The steps in sequential order about central dogma are:
DNA to m-RNA: (2) Transcription m-RNA to protein: (4) TranslationTranscription is the process by which information from DNA is used to synthesize RNA. The location in the cell of transcription in eukaryotes is the nucleus. This process is carried out in three stages: initiation, extension and termination. The enzyme used for this RNA polymerase.
Translation is the process protein is synthesized from the RNA. This process takes place in ribosomes in the cytoplasm. m-RNA contains the information to make proteins. But the process also requires t-RNA and r-RNA.
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decussation results in the right side of the brain interpreting sensory information from the left side of the body. true or false
True ,decussation results in the right side of the brain interpreting sensory information from the left side of the body.
Decussation means that a lesion interrupting the fibers above the crossing will have an effect on the side of the body . Decussation refers to the point at which the fibers cross the midline.
Sensory decussation is a decussation or crossover of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus, which are responsible for fine touch, vibration, and two-point discrimination of the body. Pyramidal decussation occurs in the lower medulla. The lower limit of the pyramids occurs when the fibers cross or decussate.
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Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by?.
Exocytosis is the removal of molecules from the cell that are too big to pass through the cell membrane.
What are cell membranes and what do they do?Every organism seems to have a cell membrane, commonly referred as a cellular membranes, which separates the world inside the cell from of the environment outside.A semipermeable lipid bilayer makes up the cell membrane.Materials were moved across into tissues under the regulation of the cell membrane.
What are the cell membrane's three primary roles?Three main purposes of biological membranes are as follows: They have two functions: (1) they prevent hazardous chemicals from entering the cell; and (2) they have receptors and pathways that permit the passage of particular molecules, including ions, nutrients, waste, and metabolic products that mediate various cellular activities.
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If a biopolymer molecule is attracted to the partial charges found on the water molecule, the biopolymer is:
If a biopolymer molecule is attracted to the partial charges found on the water molecule, the biopolymer is Polar.
Biopolymers are organic materials made by the cells of living things. Biopolymers, like other polymers, are made up of monomeric units that are linked together through covalent bonds to form larger molecules. Polynucleotides, polypeptides, and polysaccharides are the three main classes of biopolymers, which are categorized based on the monomers used and the structure of the biopolymer formed. Long polymers of nucleotides, such as RNA and DNA, are known as nucleotides. Proteins and shorter polymers of amino acids are examples of polypeptides; collagen, actin, and fibrin are a few well-known ones. Starch, cellulose, and alginate are a few examples of polysaccharides, which are long or branched chains of sugar carbohydrates. Other examples of biopolymers include natural rubbers (polymers of isoprene), suberin and lignin (complex polyphenolic polymers), cutin and cutan (complex polymers of long-chain fatty acids) and melanin.To know more about biopolymers check the below link:
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explain eutrophication using Florida red tide as an example
The process of eutrophication involves the gradual enrichment of a body of water, or portions of it, with minerals and nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. The phrase "nutrient-induced increase in phytoplankton production" has also been used to describe it.
A process known as eutrophication is brought on by an excess of nutrients, typically nitrogen and phosphorus, in water. Algae thrive, spread, and colour the water green as a result of feeding on the nutrients. Algae blooms may have an unpleasant odour, restrict sunlight, and in some circumstances even produce poisons.
Red tide is a phenomena brought on by algal blooms, in which the number of algae increases to the point that they colour coastal waterways.
In Florida, eutrophication is a major problem. There are a number of issues brought on by this occurrence that you may have heard about in the news, including fish fatalities, blue-green algae blooms, and dead zones.
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Which of the choices is/are secretions produced by the pancreas? select all that apply.
a. bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid
b. lipase for fat digestion
c. trypsin for further protein digestion
Trypsin to further breakdown proteins Lipase is used to breakdown fat. gastric acid can be neutralised by bicarbonate ions. i.e., option (c).
Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions to neutralize belly pH. The pancreas secretes lipase and gastric amylase to interrupt down fat and carbohydrates respectively. The pancreas secretes trypsin in an inactive shape referred to as trypsinogen to interrupt down proteins however keep away from digesting itself. Trypsin is an enzyme that facilitates us digest protein. In the small intestine, trypsin breaks down proteins, persevering with the manner of digestion that started out withinside the belly. It can also be called a proteolytic enzyme, or proteinase.
Trypsin is produced via way of means of the pancreas in an inactive shape known as trypsinogen. Lipase is an enzyme the frame makes use of to interrupt down fat in meals so that they may be absorbed withinside the intestines. Lipase is produced withinside the pancreas, mouth, and belly. Lipase facilitates hold your triglycerides at a wholesome stage via way of means of breaking them down into smaller molecules, which the frame then makes use of for energy. Studies have proven that a few humans with digestive troubles may additionally advantage from supplemental lipase, specially in the event that they have issues with their pancreas.
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in the ascending limb of the loop of henle, urea is concentrated within the loop because:
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, unary system is concentrated within the loop because: the ascending limb pumps electrolytes into the interstitial fluid.
The unary system reabsorbed will increase the medullary awareness of the solute, that's essential for the reabsorption of water from the skinny inner medullary part of the descending limb of the loop of Henle. here, there's no osmotic gradient to purpose water motion inside the diluting kidney.
In popular, unary system movements along its concentration gradient, that means that it passively diffuses from areas of excessive to low awareness. in the initial filtrate, its awareness is same to that inside the blood, so before everything, there is no awareness gradient and there's a hundred% of the urea filtered still in the tubule.
Urea managing alongside the Nephron. Urea is filtered across the glomerulus and enters the proximal tubule. The concentration of urea within the ultrafiltrate is just like plasma, so the amount of urea coming into the proximal tubule is controlled via the GFR. In preferred, 30%–50% of the filtered load of urea is excreted.
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suppose the dna of a gene contains seven regions, a through g, in that order. regions a, b, e, and g are located in exons, while regions c, d, and f are located in introns. what is the order of the regions in the mature mrna transcribed from that sequence?
The order of sequence of motifs in mature mRNA transcribed will be A, B, E, and G.
The order of mature mRNA transcribed would be as found accordingly with the arrangement of coding regions or exons which are A, B, E &G as given. Introns, a non-coding segment, contain C, D, and F. These sections are transcribed into pre-mature mRNA, but they are eliminated during the RNA splicing process to create mature mRNA, which only contains coding regions.
Introns are cut out during RNA splicing, which also cuts off intron motifs and joins exons so that C, D, and F are not transcribed since they are spliced due to non-coding segments. The section of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for a protein are known as the coding region of a gene (CDR), sometimes known as the coding sequence (CDS). The exons are the segments of coding. The intronic sequences are non-coding sequences.
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If a is dominant to a and b is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross aabb × aabb?.
A dihybrid heterozygous cross will always have a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for autosomal characteristics. Nine offspring will exhibit both dominating characteristics.
What does phenotypic mean?
An observable characteristic is simply referred to as a "phenotype." Pheno, which has the same root as the term "phenomenon," simply means "observe." It can therefore refer to anything ranging from a common attribute, like size or hair color, to the absence or presence of a disease. It is also a detectable type of an organism.
How is phenotypic determination made?In order to calculate a phenotypic ratio, we look at alleles that are similar to the chosen parents and anticipate how often the offspring would manifest those genes. Most of the time, you are aware of how the alleles express themselves and look.
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Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with _______
PTH may have anabolic effects in trabecular bone, whereas it stimulates bone resorption in cortical bone.
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients frequently experience vertebral fractures, and they appear to do so at greater BMD values than individuals with osteoporosis.Weaker bones as a result of greater calcium loss from them Increased bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption are two mechanisms by which hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises serum calcium levels. The bones become weaker as a result of parathyroid hypersecretion.One or more of your parathyroid glands may become overactive and secrete an excessive amount of parathyroid hormone if you have hyperparathyroidism (PTH). This results in hypercalcemia, a condition where your blood calcium levels increase. A nonprofit academic medical center, Cleveland Clinic.
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During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ___________, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from _____________.
During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from light, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from NADH/FADH2.
What is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration?Photosynthesis is carried out by plants, algae, and some bacteria, while cellular respiration is carried out by all living things. Photosynthesis converts light energy into potential energy, whereas respiration converts potential energy into kinetic energy.Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by plants and oxygen is a by-product.Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by-products and ATP is the energy converted from the process.
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Why do double circuit heart than a single circuit heart.
Answer:
double circulation is more efficient. They ensure that we're giving our tissues and muscles blood full of oxygen, instead of a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
an iodophor is a(n) an iodophor is a(n) form of formaldehyde. quaternary which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells? which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells? dna acts as a messenger. it binds to a ribosome and provides instructions for making protein. mrna is made by copying specific regions of dna called genes. ribosomes use mrna as instructions, which provide a code specifying the order of amino acids in a protein. dna is converted to rna, which is then converted to protein. ribosomes make proteins by randomly linking amino acids together.mmonium compound. phenol. agent that reduces oxygen. iodine mixed with a surfactant.
An iodophor is a(n) iodophor is a(n) shape of formaldehyde. quaternary which of the subsequent high-quality describes the go with the flow of records in cells iodine mixed with a surfactant.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is the most powerful surfactant and could be very powerful at stripping all oils, such as the herbal protective ones.An iodophor is a coaching containing iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent, which includes a surfactant or water-soluble polymer, for instance, povidone. The result is a water-soluble material that releases loose iodine while in solution.
Iodophor is an iodine-containing solution with a solubilizing agent which includes a surfactant or povidone. Iodophor is widely used within the brewing and dairy industries as a sanitizer. The iodine is usually complexed with an excessive molecular weight service usually a polymer (Palmer 1999).
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What is the most important reason a cell would have translational control over the regulation of gene expression?.
At the translational level, protein synthesis can be turned on and off quickly to respond to the needs of the cell.
Transcriptional regulation is important to allow a cell or organism to respond to various intracellular and extracellular signals, define a cell's identity during development, maintain it throughout its life span, and coordinate cellular activities. biological process. Translational regulation of mRNA is a critical step in the regulation of gene expression.
In general, the efficiency of the translational apparatus can be affected, either positively or negatively, by altering the levels or activities of rate-limiting protein factors involved in the translation process. These controls are important for the regulation of many genes in human tissues. It also plays an important role in cellular physiology due to its involvement in disease states such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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The main function of the er is to transport proteins or other molecules, such as ________.
The main function of the ER is to transport proteins or other molecules, such as lipids.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure in the cell that performs numerous functions such as calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism. The ER's various functions are carried out by distinct domains, which include tubules, sheets, and the nuclear envelope.
In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum is the largest single structure. It is made up of a variety of interconnected shapes, such as sheets and tubules, and has a lumen enclosed by a membrane that is continuous with the membrane that surrounds the cell's nucleus. Endoplasmic reticulum is a type of organelle that can be found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It is frequently represented by two interconnected sub-compartments, rough ER and smooth ER. Both types are made up of membrane-enclosed, flattened tubes that are interconnected.
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since the two strands of the dna molecule are complementary, for any given gene: select all that are correct.
A) Only one strand actually carries the codons for a particular gene.
B) If one strand is mutated, the cell can use the other strand to correct the change (assuming the cell can identify which of the complementary bases was recently modified).
Answer: A and B are Correct
Explanation:
A - The coding strand of DNA is used to match with the correct mRNA codons.
B - There are DNA repair mechanisms that utilize the complimentary strand such as Base Excision Repair and Nucleotide Excision Repair
Those who examine external forces on behavior take the side of ________, while those who focus on internal factors take the side of ________.
Those who examine external forces on behavior take the side of ____situationism____, while those who focus on internal factors take the side of ___dispositionism____.
What affects our behavior?Situationism is the idea that our actions and actions are determined by our surroundings and environment. Dispositionism, by contrast, believes that our behavior is determined by internal factors. Internal factors are attributes of a person and include personality traits and dispositions.
For example, a dispositionist may explain bankruptcy as the result of an individual's laziness and/or imprudence, primarily self-harm. Situationists, by contrast, believe that bankruptcy is often caused by more complex external circumstances, such as medical and other expenses due to divorce or unforeseen illness.
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The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system.
The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ____peripheral____ nervous system.
What is nervous system?The nervous system receives stimuli, determines their meaning, transmits nerve impulses to active organs, and consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs. It is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its behavior and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body.
Two main parts of nervous system are:
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and reach all parts of the body.To know more about nervous system visit:
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Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
DNA replication relies on the complementarity of DNA strands according to the AT/GC rule.
According to Chargaff's rule, the amount of the nucleotide guanine is equal to the amount of the nucleotide cytosine in the DNA and the amount of the nucleotide adenine is equal to the amount of thymine.
DNA replication is the process by which the two strands of the DNA replicate. The replication process of a DNA strand is dependent on the complementarity of the strands. The amount of AT/GC depicts the DNA replication process.
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what is the importance of the four u nucleotides in the mrna transcript during the process of termination of transcription?
When U binds extremely weakly with A, the four u nucleotide in the mrna transcript play a crucial role in the termination of transcription because this causes the stopped RNA polymerase to separate from the DNA.
What do you mean when you say "nucleotides"?A phosphate as well as a nucleoside make up the chemical molecules known as nucleotides. They function are monomeric units of a deoxyribonucleic acid & ribonucleic acid polymers, which are both crucial macromolecules for all kinds of life on Earth. Nucleotides can be consumed in addition to being synthesized by liver from common nutrients. The nucleobase, a five-carbon sugars (ribose or deoxyribose), or a phosphate group made up of one to three phosphates are the three component molecules that make up a nucleotide. Guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine are the four nucleobases found in DNA; uracil is often used in place of thymine in RNA.
What are the 5 major nucleotides and why nucleotides are so important ?The initial letter of each of the five bases found in nucleotides—adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil—is frequently used to denote that base in a nucleotide. RNA contains the letters А, G, C, & T while DNA has the letters A, G, C, & U. Because nucleotides seem to be the basic building block of nucleic acids, which are the molecules that regulate all genetic features, they are crucial to living organisms.
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If you do a really tough workout, you may begin to breathe hard and think that you have run out of energy. You will sometimes experience a burning sensation in your muscles. What are you really running out of when you think that you are running out of energy? Explain the process that your body is going through when you experience the “burn”.
The burning sensation during heavy exercise is due to the formation of lactic acid in muscles
Importance of heavy workout:
Although a rigorous workout is believed to be good for the body, why do muscles hurt so much afterwards? After a vigorous workout, the burning in the muscles can last for up to 72 hours. As the body adapts to the new physical demands placed on it, it grows muscle as part of the process. For muscles to be sufficiently challenged to promote growth, the body needs to be stimulated with a certain level of difficulty. The burning you experience is a necessary component of muscle development.Heavy exercise good or bad?
When you are tuned in, you will be able to sense when something is off with your body since it has innate wisdom. Although exercise might become intense, it should never be painful. Even though you will likely feel worn out and sore after working out, you will still be able to move about without agonizing discomfort.In contrast, your range of motion and capacity to carry out typical daily tasks will be significantly altered when the body experiences pain following an injury. This suggests that there might be a problem. When this happens, it is advisable to see a specialist who can fully evaluate you. Fractures can be found using X-rays, while soft tissue injuries can be found using ultrasound or MRI examinations.Hence this burning sensation is due to the formation of byproduct of anaerobic respiration i.e., lactic acid.
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Do some research on Thomas Edison Automatic Telegraph.
Thomas Edison's Automatic Telegraph has indents that record message which could be transmitted without needing an operator to several stations.
Did Thomas Edison invent the automatic telegraph?Thomas Edison takes operating a telegraph machine. While Samuel Morse's invention of the telegraph in the 1830s and 1840s make it possible for the first time to interface over long distances, the device had its drawbacks. Edison worked on automatic telegraphs linking 1870 and 1874. He first developed an upgrade perforator with a keyboard similar to that of a typewriter that operated at about 35 words per minute. Edison's inquiry into the telephone and the telegraph led to his invention of the phonograph in 1877.
So we can conclude that The automatic telegraph, which recorded messages by means of a reaction caused by electrical transmissions.
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The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes is called.
The study of chromatin under a microscope is referred to as cytogenetic techniques in the science of genetics.
How does genetics work?The study of genetic makeup and heredity, or how particular characteristics or characteristics are passed through mother to daughter as a result of developments in DNA sequence, is known as genetics. A genome is a section of DNA that has the instructions needed to create one or more enzymes that support bodily function.
Which traits are genetic?Parents pass on traits or characteristics to their children through their DNA, such as brown eyes and genetic makeup. There are many diseases and medical conditions that can be passed on genetically. Sometimes a same feature might exist in several various forms.
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Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called.
Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called dermal papillae.
It is made up of loose dense connective tissue in the papillary portion of the dermis. Its finger-like extensions, known as papillae, which reach toward the epidermis as well as comprise terminal connections of blood capillaries, gave rise to its name.
Of the two epidermal layers, the papillary layer would be the thinnest. It is primarily made up of collagen fires that are loosely organized.
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the arac-like regulators differ from the laci repressor in that only the arac-like regulators . . . choose one:a. can activate transcription by direct interactions with rna polymerase.b. there are no differences between the arac-like regulators
The only regulators that can directly engage with rna polymerase to trigger transcription are those that resemble arac.
What role does polymerase play?
Dna polymerases' major function is to precisely and effectively replicate your genome in order to maintain your genetic information and ensure its faithful transmission down the generations.
What function does polymerase serve in DNA?
DNA polymerases is enzymes that put together nucleotides, the components of dna, to form dna molecules. these enzymes, which are crucial for dna replication, often function in pairs to split a single dna molecule into two identical strands.
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a young child who suffers from a metabolic disease is always tired and fatigued. which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease?
The child with metabolic disease being always tired and fatigued may have the malfunctioning cell organelle (D) mitochondria.
Metabolic diseases are the diseases that disturb the normal metabolism of the body where the food is broken down to convert into energy. The disease generally has various different symptoms altogether. These symptoms are: increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, etc.
Mitochondria is the double membranous cell organelle involved in the synthesis of energy in the form of ATP. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded into multiple cristae that increases the surface area and contains the machinery for ATP synthesis.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
A young child who suffers from a metabolic disease is always tired and fatigued. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease?
(A) lysosomes (B) Golgi apparatus (C) ribosomes (D) mitochondria
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in homo erectus, adaptations appeared which improved the efficiency of bipedal locomotion over that of the australopithecine apes. one such improvement was a specialized endurance adaptation indicated by attachment markers on the foot and leg. this new adaptation, found in all modern humans, is the
Our lineage's evolving pelvic structure appears to be a result of alterations in locomotion, ecology, climate, and brain size.
Is Australopithecus the oldest known hominid?According to the fossil record, Australopithecus predates both Homo and contemporary humans. Bipedalism was formerly thought to be preceded by enormous brain size, but the finding of Australopithecus, which had a tiny brain yet acquired bipedalism, disproved this notion.
What about australopithecines was most noteworthy?What made Primitive organisms, one of the oldest hominids, so important? They could have stood straight and walked on two legs. The majority of people relied on hunting and gathering for their livelihoods throughout the Old Stone Age.
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Which of the following examples includes only chemical changes that occur in the digestive process?
Question 11 options:
Absorption of nutrients by villi in the small intestines
Recycling of water from dissolved food back into the body
Reaction of saliva, stomach acid, bile, and pancreatic juices with food
Chewing and swallowing food
Answer:
Absorption of nutrients by villi in the small intestines
Reaction of saliva, stomach acid,bile and pancreatic juices with food
blood pressure is the driving force that moves fluid out of all the capillaries in the body. why is so much more fluid moved out of the capillaries in the glomerulus of the kidneys than in other areas of the body?
The capillaries in the glomerulus of the kidneys have two times more high BP than any other capillaries in the body.
What are glomerular capillaries?Blood pressure (BP) is the driving force moving fluid out of all capillaries in the body. However, unlike normal fluid moved out of capillaries, a lot more fluid is moved out of the capillaries present in the glomerulus of the kidney than other areas of the body. This is because blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is twice as high than any other capillaries.
GBHP (Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure) is the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries. aids filtration in the kidneys by moving water and solutes in plasma through the glomerular filter. The average GBHP is said to be 55mm Hg.
The increase in renal blood flow and afferent arteriolar dilatation increases glomerular capillary pressure. When the diameter of glomerular capillaries increase, the the tension in their walls rise. Efferent arteriole constriction will also cause increase in wall tension.
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With the modern understanding of chromosomes, alleles, and the process of gamete formation, what is the physical basis for the law of independent assortment?.
The basis of the law of Independent Assortment developed by Mendel is that alleles on non-homologous chromosomes separate randomly into gametes during meiosis.
Mendel's 2nd law is known as the law of independent assortment. Mendel's 2nd law states that "if individuals differ from one another in two or more pairs of traits, a pair of traits will be inherited independently of another pair of traits."
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses or crosses with two different traits to prove this law.
Example:
Crossing a pea plant with round yellow seeds with a pea plant with wrinkled green seeds will produce 100% F1 offspring with round yellow seeds. From this experience, it was concluded that yellow is dominant over wrinkles and green.F1 crossed with each other to produce plants with round yellow seeds, round green, wrinkled yellow, and wrinkled green with a ratio of 9:3:3:1.The same experiment with other different properties and F2 still shows a ratio of 9:3:3:1.Learn more about Mendel's 2nd law here https://brainly.com/question/25710344
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What best describes this mutation and its effect on the protein that the gene produces?
A. It is a missense mutation that changes exactly one amino acid.
OB. It is a nonsense mutation that has no effect on the protein.
OC. It is a frameshift mutation that changes many amino acids.
OD. It is a frameshift mutation that changes exactly one amino acid.
It is a missense mutation that changes exactly one amino acid. best describes this mutation and its effect on the protein that the gene produces.
A missense mutation is a DNA alteration that causes the protein produced to encode a different amino acid at a specific location. Some missense mutations change how the resulting protein functions.
A missense mutation is a change in the DNA that causes a different amino acid to be included in the protein's structure. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are the four nucleotides that make up DNA's two strands on a molecular level (i.e., A, C, G, and T, respectively).
RNA polymerase, an enzyme, converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) before it can be translated into a protein.
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