the fundamental underlying concept of corporate social responsibility is that conscience resides in individuals but not in a corporation itself.group startstrue or false

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Answer 1

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a type of international private business self-regulation that tries to support charitable, activist, or philanthropic social goals by participating in or encouraging volunteer work or other morally upstanding behaviors.

What is meant by corporate social responsibility?Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a type of international private business self-regulation that tries to support charitable, activist, or philanthropic social goals by participating in or encouraging volunteer work or other morally upstanding behaviors. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) holds that businesses should examine how their actions may affect the environment and society. Environmental duty, ethical responsibility, philanthropic responsibility, and economic responsibility are the four basic categories of corporate social responsibility. Companies may, however, also take into account other types of CSR, such as diversity, inclusion, welfare, and employee engagement.Corporate social responsibility is based on the core tenet that conscience exists not only in individuals but also in corporations. Only the people who make up a corporation's executives and board of directors may be prosecuted with a crime because corporations are not considered to be legal persons. The given statement is false.

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Related Questions

june is working as part of the strategic planning team in her organization. currently, the team is developing a clear statement explaining the organization's reason for existence. june's team is writing a

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If June is working as part of the strategic planning team in her organization and currently, and the team is developing a clear statement explaining the organization's reason for existence, then June's team is writing a mission statement.

What is a mission statement?

A mission statement can be defined as a specific technical piece indicating the purposes as well as objectives that hold a particular organization in association with the services and products that the company may provide to its customers in the market.

A mission statement is a fundamental piece to state the major objectives of the company in the calendar year and the focus of all the required energies to fulfill such purposes, which may include how to inspire employers to reach these objectives during his/her work.

Therefore, with this information, we can conclude that  a mission statement is fundamental issue to clarify the objectives of a company.

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Arthur has $19,500 to invest, and wishes to gain $8,000 in interest over eleven years. approximately what is the minimum simple interest rate that arthur needs to achieve his goal? a. 2.64% b. 3.04% c. 3.72% d. 4.51% please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d

Answers

Option c. 3.72% is the correct option of the given statement.

What is simple & compound interest?

Typically, simple interest is a predetermined proportion of the principal amount borrowed or lent that is paid or received over the course of a given period. Borrowers are required to pay interest on interest in addition to principal due to compound interest, which accrues and is added to the accrued interest from prior periods.

What is the method to calculate simple interest?

The formula for calculating simple interest is S.I. = P R T, where P stands for principal, R for the annual percentage rate of interest, and T for time, which is typically expressed as the number of years. The interest rate is expressed as a percentage, or r%, and should be represented as r/100.

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The _________ strategy involves seeking low cost production facilities, cutting costs and using tight cost controls to be more efficient than competitors.

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Answer:The (cost leadership) strategy involves seeking low cost production facilities, cutting costs and using tight cost controls to be more efficient than competitors.

Explanation:Cost leaders focus their attention on increasing the efficiency of production processes to lower production costs. Low costs allow them to lower prices while still making a profit.

Home enterprises employs itzak to buy property for a possible residential development. Itzak secretly buys some of the property and sells it to home enterprises at a profit. Itzak has breached.

Answers

Itzak has breached Duty of loyalty

All decisions made by a corporation's directors and officers as corporate fiduciaries must be made without their capacity as corporate fiduciaries must be made without any personal or financial conflicts, according to the concept of the duty of loyalty. Loyalty duties may be violated by doing self-serving business or abusing commercial opportunities.

To fulfill their fiduciary responsibility of loyalty, a fiduciary must disclose all relevant facts before participating in a personality transaction and taking advantage of a commercial opportunity. Following that, either a majority of disinterested investors or a majority of uninterested directors must approve the transaction.

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a recent college graduate buys a new car by borrowing $20,000 at 7.2%, compounded monthly, for 4 years. she decides to pay $501 instead of the monthly payment required by the loan.

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The excess amount will not only decrease principal loan outstanding, but also reduce interest burden.

  Customers typically save a significant amount on interest if they can prepay their loan in full quite early on in the term of the loan. The typical lock-in period for a personal loan is one year, after which the entire balance may be returned.

  The secret is to settle the entire amount at the beginning of the loan's term in order to benefit from paying less interest. Even though the customer may have paid most of the interest by this point in the repayment period, it is always preferable to prepay the loan and get the debt off your back.

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alesha, inc., has current assets of $4,300, net fixed assets of $24,000, current liabilities of $2,900, and long-term debt of $10,700. (do not round intermediate calculations.) what is the value of the shareholders' equity account for this firm? how much is net working capital?

Answers

According to the solving the value of the shareholders' equity account for this firm and net working capital is:

shareholders' equity = 14,700

net working capital = 1,400

What does the term "shareholders' equity" mean?

The amount that a founder of the company have invested in the company is referred to as equity held by shareholders. This includes both the money they had directly invested and all of the earnings the company has made and reinvested since it was founded.

What exactly is net working capital?

The difference between such a company's current assets—such as business cash, accounts receivable/unpaid invoices from customers, including inventories of raw materials and completed goods—and its current liabilities—such as debts and accounts.

According to the given data:

Given:

current assets of $4,300

net fixed assets of $24,000

current liabilities of $2,900

long-term debt of $10,700

Shareholder's equity = Assets - Liabilities

= (4,300 + 24,000) - (10,700 - 2,900)

= 14,700

NWC = Current Assets - Current Liabilities

= 4,300 - 2,900

= 1,400

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alexander hamilton’s fiscal plan for the new government was met with opposition, but eventually he and thomas jefferson brokered a creative bargain, or compromise, in 1790. complete the following passage describing this agreement.

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The Compromise of 1790 was a compromise between Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, wherein Hamilton received the choice for the national government to take over and pay the kingdom debts, and Jefferson and Madison obtained the national capital (District of Columbia) for the South.

Thomas Jefferson objected strongly to Hamilton's proposal for a national financial institution. the various reasons he and his followers gave for his or her competition, the subsequent were the most critical: With its unique powers and privileges, the U.S. financial institution might restrict the development of state banks.

Hamilton supplied to support that purpose if southerners agreed to his plan to pay off the country's money owed.

Madison and others universal the compromise. In July 1790, Congress voted to pay state money owed and to build the brand new capitol town in the South.

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Answer:

1: Southerners

2: Virginia and Maryland

3: Slaves

Explanation:

Grande company had credit sales of $20,000 in the current period. Accounts receivable had a beginning balance of $4,000 and an ending balance of $5,000. Compute its cash collections from its credit sales for the current period.

Answers

The cash collection from its credit sales for the current period is $19,000.

What is credit sales?

The sale of commodities in which payment has not been made in the current time when the purchase took place is referred to as a credit sale. Here the payment will take place at a later date.

The calculation for cash collection

credit sales =  $20,000

beginning balance = $4,000

ending balance =  $5,000

Cash Collections = (Beginning Balance of AR + Credit Sales) - Ending Balance of  AR

Cash collection =($4,000 + $20,000) - $5,000

                          = $24,000 - $5,000

                          = $19,000

Therefore, the number of cash collections from its credit sales for the current period is $19,000

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the four-firm concentration ratio indicates the total profitability among the top four firms in an industry. is an indicator of the degree of monopolistic competition. indicates the presence and intensity of an oligopoly market. is used by the government as a basis for anti-trust cases.

Answers

Tells us that there is an oligopoly market and that it is active.

What is the ratio of four firms? Which does it suggest?

The concentration ratio reveals whether an industry is made up of numerous small enterprises or a few major ones. The market share of the four biggest companies in an industry, stated as a percentage, makes up the four-firm concentration ratio, which is a frequently used concentration ratio.

What is the optimal competition four-firm concentration ratio?

The concentration ratio of four firms

The concentration ratio can range anywhere between practically zero for ideal competition and 100% for monopoly. A ratio higher than 40% is a sign of oligopoly. Less than 40% of the ratio is a sign of monopolistic competition.

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If you observe a co-worker, customer, or stranger in your workplace exhibiting any of the warning signs of workplace violence, who should you talk to?.

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If you observe a co-worker, customer, or stranger in your workplace exhibiting any of the warning signs of workplace violence you should first report your concern to your supervisor, or human resources department.

What is workplace violence?

Workplace violence is any act of, or threat of, physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that takes place at the workplace. Threats, slander, and physical and verbal abuse are all included, as well as murder. Customers, clients, visitors, and staff all may be impacted. The third-leading cause of fatal workplace injuries in the United States is now acts of violence and other injuries. In 2019, there were 5,333 fatal workplace injuries in the United States, and 761 of those injuries were caused intentionally by another person, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). Employers and employees across the country are very concerned about workplace violence, regardless of how it presents.

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Answer: Your co-worker is late to work one or two days each week.

Explanation:  

assume that on february 1, procter & gamble (p&g) paid $720,000 in advance for 2 years’ insurance coverage. prepare p&g’s february 1 journal entry and the annual adjusting entry on june 30.

Answers

The journal entries for the given problem is done below :

Journal Entries:

Journal entries are recorded throughout the accounting period .  Very First, journal entries are prepared to record business transactions then adjusting entries are done  at the top of an accounting cycle  as needed. Also, any errors found throughout the review of the trial balance is corrected through a journal entry.

Journal Entries :

Date                       Accounts and Explanation      Debit $        Credit $

Feb 1                           Prepaid Insurance               $720,000

                                    Cash                                                             $720,000

June 30                       Insurance expenses         $150,000

                            Prepaid insurance                                              

                         ($720,000 x 5/24)                                            $150,000                                            

                                                                                                       

Meaning of Prepaid Insurance :

Payment of premium by insured to insurer person  entity before the due date is known as prepaid insurance. It is current assets for the insured person and therefore shown in the balance sheet under the sub-head of the current assets.

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When considering sales and operations planning for​ services, a strategy to vary workforce​ levels, where additional​ full-time or part time employees are hired during peak demand periods while a​ smaller, permanent staff is maintained​ year-round is known as?.

Answers

[tex] \: \huge \tt{\green{A}{\orange{n}s{\blue{W}{\pink{e}{\purple{r}}}}}} \\ \\ \: \: \rightarrow \: \sf \: \: Tiered \: \: workforce[/tex]

A department store purchases screen-printed t-shirts at a cost of $5 per shirt. they mark up the price 150% (making the selling price 250% of the store's purchase price) and put them on the sales floor. every month that a t-shirt doesn't sell, the store reduces the selling price by 25%. which expression shows the selling price after one monthly price reduction? $5 $5(1.50) â€" $5(0.25) $5 ($5)(0.25) â€" ($5)(1.50) $5(2.50) â€" $5(0.25) ($5)(2.50) â€" ($5)(2.50)(0.25)

Answers

The selling price of a t-shirt after one month markdown is 9.38.

The store marks up price 150%

Cost of a t-shirt is $5

The store reduces the selling price by 25%

The store marks up the price by 150%

Decimal representation of 150% is as follows,

150%=150/100

=1.5

The store marks up the price can be obtained as follows,

Cost= 1.5x5

=$7.5

Cost of a shirt after markup price,

Cost markup price=$5+$7.5

=$12.5

The store reduces the selling price of the shirt by 25%

Markdown price can be obtained as follows,

Markdown price=0.25x12.5

=$3.12

The selling price of the t-shirt can be obtained as follows,

Selling price=12.5-3.12

=9.38

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Choosing to take the day off over going to work is an example of a(n).
O fixed cost
Oopportunity cost
Ovariable cost
Onone of the above

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Choosing to take the day off over going to work is an example of a(n) opportunity cost.

The value or advantage forfeited by engaging in a specific activity in comparison to engaging in a different activity is known as the opportunity cost in microeconomic theory. Simply put, it means that if you choose one activity, you forfeit the chance to do another.

The worth of what you forgo while deciding between two or more possibilities is known as opportunity cost. You make a choice because you believe it will benefit you more in the long run, despite any potential downsides.

You will take into account the opportunity cost while making decisions because it forces you to give up other options. This enables you to make judgments that are more resource-efficient from an economic standpoint.

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businesses that stand to gain wealth from tourism have become increasingly as businesses serving different parts of the commodity chain have merged into one larger company or set of companies that work with each other to corner a market.

Answers

Businesses that stand to profit from tourism have become more vertically integrated as enterprises that serve various points along the supply chain have amalgamated to form a single larger corporation or group of companies that collaborate to corner a market.

Vertical Integration: What Is It?

Vertical integration is a tactic that enables a business to streamline operations by directly controlling different stages of the production process instead of depending on outside suppliers or contractors.

Target is an illustration of a vertically integrated business because it has its own store brands and manufacturing facilities. It produces, distributes, and sells its own goods, doing away with the need for third parties like manufacturers, shipping services, or other logistical requirements.

How does business vertical integration benefit them?

Adding distribution centers in new locations or purchasing a new brand are two ways that vertical integration might help your company grow regionally. Generally speaking, geographic expansion is most effective when it occurs inside a company's own supply-distribution spectrum segment.

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The correct question is:

Businesses that stand to gain wealth from tourism have become increasingly ________ as businesses serving different parts of the commodity chain have merged into one larger company or set of companies that work with each other to corner a market.

Suppose that you were running an engineering company. You want to assign employees to particular engineering projects, but you also want someone who knows about their functional area to supervise them. What kind of work structure would you choose?.

Answers

In this case, a functional organizational structure would serve the need described.

What is a functional organizational structure?

A functional organizational structure is a popular corporate structure that divides a corporation into departments based on areas of competence, grouping personnel by specialty, skill, or similar tasks.

The benefits of a functional organizational structure are as follows: Departments specialize on a certain area of work. Specialization indicates that employees are proficient in the activities they perform. There are well defined managerial lines. Employees understand their own and other people's positions.

A standard line organizational structure is the best place to start for most businesses, especially smaller ones that don't need a large number of divisions or connections in the chain of command/communication.

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point a and point b are on the ppf/ppc. movement from point a to point b group of answer choices shows decreasing opportunity costs is inefficient is efficient shows increasing marginal productivity

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Scarcity, choice, and tradeoffs are all represented in the PPF. The PPF's shape is determined by whether the costs are increasing, decreasing, or constant.

What is PPF curve?The production possibility frontier (PPF) is a graph curve that depicts the possible quantities of two products if they both rely on the same finite resource for production. The production possibility curve is another name for the PPF. The production possibilities curve (PPC) is a graph that depicts all of the possible output combinations given current resources and technology. The PPC, also apprehended as the production possibilities frontier (PPF), depicts scarcity and tradeoffs. There are three types of production possibility curves in total. Straight lines sloping downward, concave and convex. If the slopes of the two PPCs are equal, A's marginal cost of producing x equals B's marginal cost, and production is efficient.

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the first flat-screen televisions were expensive and offered by few manufacturers. however, within a few years, most televisions incorporated that technology.

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Maturity the first flat-screen televisions were expensive and offered by few manufacturers. however, within a few years, most televisions incorporated that technology.

Technology is the appliance of knowledge to reach practical goals in an identifiable Associate in a nursing reproducible way. The word technology may conjointly mean the merchandise of such an endeavor. The use of technology is wide-rife in medicine, science, industry, communication, transportation, and daily life. Technologies embody physical objects like utensils or machines and intangible tools such as software.

Many technological advancements have LED to social group changes. The earliest well-known technology is the stone tool, employed in the prehistoric era, followed by fire use, which contributed to the growth of the human brain and therefore the development of language in the Ice Age. The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age enabled wider travel and the creation of a lot of complex machines. Recent technological developments, together with the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet have lowered communication barriers and ushered in the knowledge economy.

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complete the sentence
is the sacrifice involved in making on decision over another

Answers

An opportunity cost is the sacrifice involved in making on decision over another.

What is an Opportunity costs?

It is an important concept in economics that represent the potential benefits that an individual, investor, business etc misses out on when choosing one alternative over another. The term opportunity costs can be easily overlooked but when we understand the potential missed opportunities when a business or individual chooses one investment over another, then, its allows for better decision making.

That said, it is seen as the forgone benefit that would have been derived from an option not chosen. In other to evaluate it, the costs & benefits of every option available must be considered and weighed against the others.

Examples is the scenario of investing in a new manufacturing plant in Los Angeles as opposed to Mexico City while deciding not to upgrade company equipment or opting for the most expensive product packaging option over cheaper options.

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When a movie trailer is released far in advance of the release of the movie itself, what marketing concept is
MOST likely being used?
push marketing
content
hype
buzz

Answers

Answer:

it's either hype or buzz

Answer: hype

Explanation:

harry spent $39,000 in 2009 and $42,000 in 2014 on goods and services. the consumer price index was 220 for 2009 and 231 for 2014. harry’s 2009 spending in 2014 dollars is about a. $40,857. b. $43,290. c. $40,950. d. $37,143.

Answers

Harry spent $39,000 in 2009 and $42,000 in 2014 on goods and services. The consumer price index was 220 for 2009

and 231 for 2014. Harry's 2009 spending in 2014 dollars is about $40,950

In economics, goods are those that fulfill human needs and offer usefulness, such as to a customer buying a pleasant product. It is usual practice to distinguish between transferable products and non-transferable services.

A good is referred to as a "economic good" if its demand outweighs its supply and it requires human effort to achieve. Free things, however, like air, are always available and don't require any intentional effort to obtain. Private goods are items that people possess and use on a daily basis that are unrelated to food, such as televisions, couches, wallets, cell phones, and nearly anything else.

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In the ibm video case what is knowledge management?, how can a knowledge management system help a company ensure business continuity when an employee leaves the company?.

Answers

Knowledge management is defined as the collection of methods that is related to creating, sharing, using, and managing the knowledge of an organization.

A knowledge management system can help a company because it has all the data and information about the company.

What is the meaning of knowledge management?

Knowledge management is the process by which an enterprise collects, organizes, and analyzes its data or knowledge that is easily accessible to employees as well as customers. The knowledge includes technical resources, asked questions, documents, and skills. The four components of knowledge management are people, process, content, and strategy. Regardless of the industry, size, and knowledge that needs of your organization, you always need people to lead, run and support knowledge sharing.

A knowledge management system is a tool that is used by companies to help in organizing documentation and other information into easily accessible formats for both the internal employees and outsiders of the company i.e. customers.

So we can conclude that the collection methods that are related to creating and managing the knowledge of an organization are known as  Knowledge management.

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brainly fisheries officials are stocking a barren lake with pike, whose number will increase annually at 40%. fishing is prohibited the first 2 years and then 5000 pike can be removed in each of the 3rd and 4th years, so that the number remaining after the 4th year is the same as the original number stocked in the lake.

Answers

The original number of pikes stocked in the lake before the annual increase of 40% and removal of 5,000 pikes for two years is 4,999.99

How to find original number stocked in the lake?

A detailed step by step explanation for calculating or finding how to get the original number of fishes stocked in the lake is given below:

To begin with, let:

The original number stocked in the lake = xThe annual increase = 40% = 0.4The number of years = 4

Total increase = x + 0.4⁴

= x + 0.0256

The fishing removed each at 3rd and 4th year = 5000

The total removed = 2(5000)

= 10,000

So,

the original number stocked in the lake = the total removed - Total increase

x = 10000 - (x + 0.4⁴)

x = 10000 - x - 0.0256

collect like terms

x + x = 10000 - 0.0256

2x = 9,999.9744

divide both sides by 2

x = 9,999.9744 / 2

x = 4,999.9872

Approximately,

x = 4,999.99 pikes.

In conclusion, the original number of pikes stocked in the lake before increase and removal is 4,999.99 pikes

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consider two competing brands, (brand a and brand b) in the same market. both brands are increasing their unit market share. brand b's rate of increase in market share is somewhat greater than brand a's rate of increase. in this situation, which is correct:

Answers

B's customers are more price sensitive than A's customers.

Price sensitivity measures how much the price of goods and services influences customers' willingness to purchase them.

Customers who are price sensitive consider price to be an important factor in their purchase. Some customers consider extremely low prices to be too good to be true and may assign a low value to a product before trying it. These high-end customers frequently refuse to buy a lower-priced product.

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a retailer purchases merchandise with a catalog list price of $30,000. the retailer receives a 15% trade discount and has credit terms of 2/10, n/30. how much cash will be needed to pay this invoice within the discount period?

Answers

If a retailer purchases merchandise with a catalog list price of $30,000 . The amount of  cash that will be needed to pay this invoice within the discount period is: $24,990.

Cash required to pay invoice

First step is to calculate the Price after Trade Discount using this formula

Price after Trade Discount = Catalog Price - Trade Discount

Let plug in the formula

Price after Trade Discount = $30,000 - (15% × $30,000)

Price after Trade Discount = $30,000 - $4,500

Price after Trade Discount =  $25,500

Second step is to calculate the Cash required to pay invoice using this formula

Cash required to pay invoice = Price after Trade Discount - Purchase Discount

Let plug in the formula

Cash required to pay invoice = $25,500 - (2% × $25,500)

Cash required to pay invoice = $25,500 - $510

Cash required to pay invoice = $24,990

Therefore the amount of  cash needed is: $24,990.

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during july, jobs no. 103 and 104 were completed, and jobs no. 101, 102, and 104 were delivered to customers. jobs no. 105 and 106 are still in process at july 31. a. compute the work in process inventory at june 30. b. compute the finished goods inventory at june 30. c. compute the cost of goods sold during july. d. compute the work in process inventory at july 31. e. compute the finished goods inventory at july 31.

Answers

(a) $3,160

(b) $7,000

(c) $13,500

(d) $9,500

(e) $2,960

(a). Work in Process = Manufacturing cost of 103 in June + Manufacturing cost of 104 in June

Work in Process = $960 + $2,200 = $3,160

(B). Finished goods = Manufacturing cost of 101 in June + Manufacturing cost of 102 in June

Finished goods = $3,800 + $3,200 = $7,000

(C) Cost of goods sold during July = Manufacturing cost of 101 in June + Manufacturing cost of 102 in June + Manufacturing cost of 104 in June + Manufacturing cost of 104 in July

Cost of goods sold during July = $3,800 + $3,200 + $2,200 + $4,300 = $13,500

(D) Work in process inventory = Manufacturing cost of 105 in July + Manufacturing cost of 106 in July

= $6,200 + $3,300 = $9,500

(E) Finished goods inventory = Manufacturing cost of 103 in June + Manufacturing cost of 103 in July

Finished goods inventory = $960 + $2,000 = $2,960

What is Inventory?

Inventory refers to all the items, goods, merchandise, and materials held by a business for selling in the market to earn a profit. Example: If a newspaper vendor uses a vehicle to deliver newspapers to the customers, only the newspaper will be considered inventory.

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what measures the change in prices of a basket of goods and services in a given year
recession
depression
deflation
inflation

Answers

The measure of changes in the price of a basket of goods and services in a given year is inflation.

What is inflation?

Inflation is when there is a persistent and consistent increase in the general price levels in an economy. Inflation can be caused by an increase in the cost of production or an increase in the demand for goods and services.

Demand pull inflation occurs as a result of an excess of demand over supply. When demand exceeds supply, prices rise. Cost push inflation occurs when the cost of production increases. This leads to a reduction in supply. Higher prices are the result.

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People producing goods and services are called

Answers

Answer: human resources

Explanation:

dée trader opens a brokerage account and purchases 300 shares of internet dreams at $34 per share. she borrows $4,400 from her broker to help pay for the purchase. the interest rate on the loan is 7%. required: a. what is the margin in dée’s account when she first purchases the stock?

Answers

The stock is purchased for $34 × 300 shares = $10,200.

Given that the amount borrowed from the broker is $4,400, Dee's margin is the initial purchase price net borrowing: $10,200 - $4,400 = $5,800.

What is Stock ?

Stock, as used in finance, refers to the shares into which a corporation or company's ownership is divided. A single share of stock represents a fractional ownership interest in the company based on the total number of shares. Once all senior claims, such as secured and unsecured debt, have been satisfied, this typically entitles the shareholder (stockholder) to that portion of the company's earnings, proceeds from the liquidation of assets, or voting power, frequently allocating these in proportion to the amount of money each stockholder has invested.

Not every class of stock is created equal; some may have improved voting rights, no voting restrictions, or a specific priority to earn profits or liquidation proceeds before or after other classes of shareholders.

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to ensure the quality of its almond butters, rally's roasters owns the almond groves in which all of its almonds are grown. rally's almond butters are sold in supermarkets as well as specialty food stores throughout the country. rally's makes use of what type of integration?

Answers

By selling almonds in supermarkets as well as specialty food stores Rally is making use of Backward integration. here backward integration tactics are implemented.

More about Backward integration:

Backward integration is a sort of vertical integration where a corporation takes on new responsibilities all of which were traditionally held by suppliers higher up the supply chain. To achieve control over the preceding phases of the value chain which include the tasks carried out by specialized manufacturers and suppliers, backward integration tactics are implemented.

The following are typical illustrations of business activities classified as downstream functions. Production of Products (i.e. Parts, Components) Studying and Developing (R&D) Rough Material Provider

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