells contain identical genetic material, and the process of mitosis is complete.
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Though they are not mobile, plants have effective defenses against biological attack. Identify the correct statement(s) about these defenses.
Select all that apply.
Plants have R proteins that recognize pathogen-derived molecules.
Plants may defend against herbivores by producing compounds that reduce protein function in the herbivore.
A plant's triple response protects it against viral attack.
The correct statements are:
- Plants have R proteins that recognize pathogen-derived molecules.
- Plants may defend against herbivores by producing compounds that reduce protein function in the herbivore.
The statement "A plant's triple response protects it against viral attack" is incorrect. The triple response is a type of plant growth response that occurs in response to mechanical stress or contact, such as when a plant encounters an obstacle.
It involves slowing of stem elongation, thickening of the stem, and curvature of the stem towards the obstacle. While the triple response may help plants to avoid physical damage, it is not a defense mechanism against viral attack.
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DNA ligase is an enzyme used when making recombinant DNA molecules in the lab. In what normal cellular process is DNA ligase involved?(a) none, it is only found in virally infected cells(b) transcription(c) transformation(d) DNA replication
The correct answer is (d) DNA replication. DNA ligase plays a crucial role in the final stages of DNA replication by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides.
DNA ligase plays a crucial role in the final stages of DNA replication by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides thereby sealing the breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of the newly synthesized DNA strands. This process ensures that the genetic information encoded in the DNA molecule is faithfully transmitted from one generation of cells to the next. While DNA ligase can also be used in the lab to create recombinant DNA molecules, its primary function is in normal cellular processes such as DNA replication. This process ensures that the genetic information encoded in the DNA molecule is faithfully transmitted from one generation of cells to the next.
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How is penicillin removed from the blood? A) glomerular filtration B) tubular secretion C) tubular reabsorption D) phagocytosis E) passive transport
In the small intestine, ___________ correct impulses stimulate peristaltic movements, while ___________ correct impulses inhibit movements.
In the small intestine, parasympathetic correct impulses stimulate peristaltic movements, while sympathetic correct impulses inhibit movements.
The small intestine is a long, narrow tube that is part of the digestive system. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption and plays a critical role in the digestion of food. Peristalsis is the process by which food is moved through the digestive tract via a series of contractions and relaxations of the smooth muscle in the intestinal wall. The rate and intensity of peristalsis is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestive activity, including peristaltic movements in the small intestine. When food is detected in the small intestine, sensory neurons send signals to the brain, which then sends signals back down the vagus nerve to stimulate the release of acetylcholine.
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Vitamin C supplements may enhance ________ absorption, making ________ overload likely in some people.
a. iron b. magnesium c. calcium d. phosphorus
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is known to enhance the absorption of non-heme iron, which is found in plant-based foods such as beans, lentils, and fortified cereals.option (a)
Iron is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in oxygen transport and energy metabolism. However, excessive iron absorption can lead to iron overload, also known as hemochromatosis, which can cause damage to various organs and tissues.
Therefore, individuals who take iron supplements or have a high iron diet should exercise caution when taking vitamin C supplements to avoid iron overload.
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if an individual has lost the ability to feel pain the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain? Right parietal lobe or left parietal lobe?
If an individual has lost the ability to feel pain the left arm, there is most likely damage to Right parietal lobe of the brain.
The parietal lobe's somatosensory cortex is in charge of processing touch, temperature, and pain signals coming from various body areas. The right hemisphere of the brain's somatosensory cortex corresponds to the left side of the body, and vice versa.
The processing of sensory information from the left side of the body, including the left arm, would be impacted by damage to the right parietal lobe. The homunculus, a particular way of organizing the somatosensory cortex, places representations in distinct parts of the cortex.
As a result, somatosensory cortex impairment can cause specific sensory deficits, such as the loss of pain perception in a particular body part, in this case, the left arm.
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When iodine is mixed with non starch solution its color _______the color of the iodine and this is reported as ________ result
When iodine is mixed with a non-starch solution, its color will remain the same as the color of the iodine and this is reported as a negative result for the presence of starch.
Iodine is commonly used as a reagent to test for the presence of starch in a solution. When iodine reacts with starch, it forms a blue-black color complex. However, if the solution being tested does not contain starch, the color of the iodine will not change, remaining yellow-brown.
Therefore, if iodine is added to a solution and the color remains yellow-brown, this indicates a negative result for the presence of starch. Conversely, if the solution turns blue-black, this indicates a positive result for the presence of starch. This test is commonly used in biology and chemistry labs to identify the presence of starch in food, plant tissues, and other samples.
The complete question is
When iodine is mixed with a non-starch solution, its color _____ the color of the iodine and this is reported as a ____ result for the presence of starch.
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Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be
A) louder.
B) softer.
C) higher pitched.
D) lower pitched.
E) deeper toned.
Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be C) higher pitched as short vocal cords produce higher pitches.
The vocal cords are located in the larynx or voice box, and they vibrate when air passes through them during speech or singing. The length and thickness of the vocal cords determine the pitch or frequency of the voice.
In children, the smaller size of the larynx and vocal cords means that they cannot stretch or vibrate as much as in adults. This limits the range of frequencies that they can produce and results in higher-pitched voices. As children grow and develop, their larynx and vocal cords gradually lengthen and thicken, which lowers the pitch of their voice and makes it deeper and more resonant. This process is called vocal maturation and typically occurs during adolescence.
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All of the following are invalid reasons for taking vitamin/mineral supplements, EXCEPT:
a. To help you cope with stress. b. You feel tired and you take a supplement to provide energy. c. If you are addicted to drugs or alcohol. d. You believe food grown on today's soils lack nutrients.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
because abd are reson to take vitams
the serous membrane that covers the deep surface of the abdominal body wall is the __________.
The serous membrane that covers the deep surface of the abdominal body wall is called the parietal peritoneum.
Abdominal cavity is lined by a serous membrane known as peritoneum. Peritoneum consists of two layers, the parietal peritoneum which lines the abdominal body wall, and the visceral peritoneum which covers the organs within the abdominal cavity. The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity, and it contains a thin layer of serous fluid that helps reduce friction between the abdominal organs and the body wall during movement. The peritoneum helps to protect and lubricate the abdominal organs, allowing them to move and function properly.
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11. The prefix co- means "together." How is the meaning of this prefix related to the meaning of codominance?
The prefix co-signifies "together." The concept of codominance, in which both alleles are expressed simultaneously, is connected to the meaning of this prefix.
When two heterozygous alleles are fully expressed, codominance occurs. Neither one of the alleles can rule, so the two of them appear, yet they don't mix. The phrase "both alleles show up together" can be remembered by using the prefix co-, which means "together."
Speckled chickens, which have alleles for both black and white feathers, and roan cattle, which have alleles for both red and white hair, are two animals that exhibit codominance. Plants also exhibit codominance.
When a white homozygous horse mates with a red homozygous horse, this is a common example of a codominant occurrence. The result is a roan coat made up of red and white hair (each strand of hair is either red or white).
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The enzyme complexes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain can be classified as ________ proteins.
A) integral membrane
B) peripheral membrane
C) lipid-anchored membrane
D) water-soluble
E) Both A and C
The enzyme complexes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain can be classified as integral membrane proteins. The correct option is A.
These proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane and are essential for the proper functioning of the electron transport chain. Integral membrane proteins have hydrophobic regions that interact with the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer, anchoring them in place.
These hydrophobic regions are typically surrounded by hydrophilic regions that face the aqueous environment on either side of the membrane. This allows the enzyme complexes to interact with both the electron carriers within the membrane and the ATP synthase complex on the matrix side of the membrane.
The integral nature of these proteins also ensures that they are tightly associated with the membrane, making them less susceptible to denaturation or loss due to diffusion.
Overall, the integral membrane proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain play a crucial role in generating ATP for cellular energy needs.
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____% of earth is covered by bryophytes.
a. 10
b. 1
c. 25
1% of the Earth is covered by bryophytes. The correct option is B.
Bryophytes are nonvascular plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients. They include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These plants are typically found in moist environments, such as bogs, swamps, and other wetland habitats, and they play important ecological roles in these environments.
Despite their ecological importance, bryophytes cover only a small portion of the Earth's surface, estimated to be around 1%. This is because they are limited by their lack of vascular tissues, which makes it difficult for them to compete with other plant species in many environments.
The correct option is B.
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Why is the LD50 different for each chemical substance?
Why is it important to know the LD50 of a substance? Give one real life example.
The LD50 is different for each chemical substance because it depends on factors such as the chemical's toxicity, route of exposure, species and age of the test animals and duration of exposure.
Why is it important to know the LD50 of a substance?The LD50, or the median lethal dose, is the amount of chemical substance that is required to cause the death of 50% of population of test animals, usually within specified time period. The LD50 is different for each chemical substance because it depends on a variety of factors such as the chemical's toxicity, the route of exposure (such as ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact), the species and age of the test animals, and the duration of exposure.
It is important to know the LD50 of a substance because it helps in assessing the potential risks associated with exposure to that substance.
One real-life example of the importance of knowing the LD50 of a substance is in the field of pesticide regulation.
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14) The measurable strength of the binding of an antibody to antigen is calledA) binding affinity.B) epitope.C) tolerance.D) virulence.
The measurable strength of the binding of an antibody to antigen is called binding affinity (option A).
This refers to the degree to which an antibody binds to its target antigen, and is determined by the shape and chemical properties of both the antibody and antigen. Epitope (option B) refers to the specific region on an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody. Tolerance (option C) refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and not attack the body's own tissues. Virulence (option D) refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease. The correct option is thus A) binding affinity.
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Transcription of part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of AAACAACTT results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of( ) GGGAGAACC.( ) UUUGUUGAA.( ) TTTGAAGCC.( ) CCCACCTCC.( ) AAACAACTT.
The correct answer is (2) UUUGUUGAA. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into mRNA.
During transcription, RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary mRNA molecule. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule AAACAACTT would pair with the complementary mRNA sequence UUUGUUGAA through base-pairing rules (A-U and C-G). Therefore, the transcription of the DNA sequence AAACAACTT would result in the mRNA sequence UUUGUUGAA. RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary mRNA molecule. During transcription, RNA polymerase reads the nucleotide sequence of the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary mRNA molecule by pairing RNA nucleotides with the complementary DNA nucleotides according to the base-pairing rules (A-U and C-G).
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Explain why colour blindness is more common in males than in females (2)
Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. The gene for color vision is located on the X chromosome. Males have only one X chromosome, while females have two.
Therefore, if a male inherits a recessive allele for color blindness from his mother, he will express the trait because he has no second allele to compensate. Females, on the other hand, would need to inherit two copies of the recessive allele, one from each parent, to express the trait. As a result, color blindness is more common in males than in females because they only need to inherit one copy of the recessive allele to express the trait.
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Place the tissue layers of the digestive tract in the order you would encounter them moving from the lumen toward the abdominal cavity.
The tissue layers of the digestive tract in the order you would encounter them moving from the lumen toward the abdominal cavity are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa.
The tissue layers of the digestive tract, moving from the lumen toward the abdominal cavity, are organized in the following order:
1. Mucosa: This is the innermost layer, lining the lumen. It consists of the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
2. Submucosa: The next layer is composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. It provides support and nutrition to the surrounding tissue layers.
3. Muscularis externa: This layer is responsible for the movement of the digestive tract and consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
4. Serosa (or adventitia, depending on location): The outermost layer, which is a thin layer of connective tissue that helps attach the digestive tract to the surrounding abdominal cavity.
These layers work together to help facilitate digestion and the movement of food through the digestive tract.
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The ability of a plant's stigma to control which pollen grains can successfully complete pollination is a type of _____ isolation mechanism.
Pilih definisi yang benar
gene
gamete
allele
zygote
B) The ability of a plant's stigma to control which pollen grains can successfully complete pollination is a type of gamete isolation mechanism.
A kind of reproductive insulation medium that hinders effective fertilisation between distinct species is gamete insulation. This medium is apre-zygotic hedge, meaning it happens before the development of a zygote( fertilized egg) and prevents gametes( sperm and egg cells) from fusing between people of different species.
Gamete insulation occurs in shops at the position of the smirch, which is the flower's womanish reproductive element. Accepting and choosing suitable pollen grains for fertilisation is the responsibility of the smirch. Pollen grains that are inharmonious are discarded and don't contribute to the development of a zygote. This medium guarantees that only pollen grains with applicable genetics may fertilise the ovules and produce feasible get.
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