The cardiorespiratory system responds to the demand of exercise with a variety of physiological changes.
These changes include an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output to deliver more oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles. Additionally, the respiratory system responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing to bring in more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. This response ultimately improves the body's ability to perform physical activity and meet the demands of exercise. The cardiorespiratory system responds to the demand of exercise with a variety of physiological changes. The respiratory system responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing to bring in more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
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Lesson 2: Biology Semester A Exam Connections Education
BIO A Unit 5: Semester Review and Final
I lost all my Biology notes because my brothers completely ruined them and I really need to pass. Can I PLEASEE get the answers!?? >~
Unit 5 of the Biology Semester A course offered by Connections Education covers topics such as genetics, heredity, DNA structure and function, and gene expression.
Effective study strategies for preparing for the Semester Review and Final exam include reviewing class notes, studying from the textbook, practicing with sample questions and quizzes, and utilizing study aids like flashcards and mnemonic devices. It is also important to identify areas of weakness and focus on improving those areas through additional research and practice. Developing a study schedule and taking breaks to avoid burnout can also aid in successful exam preparation.
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--The complete question is, What topics and concepts are covered in Unit 5 of the Biology Semester A course offered by Connections Education, and what are some effective study strategies to prepare for the Semester Review and Final exam?--
How are dna sequences used to determine ancestry in molecules biology
Answer:
two species who have genes and proteins with sequences that match closely can conclude that the sequences must have been inherited from a relatively recent common ancestor; the greater the number of differences in DNA and protein sequences, the less likely they share as close a common ancestry
Explanation:
:D
In the metabolism of glucose, who is the reducing/oxidizing agent?
In the metabolism of glucose, glucose itself is the reducing agent, as it donates electrons to other molecules, such as NAD+ and FAD, during the process of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
During glycolysis, glucose is oxidised to two motes of pyruvate, and two motes of NAD are reduced to NADH, which transports electrons to the electron transport chain. The two pyruvate motes are farther oxidised to CO2 in the citric acid cycle, and fresh motes of NAD and style are reduced to NADH and FADH2, independently.
The NADH and FADH2 created during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also utilised to induce ATP during the last step of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation. NADH and FADH2 give electrons to a series of electron carriers in the electron transport chain, performing in the product of a proton grade.
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Chapter 1 considered the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and noted that this theory is no longer accepted. Is the central dogma consistent with the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics?
No, the central dogma of molecular biology is not consistent with the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
The central dogma, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, is based on the idea that genetic information is encoded in DNA and is passed down through generations in a unidirectional manner. It does not support the concept that acquired characteristics during an organism's lifetime can be inherited by its offspring.
According to the central dogma, changes in an organism's traits or characteristics are primarily determined by alterations in its DNA sequence through genetic mutations, which occur randomly and can be passed on to subsequent generations through reproduction. Acquired characteristics during an organism's lifetime, such as changes due to environmental factors or behaviors, are not encoded in its DNA and therefore cannot be inherited by offspring in the sense proposed by the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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Directionality or Navigability from class A to class B means that
Directionality or Navigability from class A to class B refers to the ease and efficiency with which one can navigate or travel from class A to class B.
This could involve physical navigation through a physical space or navigating through digital information. A highly navigable or directional route from class A to class B would involve clear signage, well-lit pathways, and minimal obstacles or barriers. In the context of digital information, it would involve a clear and intuitive interface that guides users towards their desired destination. Overall, directionality or navigability is crucial for ensuring a positive user experience and achieving successful outcomes. Directionality or Navigability from class A to class B refers to the ease and efficiency with which one can navigate or travel from class A to class B.
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Which organelles are in both cell types?
Answer: Both animal and plant cells have organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
Explanation:
Question 56
The most common form of cancer in women under age 30 is:
a. Basal cell carcinoma
b. Squamous cell carcinoma
c. Malignant melanoma
d. Breast cancer
The most common form of cancer in women under age 30 is malignant melanoma, making option c the correct answer.
Malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from the cells that produce pigment in the skin. It can occur anywhere on the body, but is commonly found on the legs in women and on the trunk in men.
The risk factors for malignant melanoma include a history of sunburns, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from tanning beds or the sun, a family history of skin cancer, and having fair skin, hair, and eyes. Early detection and treatment are critical for the successful management of malignant melanoma, so it is important to regularly check the skin for any changes or abnormalities and to promptly seek medical attention if any are found.
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Select the following phylum that includes protostome animals that are segmented, bilaterally symmetric, and have a chitinous exoskeleton.
a. Arthropoda
b. Annelida
c. Mollusca
d. Brachiopoda
e. Platyhelminthes
Which component required for prokaryotic DNA replication is not involved in "unwinding" the DNA template?
RNA primase component required for prokaryotic DNA replication is not involved in "unwinding" the DNA template.
The double-stranded DNA template has to be "unwound" during bacterial DNA replication in order to reveal the single strands and for replication to take place. The helicase enzyme does this by releasing the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of DNA together and separating them. Topoisomerases and other proteins like single-strand binding proteins also contribute to this process. Short RNA primers are created on the single-stranded DNA template by an enzyme called RNA primase, which is also involved in DNA replication. These primers provide DNA polymerase a place to start when creating new DNA strands. Despite playing a crucial role in DNA replication, RNA primase is not directly responsible for "unwinding" the DNA template.
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43) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose?1. amniotic egg2. paired fins3. jaws4. swim bladder5. four-chambered heartA) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5D) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4
The correct answer for chordate evolution is B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1.
The correct sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the structures arose during chordate evolution is:
jaws
paired fins
swim bladder
amniotic egg
four-chambered heart
The correct answer is B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1.
Chordates evolved a unique body plan within deuterostomes and are considered to share five morphological characters, a muscular postanal tail, a notochord, a dorsal neural tube, an endostyle, and pharyngeal gill slits. The phylum Chordata typically includes three subphyla, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata, and Tunicata, the last showing a chordate body plan only as a larva. Hemichordates, in contrast, have pharyngeal gill slits, an endostyle, and a postanal tail but appear to lack a notochord and dorsal neural tube. Because hemichordates are the sister group of echinoderms, the morphological features shared with the chordates must have been present in the deuterostome ancestor. No extant echinoderms share any of the chordate features, so presumably they have lost these structures evolutionarily.
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in trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders, when the expansion occurs in the coding sequence of the gene, the repeat sequence is usually ______.
In trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders, when the expansion occurs in the coding sequence of the gene, the repeat sequence is usually translated into a long stretch of a particular amino acid, leading to the formation of abnormal protein aggregates.
These disorders are caused by the abnormal expansion of a repeated DNA sequence within a gene, leading to a change in the protein structure and function. The repeat sequence is usually composed of three nucleotides, and the number of repeats can vary from a few to hundreds or even thousands, depending on the specific disorder.
The abnormal protein aggregates can lead to a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the affected tissue or organ. Some examples of trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders include Huntington's disease, fragile X syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy.
Understanding the molecular basis of these disorders can aid in the development of new treatments and therapies.
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The _____ is a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.
The nervous system is a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.
The nervous system is responsible for the transmission of information between various parts of the body and the brain cells, and controls many physiological processes such as movement, sensation, perception, and cognition.
The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the nerves that branch out from the CNS and extend to the rest of the body.
Together, these two systems work together to ensure the proper functioning of the human body.
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which of the following are true related to bacteriorhodopsin? select all that apply. question 2 options: a) its function depends on the presence of the co-enzyme retinal. b) it is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. g
Bacteriorhodopsin forms chains, which contain retinal molecule within, it is the retinal molecule that absorbs a photon from light, it then changes the confirmation of the nearby Bacteriorhodopsin protein, allowing it to act as a proton pump.
The presence of the co-enzyme retinal.be happy to help you with your question. Based on the provided options for question 2 related to bacteriorhodopsin function depends on the presence of the co-enzyme retinal: This statement is true. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump that relies on retinal, a chromophore covalently bound to the protein, to absorb light and undergo a conformational change. This change allows for the translocation of protons across the membrane. It is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane: This statement is false. Bacteriorhodopsin is found in the membrane of a specific group of archaea called halobacteria, not in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells.
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Your friend is poking your skin with two pins a few millimeters apart at the same time. Visually, you can see there are two pins, but you can only feel a single pen poke. This is probably because: A both pens are activating the same receptor. B both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron. C the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron. D both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.
When your friend pokes your skin with two pins, the receptors in the skin send signals to afferent neurons both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron. The correct answer is option B.
However, these neurons converge on the same interneuron in the spinal cord, which then sends a signal to the brain.
As a result, the brain perceives the sensation as a single poke, even though there were two pins.
This is known as spatial summation, where multiple stimuli are perceived as a single sensation because they are close together and activate the same afferent neuron.
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1. Which is the most common bone to break?
femur
tibia
skull
vertebrae
Unexpectedly, the clavicle, sometimes known as the collarbone, is the bone that breaks most frequently. The bone that spans the body's front from shoulder to shoulder is known as the clavicle. It breaks quite readily because of its length, slenderness, and conspicuous position.
What is meant by collarbone?Breastbone and shoulder blades are connected by the clavicles. the collarbone, also. Moving your arm or shoulder may become difficult and be quite uncomfortable. During the healing process, people who suffer from clavicle fractures frequently have to wear their arms in a sling. As soon as the fracture heals, there are often no restrictions. Most patients can move freely and can resume their normal activities without any restrictions. Healing time for certain fractures can range from six to nine months. Surgical intervention can be required if the fracture does not heal. Collarbones, also called "beauty bones," have historically been linked to thinness and, thus, attractiveness.To learn more about collarbone, refer to:
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Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in each human gamete?- 12- 23- 36- 45- 92
Each human gamete contains 23 chromosomes. Option B is correct.
Humans are diploid organisms, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. Therefore, a human somatic cell (i.e. a non-gamete cell) contains 46 chromosomes, which are organized into 23 pairs.
During the process of meiosis, which is the specialized cell division that produces gametes, the chromosome number is halved. In humans, meiosis produces four haploid cells, each containing 23 chromosomes. When a haploid sperm cell from a male fuses with a haploid egg cell from a female during fertilization, the resulting zygote will have the normal diploid chromosome number of 46. Option B is correct.
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Most of the functions of a cell membrane, including transport and enzymatic function, are performed by
A. glycolipids.
B. cholesterol.
C. proteins.
D. phospholipids.
D. Phospholipids. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which form a bilayer that separates the inside of the cell from the outside. The phospholipid bilayer provides a barrier that regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Proteins embedded in the membrane perform various functions, including transport and enzymatic activity, but they rely on the phospholipids to provide the basic structure of the membrane. Cholesterol also plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane. Glycolipids, which are composed of carbohydrates and lipids, are primarily involved in cell recognition and signaling, rather than transport or enzymatic function.
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• In order to determine if mutations from different organisms that exhibit the same phenotype are allelic, which test would you perform? a. Test cross
b. Epistasis test
c. Complementation test
d. Allelic series test
e. Biochemical test
In order to determine if mutations from different organisms that exhibit the same phenotype are allelic, you would perform a complementation test as a complementation test helps in determining if a phenotypic change has occured in the same gene or not. option c.
The complementation test is used to determine if mutations that affect the same phenotype occur in the same gene (i.e., are allelic) or in different genes. In this test, two individuals with the same phenotype resulting from different mutations are crossed to produce offspring. If the offspring also exhibit the same phenotype, then the mutations are considered non-complementing and are likely to be allelic. If the offspring do not exhibit the phenotype, then the mutations are considered complementing and are likely to be in different genes. Hence option C is correct.
In a test cross, a heterozygous individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the heterozygote. An epistasis test is used to determine whether one gene affects the expression of another gene. An allelic series test is used to determine whether different alleles of the same gene have different effects on the phenotype. Biochemical tests are used to identify specific metabolic pathways and enzymes involved in those pathways. Hence, all these options are not correct.
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Can someone help me with these questions please? I’ll mark you brainliest if you answer
1. Determine whether or not the trait is sex-linked or autos, and whether the trait it dominate or recessive
2. Why can’t we determine who are carriers in generation III?
3. From which parent did the second generation children inherit sickle cell anemia?
4. Choose dominant or recessive. Carriers are only depicted in pedigrees that include _____
Answer:
1. autos, and recessive because the parents in Generation I were unaffected but their children were affected somehow.
2. They all have an affected relative even if they weren't affected.
3. father
4. dominant
hope this helps ;)
When genotypes at one locus of a chromosome are nonrandomly associated with the genotypes at another locus of the same chromosome, the two loci are ________.
A) in linkage equilibrium
B) in linkage disequilibrium
C) nonrandomly associated
D) None of the above.
B) in linkage disequilibrium
The non-random connection of alleles at two or more loci on a chromosome is known as linkage disequilibrium (LD). The frequency of haplotypes (combinations of alleles at the two loci) observed in the population differs from what would be anticipated if the alleles were assorting separately when two loci are in LD.
The physical closeness of the loci on the chromosome, population history, and natural selection are only a few causes of LD. Many fields of genetics, including as genetic mapping, evolutionary biology, and disease genetics, depend on LD.
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In PROKARYOTES, where does glycolysis, fermentation, and the citric acid cycle occur?
It takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. Pyruvate is metabolized in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes. Oxidation happens in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
An enormous molecule with more than 60 subunits termed pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, an enzyme, is responsible for carrying out the oxidation reaction. Overall, pyruvate oxidation transforms the three-carbon molecule into the two-carbon molecule acetyl CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text, which is connected to Coenzyme A.
This results in a NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text and the release of one carbon dioxide molecule. The TCA cycle takes place inside the matrix of the mitochondria, whereas glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm. The citric-acid cycle happens in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
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. define circadian rhythm and explain what happens when an organism is artificially maintained in a constant environment.
Circadian rhythm refers to the 24-hour cycle of physiological and behavioral changes that many living organisms experience in response to environmental cues, particularly changes in light and dark.
These rhythms are controlled by an internal "biological clock" that is present in many cells and tissues throughout the body, but particularly in a region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
When an organism is artificially maintained in a constant environment, such as constant darkness or constant light, its circadian rhythms may become disrupted. This can lead to a variety of physiological and behavioral changes, such as altered sleep patterns, changes in hormone production, and changes in metabolism.
Similarly, if an animal is exposed to constant light, its biological clock may also become disrupted, as it is no longer able to distinguish between light and dark cycles. This can lead to similar changes in physiological and behavioral patterns as those seen in constant darkness.
However, it is worth noting that the exact effects of being artificially maintained in a constant environment can vary depending on the specific organism and the nature of the environmental manipulation. In general, though, disruptions to circadian rhythms can have a range of negative effects on an organism's health and well-being, highlighting the importance of maintaining regular daily cycles of light and dark in natural environments.
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An insect that has the genotype EeGGcc will have the same phenotype as an insect with the genotype _____
EEGgcc (Individuals with one or two dominant alleles of a gene are indistinguishable, so EE and Ee have the same phenotype, as do GG and Gg.)
An insect with the genotype EeGGcc will have the same phenotype as an insect with the genotype EEGgcc.
The phenotype of an insect with the genotype EeGGcc is the same as that of an insect with the genotype EEGgcc.
The genotype EeGGcc refers to an insect that is heterozygous for the Ee and GG alleles, and homozygous recessive for the cc allele.
Because people with one or two dominant alleles of a gene are indistinguishable, EE and Ee share the same phenotype. In this scenario, the dominant allele E determines the identical phenotype in both Ee and EEGg.
Furthermore, because both insects have the recessive allele cc, they will have the same phenotype for that attribute.
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8. Determine whether each statement in the table below is true or false. Write your decision in the "True or
False?" column.
Statement
Innate immune cells can distinguish between specific types of viruses and
bacteria.
Innate immune cells can activate adaptive immune cells.
The innate immune response provides longer-lasting protection than the
adaptive response.
The innate immune response includes phagocytes and proteins.
True or False?
When does flail chest usually occur?
Flail chest usually occurs when a segment of the rib cage becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall due to multiple rib fractures.
This condition can result from significant blunt force trauma to the chest, such as in a car accident, a fall from a height, or an assault. The detached segment becomes unstable, moving in the opposite direction of the rest of the chest wall during respiration. This paradoxical movement impairs lung function, making it difficult to breathe and potentially leading to life-threatening complications, such as a tension pneumothorax or respiratory failure.
Immediate medical attention and stabilization are crucial for the management of flail chest to ensure proper lung function and to prevent further complications. Treatment options may include pain management, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or surgical fixation, depending on the severity of the injury and the patient's overall condition. Flail chest usually occurs when a segment of the rib cage becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall due to multiple rib fractures.
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Describe the structure of a nucleosome, the basic unit of DNA packing in eukaryotic cells.
The structure of a nucleosome can be described as one that had DNA wrapped around proteins termed as histones.
A nucleosome is the basic repeating unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. The structure of a nucleosome is often described as a "beads-on-a-string" arrangement, with the DNA wrapped around the histone core resembling the beads and the linker DNA between the nucleosomes resembling the string.
The core of the nucleosome is made up of an octamer of histone proteins, consisting of two copies each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. The histones have a globular domain that forms the core of the nucleosome and a flexible N-terminal "tail" that extends outward from the core. The histone tails can be modified by various chemical groups, including acetyl, methyl, and phosphate groups, which can affect gene expression and chromatin structure.
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A nucleosome, the basic unit of DNA packing in eukaryotic cells, consists of a segment of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins.
The nucleosome structure plays a crucial role in DNA compaction, organization, and regulation. The core of a nucleosome comprises eight histone proteins, including two copies of each histone H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which together form an octameric complex. These proteins have a characteristic globular domain and a flexible N-terminal tail that extends outwards. Approximately 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around the histone core in about 1.65 turns of a left-handed superhelix, this DNA-histone interaction is facilitated by the positive charge of histone proteins, which attract the negatively charged phosphate groups in the DNA backbone.
Additionally, a fifth histone protein, H1, binds to the linker DNA near the nucleosome entry and exit sites, further stabilizing the nucleosome and promoting chromatin compaction. In conclusion, nucleosomes serve as the fundamental unit for packaging and organizing DNA in eukaryotic cells, enabling efficient storage and regulation of genetic information. A nucleosome, the basic unit of DNA packing in eukaryotic cells, consists of a segment of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins.
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2. How are single-gene traits useful in studying human genetics?
Single-gene traits are useful in studying human genetics because they are controlled by a single gene, making them easier to study and analyze than complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
By studying single-gene traits, scientists can determine the mode of inheritance, whether it be dominant, recessive, or X-linked, and use that information to make predictions about the likelihood of a trait being passed on to future generations. Single-gene traits can also be used to trace patterns of inheritance within families and populations, and to identify carriers of genetic diseases, which is particularly important for genetic counseling and family planning.
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An intervening sequence of DNA that is not expressed is called a(n)
An intervening sequence of DNA that is not expressed is called an intron. An intron is a segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA during gene expression.
An intron is a segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA during gene expression but is then removed by splicing and is not translated into a protein. Introns are found in many eukaryotic genes, including humans, and can vary in length from a few dozen nucleotides to thousands of nucleotides. The removal of introns is an essential step in the process of mRNA maturation, which involves the splicing of the pre-mRNA molecule to remove the non-coding introns and join the coding exons together to form a mature mRNA transcript. Introns are believed to have originated from ancestral mobile genetic elements and may have functional roles in gene regulation and alternative splicing.
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the taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation is called: a. antigen presentation b. antigen processing endocytosis c. exocytosis d. pinocytosis
The process of taking in antigens and digesting them for later presentation is called antigen processing endocytosis.
It is a crucial step in the immune response, where the immune system identifies and eliminates harmful foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
During antigen processing endocytosis, antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, engulf the antigen through endocytosis.
The antigen is then transported to a specialized compartment called the endosome, where it is broken down into smaller fragments by enzymes called proteases.
These fragments are then combined with a molecule called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to form a complex called the MHC-antigen complex.
The MHC-antigen complex is then transported to the cell surface, where it is presented to other immune cells, such as T-cells.
The T-cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and trigger an immune response, which may involve the activation of other immune cells or the production of antibodies.
In summary, antigen processing endocytosis is a critical step in the immune response, where antigens are taken in, broken down, and presented to other immune cells for recognition and elimination.
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Question 71
Rats have an extremely keen sense of sight but very poor taste and smelling ability.
a. True
b. False
Rats have an extremely keen sense of sight but very poor taste and smelling ability is False.
Rats actually have a relatively poor sense of vision and are often considered to be dichromatic, meaning they can only see shades of blue and green.
However, they have an extremely keen sense of smell and taste, which they rely on heavily for finding food and detecting predators. Rats also have an excellent sense of touch, which allows them to navigate their environment and detect changes in their surroundings.
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