The force that holds water molecules together in a raindrop is called.
OA. polar attraction
OB. magnetic attraction
OC. covalent bonding
OD. ionic bonding

Answer:

The CCl4 gas would need to be heated to -178.7 °C to have a volume of 2.00 liters at 250 °C.

Step-by-step explanation:

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of CCl4:

[tex]\sf:\implies n = \dfrac{m}{M}[/tex]

[tex]\sf:\implies n = \dfrac{75.0\: g}{154.0\: g/mol}[/tex]

[tex]\sf:\implies n = 0.487\: moles[/tex]

Next, we can use the ideal gas law to solve for the temperature:

[tex]\sf\qquad\dashrightarrow PV = nRT[/tex]

where:

We need to convert the given temperature of 250 °C to Kelvin:

[tex]\sf:\implies T = 250 ^{\circ}C + 273.15[/tex]

[tex]\sf:\implies T = 523.15\: K[/tex]

Now we can plug in the values and solve for T:

[tex]\sf:\implies (1\: atm)(2.00\: L) = (0.487\: mol)(0.08206\: L\cdot atm/mol\cdot K)T[/tex]

[tex]\sf:\implies T = \dfrac{(1\: atm)(2.00\: L)}{(0.487\: mol)(0.08206\: L\cdot atm/mol\cdot K)}[/tex]

[tex]\sf:\implies T = 94.5\: K[/tex]

Finally, we need to convert the temperature back to Celsius:

[tex]\sf:\implies T = 94.5\: K - 273.15[/tex]

[tex]\sf:\implies \boxed{\bold{\:\:T = -178.7 ^{\circ}C\:\:}}\:\:\:\green{\checkmark}[/tex]

Therefore, the CCl4 gas would need to be heated to -178.7 °C to have a volume of 2.00 liters at 250 °C.

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Answer:

C: 40.

Explanation:

To answer this question, we need to use the concept of heat transfer and the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.

When two substances are in contact, heat can flow from one substance to another until they reach thermal equilibrium (i.e., they have the same temperature). In this case, Substance 1 loses 40 calories of heat, which means it gives off 40 calories of heat to Substance 2. Therefore, Substance 2 will gain 40 calories of heat to reach thermal equilibrium.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 40.

Answer: 0.313 mole of NH3

Explanation:

According to the question the reaction enthalpy is thus 10610 J / 0.278 moles = 38.3 kJ/mol.

Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of a system that measures the total energy content of a system. It is a state function that is expressed in terms of internal energy, pressure, and volume of a system. Enthalpy represents the amount of energy that is associated with a chemical reaction or physical change.

The reaction is exothermic, meaning that heat is released during the reaction. The amount of heat released can be calculated with the equation q = mcΔT, where q is the heat released, m is the mass of the solution, c is the specific heat capacity of the solution, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the solution. Using the given data, the amount of heat released by the reaction can be calculated as q = (250 g)(4.184 J/g-K)(11.1 K) = 10610 J. The enthalpy change for the reaction can then be calculated by dividing the heat released by the number of moles of NaOH, which is 11.1 g / 40.00 g/mol = 0.278 moles. The reaction enthalpy is thus 10610 J / 0.278 moles = 38.3 kJ/mol.

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Answer: (a) 8.33x10^24.

Explanation: In the realm of gas thermodynamics, the variables P, V, n, R, and T denote pressure, volume, number of moles of gas, gas constant, and temperature in Kelvin, respectively.

It is feasible to manipulate this equation for the purpose of deducing n, which denotes the quantity of moles of gas.

The equation n = (PV) / (RT) represents the number of moles present in a gas system, where P, V, R, and T denote the pressure, volume, ideal gas constant, and temperature, respectively. This formula serves as a fundamental expression in thermodynamics and is employed in various fields of science, notably chemistry and physics, as a means of determining the amount of substance in a gaseous system. Its rigorous derivation and application have been extensively studied in the academic realm, and it remains a pivotal concept in modern scientific research.

Ascertaining the quantity of helium atoms contained within the balloon necessitates the conversion of the amount of helium moles into a corresponding number of helium atoms. The quantity of atoms in a single mole of any given substance, as denoted by Avogadro's number, is 6.022 x 10^23.

Initially, it is necessary to determine the quantity of moles of helium present within the spherical object.

The quantity n is expressed as the ratio of the product of the pressure and volume, PV, to the product of the universal gas constant, R, the temperature, T, and is mathematically represented as n = (PV) / (RT). Upon substituting the relevant values in this equation, where the pressure is not explicitly given, n may be calculated as (1.18 g/L x 2.93 L) / (0.0821 L-atm/mol-K x 273 K).

The quantity of substance present is 0.1386 mol.

Subsequently, the subsequent step would be to transform the aforementioned measurement into the numerical value representing the quantity of helium atoms present.

The numerical value of helium atoms can be expressed as the product of a constant factor 'n' and the Avogadro constant. That is, the number of atoms of helium is determined by multiplying 'n' with Avogadro's number.

The quantity of helium atoms is equivalent to 0.1386 moles, multiplied by the constant Avogadro's number of 6.022 x 10^23 atoms per mole.

The quantity of helium atoms is 8.33 x 10^23.

To calculate the number of atoms of helium in the balloon, we can use Avogadro's number and the molar mass of helium.

The number of atoms of helium in the balloon can be calculated using the Avogadro's number and the molar mass of helium. The molar mass of helium is 4.0026 g/mol. First, we need to calculate the number of moles of helium in the balloon by dividing the mass of helium by its molar mass:

Number of moles of helium = Mass of helium / Molar mass of helium

Once we have the number of moles, we can use Avogadro's number to calculate the number of atoms:

Number of atoms of helium = Number of moles of helium * Avogadro's number

Let's substitute the values into the formula to find the number of atoms of helium in the balloon:

Number of atoms of helium = (1.18 g/L * 2.93 L) / (4.0026 g/mol) * (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol)

Solving this equation will give us the number of atoms of helium in the balloon.

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Although, a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question "How does crushing a candy to smaller pieces affect its digestion?"

Crushing the candy into smaller pieces increases the surface area of the solvent which will result in the reduction of digestion or dissolution.

Digestion is the process in which food taken is broken down into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Digestion helps in converting food into molecules, like glucose so that the body can utilize that energy for its growth and development.

While Crushing the candy into smaller pieces, we are increasing the surface area of the solvent which will result in the reduction of digestion or dissolution of the candy. Thus, the larger the size of the pieces, the slower will be the process of digestion. This physical process in which large pieces of food are cut and crushed into smaller pieces is known as mechanical digestion.

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The equation can be written as; ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

The equation for the free energy change (ΔG) in a system can be expressed in terms of the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS)

The Gibbs free energy equation links changes in enthalpy and entropy that occur during a process to changes in a system's free energy. If G is negative, the process can happen spontaneously and is thermodynamically beneficial.

If G is positive, the process requires an energy input and is not thermodynamically favorable. The system is in equilibrium if G is zero.

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The element with an underlined name has the oxidation state U2O74 in the specified compound state.

Each element's charge corresponds to its oxidation number in a binary ionic compound. Looking at the periodic chart will reveal the charge, which is determined by the element's group: Elements in group 1: +1 charge. components from group 2: +2 charge.

Carbon monoxide (CO), the only typical example of carbon in a +2 oxidation state, is a gas. Due to the ease with which carbon monoxide may be converted into carbon dioxide, which has a more thermodynamically stable oxidation state of +4, carbon monoxide is a powerful reducing agent.

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Answer 1:

During the summer months in the northern hemisphere (where the United States is located), Earth is in position C, which is when the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun.

Answer 2:

The highest tide occurs during the full moon phase, which is represented by position C in the diagram.

Answer 3:

A star that has a luminosity of 10^-2 is likely a red dwarf.

Answer 4:

Telescopes that observe short-wavelength radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, do not need to be placed in orbit around Earth because these wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere. Therefore, telescopes that observe these wavelengths are typically placed in space, outside of Earth's atmosphere.

Answer 5:

The student is likely demonstrating the relationship between the Earth and the Sun's gravitational pull. The ball represents the Sun, and the string represents the gravitational force pulling the Earth towards the Sun. The demonstration shows how the Earth orbits the Sun due to this gravitational force.

Gravitational force is described as a force that exists between any two objects in the universe that have mass.

It is the force that causes objects with mass to be attracted to each other. The magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between them.

Along with the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force, gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of the universe.

Sir Isaac Newton initially introduced it in his law of universal gravitation, and Albert Einstein later elaborated on it in his theory of general relativity.

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As a result, AgNO3 has a molar solubility of 0.0245 M.

A compound's capacity to dissolve in a particular substance known as a solvent is indicated by a property termed molar solubility (M). It is specifically the most moles of a solute that may dissolve in one liter of solvent.

The Ksp (solubility product constant) formula, which is the product of the ion concentrations elevated to their stoichiometric coefficients in a saturated solution4, can be used to determine the molar solubility of AgNO3.

The formula for AgNO3 is AgNO3 → Ag+ + NO3-.

Therefore, Ksp = [Ag+][NO3-] = 6.00 × 10⁻⁴

Since AgNO3 dissociates completely in water, [Ag+] = [NO3-] = S (molar solubility).

Thus, Ksp = S² = 6.00 × 10⁻⁴.

Solving for S gives us S = √(Ksp) =√(6.00 × 10⁻⁴) = 0.0245 M⁴

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The answers are:

A rock is a naturally occurring collection of minerals, and the kind and quantity of minerals it contains influence its hardness. Quartz, feldspar, mica, and calcite are just a few of the minerals that are present in all rocks. Additionally, rocks may include mineraloids and organic byproducts. Rocks are categorised based on their texture, mineral makeup, and additional features including colour, streak, lustre, and cleavage.

The three rocks are sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Rocks can be utilised in a variety of applications, including building, landscaping, and industrial activities.

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Explanation:

The observations that water rolls off a duck's back but thoroughly wets a head of human hair reveal that the surfaces of the duck feathers and human hair have different physical and chemical properties.

Duck feathers have a unique structure that helps them repel water. They are coated in a special oil that makes them hydrophobic, or water-repelling. The oil forms a layer on the surface of the feathers that prevents water from penetrating into the feather structure. Additionally, the feather structure is tightly packed and has a lot of surface curvature, which also helps to prevent water from sticking to the feathers. This is why water rolls off a duck's back.

In contrast, human hair does not have a hydrophobic coating, and its surface is relatively smooth. This means that water can easily stick to the surface of human hair and thoroughly wet it.

Overall, these observations reveal that the chemical nature of the surfaces of duck feathers and human hair are different, and that these differences have a significant impact on how they interact with water.

The amount of dry solute it would take to prepare 118 mL of 0.105 M NaNO3 is 1.05g.

The mass of a substance can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles in the substance by its molar mass as follows:

mass = no of moles × molar mass

However, the number of moles it took to prepare 118 mL of 0.105 M NaNO3 must be calculated as follows;

no of moles = 0.105 × 0.118 = 0.0124 moles

molar mass of sodium nitrate = 85g/mol

mass = 85g/mol × 0.0124 moles = 1.05g

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The mass in grams of 7.55 × 10²¹ molecules of water H₂O is 1.25 × 10⁻² g.

This is using mole concept.

The International System of Units (SI) uses the mole (symbol mol) as the unit of material amount. How many elementary entities of a particular substance are present in an object or sample is determined by the quantity of that material.

Exact 6.02214076 × 10²³ basic entities make up the mole. An elementary entity can be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle like a proton depending on the makeup of the substance. For instance, although having differing volumes and masses, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element) both have the same quantity of substance, and the mercury has exactly one atom for each molecule of the water.

The mass in grams of 7.55 x 10²¹ molecules of water H₂O can be calculated using Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 10²³molecules/gram-mole.

Mass (grams) = (7.55 x 10²¹ molecules) (1 Gram/6.02 x 10²³ molecules)

Mass (grams) =  1.25 x 10⁻² grams

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The concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution is 1.80 mol/L.To determine the concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution, we need to use the equation:

What is concentration ?

concentration (in units of mol/L) = moles of solute / volume of solution (in units of L)

First, we need to calculate the moles of NaOH added to the flask:

moles of NaOH = mass of NaOH / molar mass of NaOH

moles of NaOH = 36.0 g / 40.00 g/mol

moles of NaOH = 0.900 mol

Next, we need to determine the volume of the solution. We know that 36.0 g of NaOH were added to a 500.0 mL volumetric flask, but the final volume of the solution is not given. We can assume that the volume of the solution is 500.0 mL, since that is the volume of the flask. However, we also need to take into account the fact that the addition of NaOH may cause the volume of the solution to increase slightly due to the dissolution of the solute.

Assuming that the volume of the solution is 500.0 mL, we can convert this to units of liters:

volume of solution = 500.0 mL / 1000 mL/L

volume of solution = 0.500 L

Now we can use the equation above to calculate the concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution:

concentration = 0.900 mol / 0.500 L

concentration = 1.80 mol/L

Therefore, the concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution is 1.80 mol/L.

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Complete question is: If 36.0 g of NaOH (MM = 40.00 g/mol) are added to a 500.0 mL volumetric flask, and water is added to fill the flask, 1.80 mol/L concentration of NaOH in the resulting solution.

_______________________________

The word equation for the skeleton chemical equation would be Ethane gas + Oxygen gas -> Carbon dioxide gas + Water vapor.

Described in this reaction, ethane (C2H6) and oxygen (O2) unite to synthesize carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). The reactants are situated on the left side of the arrow marker, while the products are displayed on the right. All entities specified are presented in the gaseous state as denoted by the (g) symbol.

The word equation for the skeleton chemical reaction C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + H2O (g) is showcased as follows:

Ethane gas + Oxygen gas -> Carbon dioxide gas + Water vapor

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Compared to crushed pills, loose powder medications have a higher surface area, which allows for faster body absorption and disintegration, leading to a speedier effect.

The drug's surface area has a direct relationship with the dissolving rate. Higher dissolving rates may be attained by reducing the particle size since surface area grows as particle size decreases.

Therefore, disintegration agents are added to formulations to encourage the breakdown of tablets into minute granules and their component particles. This enables a faster liberation of the drug particles from the tablet matrix, increasing the surface area for subsequent dissolving.

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A chemist would most likely study how rain affects statues as it involves analyzing the physical and chemical changes caused by rainfall on different materials, such as metal or limestone.

A chemist would most likely study 'how rain affects statues'. This query falls under the domain of chemistry as it involves the study of physical and chemical changes caused by rainfall on different materials. Rainwater, due to the presence of various dissolved gases, can be slightly acidic. When this water comes in contact with statues, especially those made of certain metals or limestone, it can react causing corrosion or weathering, which a chemist would study.

In the case of metal statues, the acidic nature of rainwater can initiate corrosion processes, leading to the gradual degradation of the metal's surface. This phenomenon involves chemical reactions that a chemist is well-equipped to elucidate and study.

For statues crafted from limestone or other calcareous materials, rainwater can cause weathering, a process that involves chemical dissolution and physical erosion. Understanding the chemical intricacies of these reactions falls squarely within the purview of chemistry.

Hence, the study of 'how rain affects statues' inherently encompasses the investigation of the chemical alterations and transformations induced by rainfall, rendering it a quintessential domain of chemistry. This research not only sheds light on the impact of environmental factors on cultural artifacts but also contributes to the broader understanding of chemical interactions in the natural world.

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Reactant: C3H8 + O2 = Product:  CO2 + H2O

Reactant: Zn + HCI =  Product: ZnCl₂

Reactant: KI + Pb(NO3)2 = Product: KNO3 and PbI2

Reactant: Mg(CIO3)2 = Product: MgCl2 and O2

Reactant: F2 + KBr = Product: KF and Br2

Chemical reactions entail the conversion of one or more substances into novel species, thanks to the breaking and forging of chemical bonds.

Essentially, such transformations involve the reconfiguration of atoms and/or molecules, culminating in distinct chemical and physical attributes contrasting from those of the initial materials.

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The experiment employing these pipettes would most likely have a 5% error rate.

When your estimate aims at a known, accurate figure, percent error is a useful metric. Use it to measure how near an estimate is to the actual value, in general. When an approximation value is near to the true value, there are fewer mistakes.

The percent error is the distinction between the estimated value and the actual value in relation to the actual value. In other words, the relative error is multiplied by 100 to calculate the percent error.

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a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle because the kinetic-molecular theory states that the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. Since the flame of a burning candle is hot, the wax molecules move faster, allowing them to take up more space and eventually melt.

The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the following five fundamental principles:

The average distances between the molecules that make up a gas are substantially bigger than the diameters of the individual molecules. When compared to the volume of the gas itself, the volume filled by the gas' molecules is insignificant.

In a perfect gas, neither the molecules nor the container walls are attracted to one another.

The molecules move randomly and continuously and, as physical objects, they are subject to Newton's laws of motion. Until they collide with one another or the container walls, the molecules move in a straight line.

Collisions are fully elastic; although two molecules' orientations and kinetic energies change when they collide, the overall kinetic energy is conserved. It is not "sticky" to collide.

The relationship between the average gas molecule kinetic energy and absolute temperature is direct. The word "average" is crucial in this context because individual molecules' velocities and kinetic energy will vary widely, with some even having zero velocities at specific times. This suggests that if the temperature were to drop to absolute zero, all molecular motion would stop.

Explanation:

b.  Since a freezer is much colder than room temperature, the water molecules move very slowly and become organized, allowing them to form ice cubes.

c. All matter is made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. When the ginger ale is poured into the glass, the molecules of the liquid spread out to fill the shape of the glass due to their motion.

d. The molecules in a liquid are in constant motion, and that when they move, they bump into each other, passing energy from one to the other. This energy causes the particles to move faster. As they move faster, they create turbulence that causes them to break away from the liquid surface. These particles then form a vapor, which is an invisible form of water called water vapor. As these particles accumulate together, they gradually evaporate from the swimming pool, eventually diminishing its water level.

e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days because the molecules of water vapor slow down and as they lose energy they no longer have enough kinetic energy to remain in the gaseous state. The molecules then condense and form liquid water droplets on cool surfaces such as windows.

f. Snow gradually disappears even when the temperature remains below freezing because the heat stored in the snow starts to melt the snow. This occurs even when the outside temperature remains at freezing or below because the heat is released from the snow and warms the surrounding air.

g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases because the particles of gases have more energy and thus more freedom of movement than particles of solids and liquids. The particles of gases can move around and can occupy larger spaces than particles of solids and liquids, allowing them to be compressed more effectively.

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The volume (in liters) of ammonia, NH₃ produced from the reaction is 127 liters (option C)

First, we shall determine the mole in 17 g of H₂. Details below:

Mole = mass / molar mass

Mole of H₂ = 17/ 2

Mole of H₂ = 8.5 moles

Next, we shall determine the volume of H₂. Details below:

1 mole of hydrogen gas, H₂ = 22.4 Liters

Therefore,

8.5 moles of hydrogen gas, H₂ = (1.24 mole × 22.4 Liters) / 1 mole

8.5 moles of hydrogen gas = 190.4 liters

Finally, we shall determine the volume of ammonia, NH₃ produced. This is shown below:

N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) -> 2NH₃(g)

From the above equtaion,

3 liters of H₂ reacted with 2 liters of NH₃

Therefore

190.4 liters of H₂ will react = (190.4 liters × 2 liters) / 3 liters = 127 liters of NH₃

Thus, from the above illustration, we can conclude that the volume of ammonia, NH₃ produced  is 127 liters (option C)

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Considering both the forward and the reverse directions,  the Bronsted acids in the reaction is  H₂S and CH₃NH₃⁺. The correct option is B.

The chemical reaction is as :

CH₃NH₂(aq) + H₂S(aq) ⇄ CH₃NH₃⁺(aq) + HS⁻(aq)

According to the Bronsted - Lowry theory, acids are the substance that will donates the H⁺ ion or the proton and it will forms the conjugate base.

In the forward reaction, the H₂S donates the proton to the CH₃NH₂.

In the reverse reaction, the CH₃NH₃⁺ will donates the proton to the HS⁻.

Hence, the Bronsted - Lowry acids in the reversible reaction are H₂S and CH₃NH₃⁺. The option B is correct.

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The enthalpy of the reaction is -393.2 kJ/mol. The answer is (C).

Enthalpy of reaction (ΔHrxn) refers to the heat energy that is either absorbed or released during a chemical reaction, while the pressure remains constant. It is determined as the difference between the enthalpies of the products and the reactants, and enthalpy, in turn, refers to the heat energy stored within a substance.

ΔHf°(H2O(l)) = -285.8 kJ/mol

ΔHf°(KOH(aq)) = -482.4 kJ/mol

ΔHf°(H2(g)) = 0 kJ/mol

ΔHf°(K(s)) = 0 kJ/mol

To calculate the enthalpy of the reaction, we first need to balance the equation:

The given equation is the balanced equation

ΔHrxn = [2ΔHf°(KOH(aq)) + ΔHf°(H2(g))] - [2ΔHf°(H2O(l))]

ΔHrxn = [2(-482.4 kJ/mol) + 0 kJ/mol] - [2(-285.8 kJ/mol)]

ΔHrxn = [-964.8 kJ/mol] - [-571.6 kJ/mol]

ΔHrxn = -393.2 kJ/mol

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Each oxygen atom in peroxide compounds like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has an additional electron that it shares with the other oxygen atom in the compound, giving the oxygen a charge of -1.

Any substance comprised of two or more elements that are chemically linked together is known as a compound. A compound's constituent parts are always present in a specific ratio. As an illustration, the substance water (H2O) consists of two hydrogen atoms that are chemically bound to one oxygen atom.

Actually, oxygen belongs to the second period of the periodic table. It can create two covalent bonds with other elements to complete its octet and has six valence electrons.

Each oxygen atom in peroxide molecules like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a charge of -1. This is due to the fact that each oxygen atom in the molecule has an additional electron that it shares with another oxygen atom.

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Answer: the standard change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction at 25 ∘C is 6.24 kJ/mol.

Explanation: One can employ the equation in order to calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) for the reaction at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius.

The standard free energy change, ΔG°, can be expressed as the negative product of the universal gas constant (R), temperature (T) and the natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant (K).

The equilibrium constant is denoted by K and the gas constant R has a value of 8.314 J/mol·K, while T stands for temperature in Kelvin, which is equivalent to 298 K for 25 ∘C.

K can be determined by utilizing the partial pressures at equilibrium.

K equals the square of the product of PC and the cube of PD divided by the cube of PA multiplied by the fourth power of PB.

After replacing the provided values, the result obtained is:

The value of K is obtained by raising 4.36 atm to the power of 2, and 4.70 atm to the power of 3, and then dividing that by the product of 4.62 atm to the power of 3 and 4.36 atm to the power of 4.

The numeric value of K is 0.0786.

We can now compute the value of ΔG° by using the available data.

The change in Gibbs energy under standard conditions is equal to the negative product of gas constant, temperature and natural logarithm of equilibrium constant.

The standard Gibbs free energy change is determined by multiplying the constant of gas by the temperature and natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant.

The value of ΔG° can be expressed as - (8.314 J/mol·K) multiplied by 298 K and -2.547.

The standard free energy change is either 6,237 joules per mole or 6.24 kilojoules per mole.

The mole fraction of the solute in the solution is calculated as 0.1406.

Non-volatile solute is a substance that does not readily evaporate at given temperature and pressure.

Raoult's law : P_total = P_solute + P_water

P_total is total vapor pressure of solution, P_solute is partial pressure of  solute, and P_water is partial pressure of water.

Since the solute is non-volatile, we can assume that its partial pressure is negligible compared to the pressure of water. Therefore: P_total ≈ P_water

P_total = X_water * P°_water

X_water is mole fraction of water and P°_water is vapor pressure of pure water at same temperature.

305 torr = X_water * 355.1 torr (since P_total ≈ P_water)

X_water = 305 torr / 355.1 torr = 0.8594

X_solute = 1 - X_water = 1 - 0.8594 = 0.1406

Therefore, the mole fraction of the solute in the solution is 0.1406.

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